| 单词 | 公元 |
| 释义 | 〔Mochica〕A pre-Incan civilization that flourished on the northern coast of Peru from about 200b.c. to a.d. 600, known especially for its pottery vessels modeled into naturalistic human and animal figures. 莫奇卡文化：从公元前 200年至 公元 600年间秘鲁北部海岸上兴起的前印加人文明，尤以其模制自然人和动物形态的陶瓷器皿而闻名 〔Samarkand〕A city of southern Central Asian U.S.S.R. southwest of Tashkent. Dating from the third or fourth millenniumb.c. , the city was conquered by Alexander the Great in 329, taken by the Arabs in the eighth century a.d. , and destroyed by Genghis Khan c. 1220. It was rebuilt as a fabled center of great splendor and opulence when it became (c. 1370) the capital of Tamerlane's empire. Population, 371,000. 撒马尔罕：前苏联中亚地区的城市，位于塔什干西南部。始于公元前 三千年或四千年，329年被亚历山大大帝征服， 公元 8世纪被阿拉伯人夺走，13世纪20年代被成吉思汗摧毁。在14世纪70年代成为塔玛莱恩首都，并成为传说中威严华丽的中心区。人口371,000 〔Greek〕Greek language and literature from the middle of the eighth centuryb.c. to the end of the third century a.d. , especially the Attic Greek of the fifth and fourth centuries b.c. . 希腊文化：从公元前 8世纪中期到 公元 3世纪末的希腊语言和文学，尤指 公元前 5世纪和4世纪希腊阿提卡时期的语言和文学 〔Provence〕A historical region and former province of southeast France bordering on the Mediterranean Sea. It was settled c. 600b.c. by Greeks and later by Phoenician merchants and was colonized by Rome in the second century b.c. Provence became part of the kingdom of Arles in 933 a.d. and later passed to the Angevin dynasty (1246) and to France (1486). 普罗旺斯：法国历史上东南部的一个地区和以前法国的一个省，临近地中海大约公元前 600年古希腊人开始在此定居，后来腓尼基商人也进入此地 公元前 2世纪，普罗旺斯成为罗马殖民地 公元 933年它成为亚耳王国的一部份，后来又归金雀花王朝所有（1246年）1486年归入法国 〔Zgierz〕A city of central Poland north of LódÜ. Chartered c. 1300, it grew as a textile center after 1818. Population, 54,900.兹盖日：波兰中部一城市，位于罗兹的北部，公元1300年受特许建立，1818年后成为纺织中心，人口54,900〔Olomouc〕A city of north-central Czechoslovakia on the Morava River northeast of Brno. Possibly founded as a Roman fortress, it was ceded to Hungary in 1478 and was the capital of Moravia until c. 1640. Population, 105,516.奥洛穆茨：捷克斯洛伐克中北部的一个城市，濒临摩拉瓦河，在布尔诺的东北方。当时可能是作为罗马要塞而建立，于1478年割与匈牙利。在公元1640年以前是作为摩拉维亚的首府。人口105,516〔Aksum〕A town of northern Ethiopia. From the first to the eighth centurya.d. it was the capital of an empire that controlled much of northern Ethiopia. According to tradition, the Ark of the Covenant was brought here from Jerusalem and placed in the Church of Saint Mary of Zion, where the rulers of Ethiopia were crowned. 阿克苏姆：埃塞俄比亚北部一城镇。公元 1世纪到8世纪，该城是控制埃塞俄比亚北部大部地区的帝国首都。据传说，约柜被从耶路撒冷带到此地后放到锡安山的圣玛丽教堂，在那里埃塞俄比亚的统治者被加冕 〔Terborch〕Dutch painter of portraits and genre scenes noted for their subtle light and color, includingThe Concert (c. 1675). 泰尔博赫，杰勒德：(1617-1681) 荷兰肖像画和风俗画画家，其作品以微妙的光线和色彩而闻名，包括《音乐会》 （公元1675年） 〔Burgundy〕A historical region and former province of eastern France. The area was first organized into a kingdom by the Burgundii in the 5th centurya.d. At the height of its later power in the 14th and 15th centuries, Burgundy controlled vast territories in present-day Netherlands, Belgium, and northeast France. It was incorporated into the French crown lands by Louis XI in 1477. 