| 单词 | 假设 |
| 释义 | 〔conjecture〕Guess implies an inference drawn in a haphazard mannerand suggests substantial grounds for doubt: Guess 指以假设的方式得出推论，暗示怀疑的实质缘由： 〔hypothesis〕Something taken to be true for the purpose of argument or investigation; an assumption.假设：为了争论或调查而被认为是真实的事物；一个假想〔constant〕A quantity assumed to have a fixed value in a specified mathematical context.恒量：在一个具体数学问题里被假设具有固定值的一个量〔hypothetical〕a hypothetical situation.See Synonyms at theoretical 一个假设的情形 参见 theoretical〔Nernst〕German physicist and chemist. He won a 1920 Nobel Prize for his work in thermochemistry, particularly his proposal of the third law of thermodynamics (1906).能斯脱，瓦尔特·赫尔曼：(1864-1941) 德国物理学家、化学家，由于他在热化学方面，尤其是对于热力学第三定律的假设(1906年）所做的工作，于1920年获诺贝尔奖〔Nostratic〕A hypothetical language proposed as the parent language of Afro-Asiatic, Altaic, Dravidian, Indo-European, Kartvelian, Uralic-Yukaghir, and perhaps other language families.乡土语：作为非亚、阿尔泰、德拉威、印欧、卡特威连、乌拉尔—尤卡吉尔以及也许其它语系的祖语而被提出的一种假设语言〔hypothesize〕To assert as a hypothesis.假设，假定：作为一个假设提出〔determination〕The qualification of a concept or proposition to render it more definite or specific.限定：为使某一概念和假设更加精确而加的限定〔equal〕It has been argued thatequal is an absolute term— two quantities either are or are not equal—and hence cannot be qualified as to degree.Therefore one cannot logically speak ofa more equal allocation of resources among the departments. However, this usage was accepted by 71 percent of the Usage Panel in an earlier survey.What is more, objection to the usage betrays a widespread but questionable assumptionthat it is in mathematics and logic that we find the model of accuracy most appropriate to the everyday use of language,a supposition that also underlies traditional grammatical discussions of words such asunique, parallel, and center. According to this account,the "precise" or "literal" meaning ofequal is realized in the use of the equal sign in an arithmetic expression such as 5 + 2 = 7; and the ordinary-language uses of the term,though they may be permissible,represent "loose" or "imprecise" extensions of that sense.But in fact the mathematical concept of equality is a poor model for using the wordequal to describe relations between things in the world. As applied to such things,statements of equality are always relative to an implicit standard of tolerance.When someone saysThe two boards are of equal length, we assume that the equality is reckoned to some order of approximation determined by the context;if we did not,we would be required always to usenearly equal when speaking of the dimensions of physical objects. What is more,we often want to predicate equality of things that do not admit of quantitative measurement,as when we sayThe college draft was introduced in an effort to make the teams in the National Football League as equal as possible, orThe candidates for the job should all be given equal consideration. In all such cases,equality is naturally a gradient notionand so is amenable to modification in degree.This much is evident from the existence of the wordunequal. The prefixun- attaches only to gradient adjectives: we sayunmanly but not unmale; and the worduneven can be applied to a surface (whose evenness may be a matter of degree) but not to a number (whose evenness is an either-or affair). ·The adverbequally is generally regarded as redundant when used in combination with as, and the following examples employingequally as were termed unacceptable by 63 percent of the Usage Panel in an earlier survey: 单词equal 一向被认为是一个很绝对的词语—— 两个数量要么相同要么不同——这样就不能有程度上的差别。所以，如果有人说在各部门间对资源更公平的分配 ，那么就不合逻辑了。 