| 单词 | 公国 |
| 释义 | 〔Orange〕Princely family of Europe ruling continously in the Netherlands since 1815. The name was first used for a former principality of southeast France that passed to the house of Nassau in 1530.奥兰治王室的：自1815年以来一直统治荷兰的欧洲王室家族。这一名称最先为法国东南部的一个公国所使用，该公国于1530年并入拿骚王室〔Pskov〕A city of northwest European U.S.S.R. south-southwest of Leningrad. Dating from the eighth century, it became an important trade center and was annexed by Moscow in 1510. Population, 194,000.普斯科夫：前苏联欧洲部分西北地区一城市，在列宁格勒西南偏南方。它建立于8世纪，后来成为一个重要的商贸中心，1510年被莫斯科公国吞并。人口194,000〔Savoy〕A historical region and former duchy of southeast France, western Switzerland, and northwest Italy. The region changed hands many times after its conquest by Julius Caesar and became a duchy in the early 15th century. In 1720 the duke of Savoy gained the title king of Sardinia, and in 1861 the Savoyard Victor Emmanuel II ascended the throne of the newly formed kingdom of Italy. Much of the original territory was ceded to France at the same time.萨伏伊：历史上的地区名，是法国东南、瑞士西部和意大利西北部以前的一个公国。此地在为裘力斯·凯撒征服以后几次易手，并在15世纪早期成为公国，1720年萨伏伊大公取得撒丁尼亚尼亚国王的头衔，1861年萨伏伊征服者伊曼纽尔二世登上新成立的意大利王国皇座，同时原萨伏伊的大部地区割让给了法国〔Perugia〕A city of central Italy on a hill overlooking the Tiber River north of Rome. An important Etruscan settlement, it fell to the Romans c. 310b.c. and became a Lombard duchy in a.d. 592 and a free city in the 12th century. Population, 142,522. 佩鲁贾：意大利中部一城市，位于罗马北部、俯瞰台伯河的丘陵地带。埃特鲁斯坎人的一个重要的定居点，约于公元前 310年被罗马人攻陷。 公元 592年成为伦巴第公国，12世纪成为一个自由的城市。人口142,522 〔archduchess〕A woman, especially an Austrian princess, holding an archduchy in her own right.女大公：自己掌握着一公国命脉的女子，尤指奥地利公主〔Kars〕A city of northeast Turkey near the U.S.S.R. border. Capital of an Armenian principality in the 9th and 10th centuries, it was destroyed by Tamerlane c. 1386, rebuilt by Ottoman Turks in the 16th century, and ceded to Russia in 1878. It was returned to Turkey in 1921. Population, 58,799.卡尔斯：土耳其东北部一城市，与苏联接壤，该市在9世纪和10世纪时为美尼亚公国的首都。元1386年被泰摩兰摧毁，16世纪奥斯曼土耳其人重建此城，1878年割让给俄国。1921年该市归还土耳其。人口58,799〔Massa〕A city of north-central Italy near the Ligurian Sea north of Leghorn. It was the capital of an independent principality and duchy from the 15th to the 19th century. Population, 65,726.马萨市：意大利中北部城市，濒临利古里亚海，位于里窝那市的北部。15世纪到19世纪曾为一个独立公国和公爵领地的首府。人口为65,726〔Galicia〕A historical region of central Europe in southeast Poland and western Ukraine. An independent principality after 1087, it was conquered by the Russians in the 12th century and later passed to Poland and Austria. The territory was returned to Poland after World War I, and the eastern portion was ceded to the U.S.S.R. after World War II.加利西亚：中欧的一历史悠久的地区，位于波兰东南部和乌克兰西部。1087年的后成为一个独立的公国，在12世纪被俄国人占领，后来转交给波兰和奥地利。一次大战后国土归还给波兰，二战以后东部割给了苏联〔Gelderland〕A region and former duchy of east-central Netherlands. The duchy was formed in 1339 and passed to the Hapsburgs in 1543. It became part of the Netherlands in 1579, although a portion of the territory was ceded to Prussia in the 18th century.海尔德兰：荷兰中部偏东一个从前的公国，此公国建于1339年，于1543年转给哈布斯堡家族。它于1579年成为荷兰的一部分，但在18世纪其领土的一部分被割让给普鲁士〔Rollo〕Norse chieftain and the first duke of Normandy.