勃艮第：法国东部一个历史上的地区，从前是法国的一个省。公元 5世纪该地区首先由勃艮第建立王国。在14和15世纪，勃艮第势力达到顶峰的时期，它曾控制了现在的荷兰、比利时和法国东北部的广大区域。在1477年被路易十一并入法国皇家领地 〔Soissons〕A city of northern France northwest of Paris. An ancient Roman town, Soissons was long the scene of conflict, including Clovis I's defeat of the Roman legions (a.d. 486) and heavy bombardment during World Wars I and II. Population, 30,213. 苏瓦松：法国北部的一座城市，位于巴黎西北部，曾是古罗马的一座城镇，长期以来一直是发生冲突的地点，包括克洛维一世击败罗马军团(公元 486年），以及在第一次和第二次世界大战中猛烈的轰炸。人口30,213 〔Haifa〕A city of northwest Israel on theBay of Haifa, an inlet of the Mediterranean Sea. Located at the foot of Mount Carmel, the city probably dates from the third century a.d. and is now a major port and industrial center. Population, 224,700. 海法：以色列西北部一城市，位于海法湾 （地中海的一个小港）。该城位于卡梅尔山脚，可能建于 公元 3世纪，现在是一个主要港口和工业中心。人口224,700 〔Poitou〕A historical region of west-central France bordering on the Bay of Biscay. A part of the Roman province of Aquitania, it fell to the Visigoths (a.d. 418) and the Franks (507) and was frequently contested by France and England until the end of the Hundred Years' War, when it was incorporated into the French crown lands. 普瓦图：法国中西部一历史地区，濒临比斯开湾。它原是罗马帝国阿奎它尼亚省的一部分，后落入西哥特人(公元 418年）和法兰克人(507年）手中，以后直到百年战争结束这一地区都为英法频繁地争夺，百年战争结束，该地区被并入法国王室的版图 〔Frank〕A member of one of the Germanic tribes of the Rhine region in the early Christian era, especially one of the Salian Franks who conquered Gaul abouta.d. 500 and established an extensive empire that reached its greatest power in the ninth century. 法兰克人：公元初莱茵地区的一支日耳曼部落的成员，尤指法兰克萨利人的一支，他们于公元 500年左右征服了高卢并建立了辽阔的帝国，在9世纪达到鼎盛时期 〔Venice〕A city of northeast Italy on islets within a lagoon in theGulf of Venice, a wide inlet of the northern Adriatic Sea. Founded in the 5th century a.d. by refugees fleeing the Lombard invaders who had gained control of the mainland, it became a major maritime power by the 13th century and spread its influence over northern Italy by the 15th century. Its territories were gradually lost to the Turks, and in 1797 it passed to Austria. Venice was ceded to Italy in 1866. Population, 332,775. 威尼斯：意大利东北部的一个城市，位于亚得里亚海北部的一个宽阔的海湾威尼斯湾 里的一个泻湖内的众多小岛上。它在 公元 5世纪由逃离伦巴族侵略者的难民创建，这些侵略者已获得对大陆的控制权，到13世纪它已成为一个主要的海上强国并于15世纪把其影响扩及意大利的北部。它的领土后来逐渐为土耳其人所攻陷，并于1797年转让给了奥地利。威尼斯在1866年并入了意大利。人口332,775 〔Persia〕Also Per.sian Empire [-zhən, -shən] A vast empire of southwest Asia founded by Cyrus II after 546b.c. and brought to the height of its power and glory by Darius I and his son Xerxes. Alexander the Great conquered the empire in 334 b.c. A later empire was established by the Sassanids ( a.d. 226-637). 也作 Per.sian Empire [-zhən, -shən] 波斯：西南亚一个强大的帝国，公元前 546年后由居鲁士二世建立。