但是这种用法在早先的用法调查中被百分之七十一用法使用小组的人接受。而且，对这种用法的反对体现出了一种很流行但却值得怀疑的假设，那就是我们从数学和逻辑中得出适用于日常语言准确性的实例，而这种假设也可从我们对一些词，如unique，parallel 和 center 传统的语法讨论中体现出来。 根据这个解释，equal “准确”或“书面”的意思则是由在算术表达式，如5+2=7中所运用的相同的符号而表达清楚的； 而该词在日常语言中的用法，虽然被允许，但却代表了其含意“松散”或“不严谨”的引申。但是实际上用数学概念上的相等来运用equal 这个词描述世上各种事物之间的关系是一个很差劲的例子。 当该词应用于生活中的事物时，相等的观念往往与暗含的容忍相关联。当有人说两块木板同样长 时， 我们会认为由于上下文的关系，相等可以被看作大约近似；如果我们不这样想，那么当我们谈到物体的尺寸时，就要经常使用nearly equal 。 另外，我们常常会预测和数量无关的事物的相同性，比如我们会说，引入大学的要求是为了使全国足球联合会中的各队尽可能平等 ， 或者应给予该项工作的应征者同等的考虑 。 在所有这些例子中，相等是个可变化的概念，所以可在程度有所不同。Unequal 这个词的存在就是很好的证明。 un- 这个前缀只附加于有程序变化的形容词， 我们说unmanly 但不说 unmale ； 而uneven 这个词只能用于某物的表面（其平坦可有程度上的差别）， 而不能用于数目（数目只能说相等或不相等）。Equally 这一副词在与 as 连用时通常被认为是多余的， 在早先的用法调查中，以下这些使用equally as 的句子遭到百分之六十三使用小组的人反对： 〔hypothecate〕from hupotithenai [to give as a pledge, suppose] * see hypothesis 源自 hupotithenai [作为一个抵押品，给…假设] * 参见 hypothesis〔proof〕The validation of a proposition by application of specified rules, as of induction or deduction, to assumptions, axioms, and sequentially derived conclusions.证明：通过运用特定的规则对一个命题的证实，如运用演绎法和归纳法进行假设、推理，最后得出结论〔presume〕Presuppose can mean merely to believe or suppose in advance;it can also mean to require as an antecedent condition: Presuppose 可仅指相信或预先假设；也可指要求有一个先决条件： 〔phlogiston〕A hypothetical substance formerly thought to be a volatile constituent of all combustible substances released as flame in combustion.燃素，热素：原来假设的在所有燃烧物质中挥发性的一种物质成分，在燃烧中作为火焰而被释放出来〔counterexample〕An example that refutes or disproves a hypothesis, proposition, or theorem.反例证：对某种假设、命题或定理进行反驳或推翻的例子〔theory〕Systematically organized knowledge applicable in a relatively wide variety of circumstances, especially a system of assumptions, accepted principles, and rules of procedure devised to analyze, predict, or otherwise explain the nature or behavior of a specified set of phenomena.理论：可用于相对广泛的情况下的系统组织的知识，尤其指一系列假设，已被接受的定理以及用于分析、预测或解释自然或专门现象行为的程序规则〔hypothetical〕from hupotithenai [to suppose] * see hypothesis 源自 hupotithenai [假设] * 参见 hypothesis〔waistline〕A line thought of as encircling the body at the waist.腰线：假设围住身体腰部的线〔bigot〕A bigot may have more in common with God than one might think.Legend has it that Rollo, the first duke of Normandy, refused to kiss the foot of the French king Charles III,uttering the phrasebi got, his borrowing of the assumed Old English equivalent of our expressionby God. Although this story is almost certainly apocryphal,it is true thatbigot was used by the French as a term of abuse for the Normans, but not in a religious sense. Later, however, the word, or very possibly a homonym,was used abusively in French for the Beguines, members of a Roman Catholic lay sisterhood.From the 15th century on Old Frenchbigot meant "an excessively devoted or hypocritical person.” Bigot is first recorded in English in 1598 with the sense "a superstitious hypocrite.” 一个偏执的人往往比人们想象的更接近上帝。传说第一位诺曼底公爵罗洛拒绝亲吻法国皇帝查理三世的脚时，说了bi got 这个词， 他是借用了假设的古英语里的词。其相当于我们今天的by God （老天作证）这一用法。 尽管这个故事肯定不足为信，但bigot 一词是确实是法国人对诺曼底人的蔑称， 然而无宗教色彩。后来，这个词，很可能是同音异义词，在法语中用来蔑指女修道者──罗马天主教姐妹会成员。从15世纪起，在古法语中，bigot 一词意为“过分虔诚或伪善的人”。 Bigot 首次以英语记载是在1598年，其意为“迷信的伪君子。” 〔supposing〕Supposing we're right, what should we do?假设我们是正确的，我们应怎么办?