罗洛：古斯堪的纳维亚海盗头子及诺曼底公国的第一位公爵〔Ferrara〕A city of northern Italy southwest of Venice. In the early 13th century the Este family established a powerful principality here and made it a flourishing center of Renaissance learning and the arts. Population, 123,200.费拉拉：意大利北部一城市，位于威尼斯西南。13世纪早期埃斯特家族在此地建立了一个非常强大的公国，并且使它成为文艺复兴时期一个繁荣昌盛的文化和艺术中心。人口123,200〔duchy〕The territory ruled by a duke or duchess; a dukedom.公爵或女爵的领地；公国〔Polatsk〕A city of northern Belarus on the Western Dvina River northwest of Vitsyebsk. It was the capital of a principality of the same name from the 10th to the 13th century, when it passed to Lithuania. A flourishing center for trade, it was transferred to Russia in 1772. Population, 87,300波勒斯克：白俄罗斯北部城市，位于维台普斯克西北的西杜味拿河。10至13世纪时是同名公国首府，后并入给立陶宛。为繁荣的贸易中心，1772年移交给俄罗斯。人口87,300〔Yaroslavl〕A city of eastern European U.S.S.R. on the Volga River northeast of Moscow. Traditionally founded in 1010, it was annexed by Moscow in 1463. Population, 626,000.雅罗斯拉夫尔：苏联东欧部分一城市，位于伏尔加河畔、莫斯科东北。传统上认为建于1010年，1463年被莫斯科公国吞并。人口626,000〔Treviso〕A city of northeast Italy north-northwest of Venice. An ancient Roman town, it was later the seat of a Lombard duchy and passed to Venice in the 14th century. Population, 87,089.特里维索：意大利东北部一城市，位于威尼斯西北偏北方向。它是古代罗马的一个城镇，后来成为伦巴第公国的所在地，14世纪并入威尼斯。人口87,089〔Chernigov〕A city of west-central European U.S.S.R. north-northeast of Kiev. First mentioned in 907, it was the capital of the Chernigov principality in the 11th century and later passed to Lithuania, Poland, and Russia. Population, 278,000.切尔尼科夫：苏联欧洲部分中西部城市，位于基辅东北偏北。最早被提及是在907年，11世纪时曾为切尔尼科夫公国首府，后来先后被并入立陶宛、波兰和俄罗斯。人口278,000〔Parma〕A city of north-central Italy southeast of Milan. Founded by Romans in 183b.c. , it became a free city in the 12th century and was the center of the duchy of Parma and Piacenza after 1545. It became part of the kingdom of Sardinia in 1860 and of Italy in 1861. Population, 176,750. 巴尔马：意大利中北部一城市，位于米兰东南。由罗马人在公元前 183年建成，于12世纪成为一个自由城，在1545年以后成为巴尔马公国和皮亚琴察公国的中心，该城于1860年成为撒丁尼亚王国的一部分并于1861年成了意大利的国土。人口176,750 〔Nassau〕also [näʹsou'] A region and former duchy of central Germany north and east of the Main and Rhine rivers. The region became a duchy in 1806 and was absorbed by Prussia in 1866. Members of the original dynasty subsequently ruled Luxembourg and the Netherlands (as the house of Orange). 也作 [näʹsou'] 拿骚：德国中部一地区和前公国，位于美因河和莱茵河的北部和东部。该地区在1806年成为公国并于1866年被普鲁士吞并。原先的王朝成员相继统治了卢森堡和荷兰（作为奥兰治的王室）〔Ryazan〕A city of central European U.S.S.R. southeast of Moscow. Founded in 1095, it was the capital of an independent principality until it was annexed by Moscow in 1521. It is now a manufacturing and industrial center. Population, 494,000.梁赞：苏联欧洲部分中部一城市，位于莫斯科东南。建于1095年，在1521年被莫斯科公国吞并之前是一个独立公国的首府。现在是制造业和工业中心。人口494,000〔principality〕A territory ruled by a prince or from which a prince derives his title.公国，侯国，封邑：王侯统治的区域或王侯封号的来源地〔duke〕A sovereign prince who rules an independent duchy in some European countries.公，君主：某些欧洲国家统治独立公国的国君〔Tancred〕Norman soldier. A leader in the First Crusade (1096-1099), he served as regent of the principality of Antioch (1101-1112).