到了大流士一世和他儿子色雷斯时期，帝国达到全盛时期 。 公元前 334年亚历山大大帝征服了波斯 。后来的帝国由萨桑王朝建立( 公元 226-637年） 〔Kalinin〕A city of central European U.S.S.R. on the Volga River northwest of Moscow. Settled around a fort established in the 12th century, it was a powerful principality in the 13th and 14th centuries and is today an industrial center and a major port. Population, 438,000.加里宁：苏联中部欧洲部分的一城市，位于莫斯科西北部的伏尔加河上。公元12世纪，该市周围建成堡垒，13和14世纪成为势力强大的公国。如今该市为工业中心和重要港口。人口438,000〔Ostrogoth〕One of a tribe of eastern Goths that conquered and ruled Italy froma.d. 493 to 555. 东哥特人：从公元 493年至555年间征服并统治意大利的东哥特族的一个部落的一员 〔Armenia〕A region and former kingdom of Asia Minor in present-day northeast Turkey, southeast European U.S.S.R., and northwest Iran. Established in the eighth centuryb.c. , it was probably the first state to adopt Christianity as a national religion (c. a.d. 303). 亚美尼亚：小亚细亚一地区和前王国，位于今土耳其东北，苏联欧洲部分东南，伊朗西北部公元前 8世纪建国，可能是第一个将基督教定为国教的国家（约 公元 303年） 〔Ljubljana〕A city of northwest Yugoslavia on the Sava River west-northwest of Zagreb. Founded by Augustus in 34b.c. , it came under Hapsburg rule in a.d. 1277 and passed to Yugoslavia in 1919. Population, 205,600. 卢布尔维那：南斯拉夫西北一城市，位于萨格勒布西北偏西的萨瓦河上，公元前 34年由奥古斯都建立。 公元 1277年转由哈布斯堡王朝统治，并于1919年移交于南斯拉夫。人口205,600 〔Andrew〕One of the 12 Apostles. According to legend, he was martyred at Patrai (c.a.d. 60). 安德烈：耶稣十二使徒之一，根据传说他在巴特海殉教（大约.公元 60年） 〔Rome〕The capital and largest city of Italy, in the west-central part of the country on the Tiber River. Traditionally founded by Romulus and Remus, it was ruled first by Etruscans, who were overthrown c. 500b.c. The Roman Republic gradually extended its territory and expanded its influence, giving way to the Roman Empire during the reign of Augustus (27 b.c. - a.d. 14). As capital of the empire, Rome was considered the center of the known world, but the city declined when Constantine transferred his capital to Byzantium (323). Alaric I conquered the city in 410, leading to a lengthy period of devastation by barbarian tribes. In the Middle Ages the city revived as the spiritual and temporal power of the papacy increased. During the 1800's Rome was held at various times by the French until it became the capital of Italy in 1871. Vatican City remains an independent enclave within the confines of Rome. Population, 2,830,569. 罗马：意大利的首都及最大城市，在该国中西部，濒临台伯河。传统上认为罗马由罗穆卢斯和瑞摩斯创建，伊特鲁里亚人最先统治罗马，并于公元前 500年被推翻。罗马共和国逐渐扩展领土和扩大势力，在奥古斯都( 公元前 27年- 公元 14年）统治时期成为罗马帝国。罗马作为帝国的首都，被认为是世界的中心，当康斯坦丁把国都迁往拜占庭后(323年），罗马衰落了。阿拉里克一世于410年征服了罗马从而使野蛮部落给罗马带来长期毁灭性的灾难。中世纪时，随着教皇宗教和世俗权力的上升，罗马又恢复了生机。19世纪期间，罗马不时受到法国人的统治，直至1871成为意大利的首都。梵蒂冈仍为罗马境内独立的外国领地。人口2,830,569 〔Bergen〕A city of southwest Norway on inlets of the North Sea. Founded c. 1070, it was the largest and most important city of medieval Norway. Population, 207,232.卑尔根：挪威西南部一城市，位于北海入海口处。建立于公元1070年，是中世纪挪威最大和最重要的城市。