〔between〕According to a widely repeated but unjustified tradition,“between is used for two, and among for more than two.” It is true thatbetween is the only choice when exactly two entities are specified: the choice between (not among ) good and evil, the rivalry between (not among ) Great Britain and France. When more than two entities are involved, however, or when the number of entities is unspecified,the choice of one or the other word depends on the intended sense.Between is used when the entities are considered as distinct individuals; among, when they are considered as a mass or collectivity. Thus in the sentenceThe bomb landed between the houses, the houses are seen as points that define the boundaries of the area of impact (so that we presume that none of the individual houses was hit). InThe bomb landed among the houses, the area of impact is considered to be the general location of the houses, taken together (in which case it is left open whether any houses were hit). By the same token, we may speak ofa series of wars between the Greek cities, which suggests that each city was an independent belligerent, or ofa series of wars among the Greek cities, which allows as well the possibility that the belligerents were shifting alliances of cities. For this reason,among is most appropriate to indicate inclusion in a group: 根据重复多次但没什么根据的传统看法，“between 用于两者之间，而 among 用于二者以上。” 当只提到两个实体时，between 确实是唯一的选择： the choice between （而不用 among ） good and evil（善与恶之间的选择），the rivalry between （不用 among ） Great Britain and France（英法间的对抗）。 当牵涉到两个以上实体时，如果实体的数目不确定，选择其中之一则取决于倾向性。当实体被看作不同的个体时用between ； 当其被看作整体或集合时用among 。 因此在句子The bomb landed between the houses 中，房屋被看作一个限定了中弹地区的界限（ 所以我们假设一所所单独的房子未被击中）。在The bomb landed among the houses 中，被中弹地区被看作是房屋的整体地区（ 在这种情形下房屋是否被击中并未说明）。同样的表示法，我们可以说a series of wars between the Greek cities， 表示每个城市是独立的参战者，我们也可以说a series of wars among the Greek cities， 表示存在某些城市做为联合参战者的可能性。 因此，among 最适合表示包括在一群成一组人之内： 〔thesis〕A hypothetical proposition, especially one put forth without proof.命题：尤指没有证据而提出的假设的论题〔maxim〕from maxima (prōpositiō) [greatest (premise)] 源自 maxima (prōpositiō) [最伟大的（假定、假设）] 〔analogy〕A form of logical inference or an instance of it, based on the assumption that if two things are known to be alike in some respects, then they must be alike in other respects.类比：一种逻辑推理形式或一个例子，基于这样的假设，如果已知两个事物在某些方面是相似的，那么它们在其它方面也一定是相似的〔presumptive〕Founded on probability or presumption.假定的，设想的：以可能性或假设为根据的〔Hamitic〕A presumed language family formerly thought to include Egyptian and the Berber, Cushitic, and Chadic languages.含族语：一种假设的语族，曾被认为包括埃及语、柏柏尔语、库希语以及乍得语〔if〕If that is true, what should we do?假设那是真的我们该怎么办呢?〔Ruwenzori〕A mountain range of east-central Africa on the Uganda-Zaire border. The range was explored in 1889 by Henry M. Stanley and has traditionally been associated with the geographer Ptolemy's Mountains of the Moon, the supposed source of the Nile River.鲁文佐里山：非洲中东部沿乌干达-扎伊尔边界的一座山脉。1889年亨利·M·斯坦利探险时发现这座山，传统上与地理学家托勒密的月亮山-尼罗河的假设源头有联系〔purported〕Assumed to be such; supposed:传说的；假设的：〔prove〕To demonstrate the validity of (a hypothesis or proposition).验证：说明（一个假设或命题）的正确性〔costly〕"The shrewd guess,the fertile hypothesis,the courageous leap to a tentative conclusion—these are the most valuable coin of the thinker at work" (Jerome Bruner). “敏锐的猜想，丰富的假设，向试验性结论勇敢的跨越——这些是工作中的思考者有用的东西。” （杰隆·布鲁诺）。〔presumption〕Acceptance or belief based on reasonable evidence; assumption or supposition.推定：以合理的证据为基础的接受和信任；假设或假定〔verify〕conducted experiments to verify the hypothesis.See Synonyms at confirm 进行实验以证实这个假设 参见 confirm〔punch〕from Sanskrit pañca [(from the hypothesis that it was originally prepared from five ingredients)] * see penk we 源自 梵文 pañca [（源于该饮料最初是由五种原料混合而成的假设）] * 参见 penk we 〔indefensible〕an indefensible assumption.