坦克雷德：诺曼军人，他是第一次十字军的首领之一(1096-1099年），曾担任安条克公国的摄政〔Swabia〕A historical region of southwest Germany that originally included parts of present-day France and Switzerland. It was divided into small principalities and fiefdoms after 1268, but its prosperous towns often banded together in defensive leagues, most notably theSwabian League of 1488 to 1534. 士瓦本：历史上德国西南部一地区，起先包括今天的法国及瑞士。1268年后被分割成小块的公国和采邑，但是其繁荣的城镇经常联合起来组成防御性联盟，最著名的是1488年至1534年的斯瓦比亚联盟 〔Thuringia〕A historical region of central Germany south of the Harz Mountains and crossed by theThuringian Forest, a range of low, wooded mountains. The region fell to the Franks in the 6th century a.d. and became a principality of the Holy Roman Empire in the 11th century. 图林根：德国中部一历史地区，位于哈茨山脉南部，从一条由生有树木的低矮山脉组成的山岭图林根林山 中穿过。该地区在 公元 6世纪落入法兰克人手中并于11世纪成为神圣罗马帝国的一个公国 〔Locarno〕A town of southern Switzerland at the northern end of Lake Maggiore. First mentioned in 749, it passed to Milan in 1342 and was taken by the Swiss in 1512. The Locarno Pact between Germany and various European powers was signed here on December 1, 1925, in an effort to promote peace and maintain existing territorial borders. The city is today a popular resort. Population, 14,300.洛迦诺：瑞士南部一镇，位于马奏列湖北端。在749年被首次提到，1342年被转让给米兰公国并于1512年被瑞士占领。1925年12月1日德国和其他欧洲国家在此签订《洛迦诺公约》，以此来促进和平并维持现存领土边界。今天该城是一著名游览胜地。人口14,300〔Molise〕A region of south-central Italy bordering on the Adriatic Sea. Conquered by the Romans in the 4th centuryb.c. , it was ruled by a Lombard duchy from the 6th to the 11th century a.d. 莫利塞：意大利中南部的一个地区，位于亚得里亚海沿岸。公元前 4世纪被罗马人征服， 公元 6世纪至11世纪由伦巴族公国统治 〔Aquitaine〕A historical region of southwest France between the Pyrenees and the Garonne River. The duchy of Aquitaine was joined with France after the marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine to King Louis VII in 1137, but its possession was disputed after her subsequent marriage to Henry II of England.阿基坦：法国西南部一个历史地区，位于比利牛斯山和加隆河之间，在1137年阿基坦的埃莉诺与国王路易斯七世结婚之后阿基坦公国加入法国，但当她再嫁英国亨利二世后，其归属权便受到争议〔princess〕A woman who is ruler of a principality.女王，女诸侯：统治公国（或封邑）的妇女〔Jodhpur〕A city of western India southwest of Delhi. Center of a former principality founded in the 13th century, it is an important wool market. Population, 506,345.焦特布尔：印度西部城市，位于德里市西南。是始建于13世纪的一个前公国的中心，并是重要的羊毛市场。人口506,345〔archduchy〕The territory over which an archduke or an archduchess has authority.公国，公爵领地：大公爵或女大公统治的领地〔Moscow〕The capital and largest city of the U.S.S.R., in the west-central European part of the country on theMoscow River, flowing about 499 km (310 mi) eastward to the Oka River. Inhabited since Neolithic times and first mentioned in Russian chronicles in 1147, Moscow became the capital of the principality of Muscovy and by the 15th century was the capital of the Russian state and the seat of the metropolitan (later patriarch) of the Russian Orthodox Church. The capital was transferred to St. Petersburg in 1712 but returned to Moscow by the Soviets in 1918. It was the site of the 1980 Summer Olympics. Population, 8,408,000. 莫斯科：原苏联首都和最大城市，位于该国欧洲部分的中西部，市区的一部分位于莫斯科河 上，该河流程约499公里(310英里），向东注入奥卡河。自新石器时代有人居住，于1147年在俄国编年史中首次提到，并成为莫斯科公国的首都，到15世纪成为俄罗斯州的首都和俄罗斯东正主教的所有地。首都于1712年移到圣彼得堡，但后来于1918年被社会主义党人又移回莫斯科。1980年夏季奥运会在此召开。人口8,408,000 〔prince〕The ruler of a principality.