人口207,232〔Goth〕A member of a Germanic people who invaded the Roman Empire in the early centuries of the Christian era.哥特人：在公元初几个世纪侵犯罗马帝国的日耳曼人〔Nanjing〕A city of east-central China on the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) northwest of Shanghai. The capital of China from the third to the sixth centurya.d. and again from 1368 to 1421, it is now the capital of Jiangsu province. Population, 2,250,000. 南京：中国中东部一城市，位于扬子江（长江）畔、上海西北。从公元 3世纪至6世纪是中国的都城，从1368年至1421年再度成为都城。现今是江苏省的省会，人口2,250,000 〔Katmandu〕The capital and largest city of Nepal, in the central part of the country in the eastern Himalaya Mountains. It was founded c. 723 and was a Gurkha capital from 1768 until the late 18th century. Population, 235,160.加德满都：尼泊尔首都和最大城市，在尼泊尔中部，喜马拉雅山东端。公元723年建成，从1768年到18世纪后期是廓尔喀人的首都。人口235,160〔Utica〕An ancient city of northern Africa on the Mediterranean Sea northwest of Carthage. According to tradition, it was founded c. 1100b.c. by Phoenicians from Tyre. The city declined in the first century b.c. and was finally destroyed by the Arabs c. a.d. 700. 尤蒂卡：非洲北部的一古代城市，临近地中海，位于迦太基的西北。据传它是于公元前 1000年左右由蒂尔城来腓尼基人创立的。此城于 公元前 1世纪左右衰落，最后于 公元 700年左右被阿拉伯人摧毁 〔Pannonia〕An ancient Roman province of central Europe including present-day western Hungary and northern Yugoslavia. Its people were finally subjugated by Rome ina.d. 9, although the province was abandoned after 395. 潘诺尼亚：位于欧洲中部的一个古罗马省，包括现在匈牙利西部和南斯拉夫北部。其民族最后被罗马在公元 9年征服，虽然该省在395年后被废除 〔Vitoria〕A city of north-central Spain south-southeast of Bilbao. Probably founded by the Visigoths in the sixth centurya.d. , it is a manufacturing and processing center. Population, 199,239. 维多利亚市：西班牙中北部城市，位于毕尔巴鄂东南偏南的。可能由西哥特人成立于公元 6世纪，现在是制造和加工业中心。人口199,239 〔Darien〕A town of southwest Connecticut northwest of Stamford. Settled c. 1641, it is mainly residential. Population, 18,196.达里恩：美国康涅狄格西南一城镇，位于斯坦福西北。建立于公元1641年，它是主要的居住区。人口18,196〔Ovid〕Roman poet known for his explorations of love, especially theArt of Love (c. 1 b.c. ) and Metamorphoses (c. a.d. 8). 奥维德：罗马诗人，以其对爱的研究，尤其是《爱的艺术》 （ 公元前1年 )和 《变形记》 （ 公元 8年）而闻名 〔Noricum〕An ancient country and province of the Roman Empire south of the Danube River in present-day Austria west of Vienna. It was incorporated into the Roman Empire in the first centuryb.c. and prospered as a frontier colony until it was overrun by Germanic peoples in the fifth century a.d. 诺里克姆：古代国家，罗马帝国的一个省，位于多瑙河南岸，即今天奥地利维也纳西部。公元前 1世纪被并入罗马帝国，作为一个边疆殖民地而繁荣，直到 公元 5世纪被德意志人侵占 〔Muskegon〕A city of southwest Michigan west-northwest of Grand Rapids at the mouth of theMuskegon River, which flows about 365 km (227 mi) from west-central Michigan southwest to Lake Michigan. The city was founded on the site of a fur-trading post established c. 1810. Population, 40,283. 马斯基根：美国密歇根州西南部城市，位于马斯基根河河口的大瀑布城西北偏西，马斯基根河 从密歇根中西部向西南流入密歇根湖，流程大约365公里（227英里）。建立在建于公元1810年的一个皮毛贸易港口的遗址上。