站不住脚的假设〔Yankee〕Yankee is an excellent example of a widely known word whose origins cannot be determined. The best hypothesis is thatYankee comes from Dutch Janke, a nickname forJan, "John.” Evidence can be found in theOxford English Dictionary that the forms Yankey, Yanky, and Yankee were used as surnames or nicknames in the 17th century. The wordYankee is first found in one of our modern senses in 1758, the sense being "a New Englander.” The 17th-century nickname forJan was derisive, and the first instances of our word show the term being used derisively by the British for New Englanders.After the Battle of Lexington (1775) New Englanders dignified the name.The British were responsible for application of the term to all Americans (a use first recorded around 1784);and Southerners, for application of the term to Northerners (first recorded in 1817).Yankee 是一个广为人知但来源不明的单词的极好例证。 最好的假设是Yankee 来自于荷兰语 Janke, 是Jan “约翰”的浑名。 从《牛津英语字典》 可以找到证据证明 Yankey,Yanky 和 Yankee 这些形式在17世纪曾被用作姓氏或浑名。 Yankee 一词的第一个现代意义出现于1758年，即“新英格兰人”。 17世纪Jan 的浑名含有嘲弄意味， 该词的第一例用法也说明英国人用它来嘲弄新英格兰人。在莱克星顿战役(1775年）后，新英格兰人赋于了它尊严与荣誉。英国人用该词来指称所有美国人（首次出现于1784年）；美国南方人则用它指称北方人（首次出现于1817年）〔test〕a test of one's eyesight; subjecting a hypothesis to a test; a test of an athlete's endurance.对某人视力进行的测试；将一假设进行测试；运动员的耐力测试〔suppositive〕A conjunction, such asif or providing, that introduces a supposition. 引导假设从句的词，如(if ， provding ) 〔if〕In such contexts, however,the use ofif can sometimes create ambiguities. Depending on the intended meaning, the sentenceLet her know if she is invited might be better paraphrased asLet her know whether she is invited or If she is invited, let her know. · In conditional sentences the clause introduced byif may contain either a past subjunctive verb (if I were going ) or an indicative verb ( if I am going; if I was going ), depending on the intended meaning.According to the traditional rule,the subjunctive should be used to describe an occurrence that is presupposed to be contrary to fact,as inif I were ten years younger or if Napoleon had won at Waterloo. The main verb of such a sentence must then contain the modal verbwould or (less frequently) should: 不过在这种情况下，用if 就可能会造成歧义。 Let her know if she is invited 这句话最好根据所要表达的意思， 分开说成告诉她她是否被邀请了 或 如果她被邀请了，就让她知道 两句话。 用if 引起的条件状语从句中， 可以含有一个过去式的虚拟动词(倘若我去 )或一个一般陈述动词( 如果我就去；如果我去了 )， 这得依据所要表达的意思而定。根据正统的原则，虚拟语气用来表达一个与事实相反的假设，例如如果我再年轻十岁 或者 如果拿破仑在滑铁卢战役中获胜。 于是在这样的句子里，主要动词必须包含情态动词会 或（在较少情况下） 应该： 〔postulate〕Something assumed without proof as being self-evident or generally accepted, especially when used as a basis for an argument:假定，假设：未加证明而假定某事成立或为公认的事物，尤指用来作为论述基础者：〔bleed〕It seems only common sense thatbleed should be related to blood, but one needs some knowledge of historical linguistics to understand the relationship fully.In prehistoric Common Germanic, the hypothetical predecessor of Germanic languages such as English, German, and Swedish,the word.blōdha-, "blood,” the ancestor of our word blood, is assumed to have existed. From this noun was derived the verb.blōdhjan, "to bleed.” A change of sound then came into play in Old English, that is, thej, pronounced like the y in your, caused the vowelō, pronounced as in go, to become pronounced like the ö in German schön. Later in Old English thisō changed to ē, pronounced like the a in labor, eventually becoming like thee in bee by 1500. By this change, as well as others,.blōdhjan became Modern English bleed. 根据常识bleed 好象应该和 blood 联系在一起， 但要想全面理解这种关系，应具备一些历史语言学的知识。在史前日耳曼共同语，即日耳曼语言（如英语、德语和瑞典语）的假设前任语言中，我们使用的单词blood 源于 blodha- 意为“血”，被认为已经存在了。 从这一名词派生出动词blodhjan， 意为“流血”。 发音的改变出现于古英语中，即j， 发音与 your 中的 y 相似， 引起go 中的元音 ō 变得如德语 schon 中的 ö 。 后来在古英语中ō 变为 ē， 发音如 labor 中的 a， 最后在1500年前变得如bee 中的 e 。 通过这种变化，以及其他变化，blodhjan 成为了现代英语的 bleed |
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