国君，君主，诸侯：公国的统治者〔Westphalia〕A historical region and former duchy of west-central Germany east of the Rhine River. The duchy was created in the 12th century and was administered for many centuries by ecclesiastical princes, especially the archbishop of Cologne. The Peace of Westphalia (1648) marked the end of the Thirty Years' War. Napoleon seized the area in 1807 and designated a portion of it as the kingdom of Westphalia, to be ruled by his brother Jérôme. The region became part of Prussia after 1815.威斯特法利亚：德国中西部一历史地区和前公国，位于莱茵河以东。公国建于12世纪，在以后的许多世纪中由教会贵族统治，尤其是指科隆大主教。威斯特法利亚和平协议(1648年）标志着“三十年战争”的结束。在1807年拿破仑攫取了该地区，并把其中的一部分定为威斯特法利亚王国，由他的兄弟圣哲罗姆统治。此地区在1815年后成为普鲁士的一部分〔Kirov〕A city of east-central European U.S.S.R. east-northeast of Moscow. Founded c. 1174, it became the center of a medieval principality that was conquered by Ivan III in 1489. Population, 411,000.基洛夫：苏联欧洲部分中东部一城市，位于莫斯科东北偏东，建于公元1174年，1489年被伊凡三世占领后成为中世纪公国的中心。人口411,000〔Hrodna〕A city of western Belarus on the Neman River near the Lithuanian and Polish borders. Capital of an independent principality until 1398, Hrodna was ruled at various times by Lithuania, Poland, and Russia. Population, 314,100赫罗德纳：白俄罗斯西部城市，位于靠近立陶宛和波兰边界的涅曼河畔。1398年之前一直是独立公国的首府，立陶宛、波兰及俄罗斯曾在不同时期统治赫罗德诺。人口314,100〔Moldavia〕A historical region of eastern Romania east of Transylvania. Part of the Roman province of Dacia, it became a principality in the 14th century and passed to the Ottoman Empire in 1504, although it was continually attacked and often virtually controlled by numerous other powers. In 1859 Moldavia united with Walachia to form the nucleus of modern Romania.摩尔达维亚：在罗马尼亚东部特兰西瓦尼亚东部的一个历史上著名的地区。作为达契亚的罗曼省的一部分，它在14世纪成为一个公国，并于1504年让与了奥斯曼帝国，尽管它频繁地受袭击并经常实际上为大量别的力量控制。在1859年，摩尔达维亚和瓦拉几亚联合形成了现在罗马尼亚的核心〔Muscovy〕A former principality of Russia in present-day west-central European U.S.S.R. Centered on Moscow, it was founded c. 1280 and existed as a separate entity until the 16th century, when it was united with another principality to form the nucleus of the early Russian empire. The name was then used for the expanded territory.俄罗斯：俄国的昔日公国，位于现苏联欧洲部分的中西部。以莫斯科为中心，建于公元1280年，并且在16世纪它与另一个公国合并形成早期俄罗斯帝国的核心之前一直独立存在。当时此名字用于被扩张的领土〔archduchy〕duché [duchy] * see duchy duché [公国领地] * 参见 duchy〔Gascony〕A historical region and former province of southwest France. Settled originally by Basque peoples, it was conquered by the Romans and later by the Visigoths and Franks. A new wave of Basque invaders from south of the Pyrenees established the duchy of Vasconia in the sixth centurya.d. In 1052 Gascony passed to the duchy of Aquitaine, and after serving as a major battlefield during the Hundred Years' War, it finally became part of the French royal domain in 1607. 格斯肯尼：一历史地区，昔时法国西南部一省。最早巴斯克人在此定居，被罗马人征服，后来又被西哥特人和法兰克人征服。来自比利牛斯山南部的一支新的巴斯克人侵略者在公元后 6世纪建立了维斯可尼亚公国。在1502年，格斯肯尼被转给亚奎丹公国，在百年战争中以一个主要战场出现，最后于1607年成为法国领土的一部分 〔Kalinin〕A city of central European U.S.S.R. on the Volga River northwest of Moscow. Settled around a fort established in the 12th century, it was a powerful principality in the 13th and 14th centuries and is today an industrial center and a major port. Population, 438,000.加里宁：苏联中部欧洲部分的一城市，位于莫斯科西北部的伏尔加河上。公元12世纪，该市周围建成堡垒，13和14世纪成为势力强大的公国。如今该市为工业中心和重要港口。人口438,000 |
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