人口40,283 〔Roland〕A French hero celebrated in medieval chansons de geste as the nephew of Charlemagne and defender of Christianity who was killed in battle against the Saracens at Roncesvalles ina.d. 778. 罗兰：一个中世纪史诗中歌颂的法国英雄，他是查理曼大帝的外甥和基督教的护卫者，公元 778年龙塞斯瓦斯与撒拉森人交战时被杀 〔Caesarea〕 or Also Caesarea Maz.a.ca [măzʹə-kə] An ancient city of Cappadocia on the site of present-day Kayseri in central Turkey. The chief city of the region, it was destroyed by Persians ina.d. 260. 或 也作 Caesarea Maz.a.ca [măzʹə-kə] 卡萨里亚：在今土耳其中部开塞利地址上的卡帕多西亚古城。是该地区的一座主要城市，被波斯人摧毁于公元 260年 〔Punjab〕A historical region of northwest India and northern Pakistan bounded by the Indus and Jumna rivers. It was a center of the prehistoric Indus Valley civilization and after c. 1500b.c. the site of early Aryan settlements. The Moguls brought the region to cultural eminence. The Punjab was controlled by Sikhs from 1799 to 1849, when it was annexed by Great Britain. It was partitioned between India and Pakistan in 1947. 旁遮普：印度西北部和巴基斯坦北部的一个邻接印度河与朱木拿河的历史地区，它是史前印度河谷文明的中心，于公元前 1500年后成为早期亚利安人的居住地，莫卧儿人使其成为著名的文化发祥地，公元1799年到1849年间被锡克教信徒控制，当时沦为大英帝国殖民地并于1947年被印度和巴基斯坦分据 〔Guadalajara〕A city of central Spain northeast of Madrid. Built on the site of a flourishing Roman colony, it was held by the Moors from 714 to 1081. Population, 58,436.瓜达拉哈拉：西班牙中部一城市，位于马德里东北。建于一繁荣的罗马殖民地旧址上。公元714年到1081年被摩尔人占领。人口58,436〔Beowulf〕The legendary hero of an anonymous Old English epic poem believed to have been composed in the early eighth century. Beowulf slays the monster Grendel and its mother, becomes king of the Geats, and dies fighting a dragon.裴欧沃夫：被认为创作于公元8世纪早期的，英国无名氏所作的一部古老史诗中的传奇英雄。贝奥伍尔弗杀死妖怪格伦德尔及妖怪的母亲，成为耶牙特的国王，死于与一条龙的争斗中〔Masada〕An ancient mountaintop fortress in southeast Israel on the southwest shore of the Dead Sea. Ina.d. 73, after a two-year siege, members of the Zealot Jewish sect committed mass suicide rather than surrender to the Romans. 梅察达：古代以色列东南部、死海西南岸的一个山头堡垒。公元 73年，经过历时两年的被围困后，吉拉德犹太教派成员集体自杀，未向进攻的罗马人投降 〔Parthia〕An ancient country of southwest Asia corresponding to modern northeast Iran. It was included in the Assyrian and Persian empires, the Macedonian empire of Alexander the Great, and the Syrian empire. A Parthian kingdom lasted from c. 250b.c. to a.d. 226, reaching the height of its influence and land holdings at the beginning of the first century b.c. Its people, of Scythian stock, were noted as horsemen and archers. 帕提亚：亚洲西南部的一个古国，位于现在的伊朗东北部。它曾被亚述帝国和波斯帝国，亚历山大大帝的马其顿帝国及叙利亚帝国统治。存在于公元前 250年到 公元 226年间的帕提亚王国在 公元前 1世纪初时影响和版图都达到其顶峰。其居民为锡西厄族人，以骑手和射手而著称 〔Valence〕A city of southeast France on the Rhone River south of Lyons. Settled in Roman times, it was captured by the Visigoths ina.d. 413 and the Arabs c. 730. Population, 66,356. 瓦伦斯：法国东南部罗纳河上的一座城市，位于里昂以南，建立罗马时期，分别于公元 413年和730年被西哥特人和阿拉伯人所侵占。人口66,356 |
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