| 单词 | 公民 |
| 释义 | 〔initiative〕The right and procedure by which citizens can propose a law by petition and ensure its submission to the electorate.革命立法提案权：一种权利和程序，通过它们公民可以通过请愿形式提出一项法案并将其提交给选举团〔national〕A citizen of a particular nation.See Synonyms at citizen 国民：特定国家的公民 参见 citizen〔ecclesia〕The political assembly of citizens of an ancient Greek state.市民议会：古希腊国家的公民政治集会〔age〕The time of life when a person becomes qualified to assume certain civil and personal rights and responsibilities, usually at 18 or 21 years; legal age:成年；法定年龄：一个人有资格行使某些公民和个人权力和责任的年龄，通常为18岁或21岁；法定年龄：〔ombudsman〕A government official, especially in Scandinavian countries, who investigates citizens' complaints against the government or its functionaries.巡视官：专门调查公民对政府或其公务员的不满的一位政府官员，尤指斯堪的纳维亚国家的一官员〔senior〕A senior citizen:长辈者：年长的公民：〔cosmopolite〕politēs [citizen] from polis [city] * see pelə- 3politēs [公民] 源自 polis [城市] * 参见 pelə- 3〔burgess〕A freeman or citizen of an English borough.市民，自由民：英国自治城市的自由民或公民〔proletariat〕The propertyless class of ancient Rome, constituting the lowest class of citizens.（古罗马社会中的）最下层阶级：古代罗马没有财产的阶级，组成公民中最低层的阶级〔cognomen〕The third and usually last name of a citizen of ancient Rome, asCaesar in Gaius Julius Caesar. 古罗马人的姓：古罗马公民的第三个名字，通常是最后一个名字，如凯撒 在 格尤斯·尤里乌斯·凯撒 中 〔police〕from politēs [citizen] 源自 politēs [公民] 〔census〕Latin cēnsus [registration of citizens] 拉丁语 cēnsus [公民的统计登记] 〔entitle〕The coupon entitles the bearer to a 25 percent savings. Every citizen is entitled to equal protection under the law.债券占其所有人存款总额的百分之二十五。每个公民都有权依法受同等保护〔proletariat〕from Latin prōlētārius [belonging to the lowest class of Roman citizens] * see proletarian 源自 拉丁语 prōlētārius [属于罗马公民中最低的阶级] * 参见 proletarian〔principle〕Despite generations of spelling lessons,the wordsprinciple and principal are still commonly confused. Perhaps an understanding of their history will help in keeping them straight.Both words go back to the same Latin word,prīnceps, meaning "first, as in time, position, or authority.”The split that has caused all the trouble occurred in the next stage of development.Fromprīnceps were derived the noun prīncipium, "start, origin, guiding principle,” the adjectiveprīncipālis, "first in importance or esteem,” and the noun prīncipālis, "a leading citizen.” Clearly the latter two words with theā between the p and the l have given us the adjectiveprincipal (first recorded around 1300) and the noun principal (also first recorded in a work composed around 1300).Perhaps it should not be mentioned that one Middle English spelling for the noun wasprinciple. On the other hand,the Latin wordprīncipium and its Old French descendant principe were involved in the creation of the word principle in Middle English, first recorded in a work written around 1380.Words likemanciple and participle influenced the spelling of this new word, but again perhaps we should keep silent about the fact that we also find the word spelledprincipal and prinsipal in Middle English. A key point to remember about these seemingly aberrant Middle English spellings isthat in Middle English spelling was not nearly as fixed as it usually is today,a development that was much furthered by the invention of printing.When we interchange spellings forprinciple and principal, we are doing something that would have been less of a fault in the days before the conformity imposed on us by this marvelous invention. 尽管在拼写课上反复强调，principle 和 principal 还是被人们搞混。 或许了解一下这两个词的历史有助于我们弄清楚它们的拼写。两个词都可追溯到同一个拉丁词princeps， 意为“在时间，地位或权威上第一的”。引起所有麻烦的分裂出现在发展过程的下一个阶段。从princeps 派生出了名词 principium， 意为“开端，根源，指导性原则，” 形容词principalis “最重要的或最受尊敬的”及名词 principalis 意为“处于领导地位的公民”。 显然，后两个词在p 和 l 之间带有 ā， 这就使我们有了形容词principal （最早记录于1300年左右）和名词 principal （最早记录也是在大约1300年左右创作的作品中）。或许我们不应提到这个名词在中古英语中的一种拼法是principle 。 另一方面，拉丁词principium 和其古法词的派生词 principe 共同作用创造了中古英语单词 principle， 最早记录于写于约1380年的一部作品。象manciple 和 participle 这样的单词都影响了这个新单词的拼写， 但是或许我们应该再一次对于这个单词也曾在中古英语中被拼写成principal 和 prinsipal 这一事实保持沉默。 记住这些在中古英语中貌似反常的拼写的关键在于，在中古英语中的拼写方式几乎不象今天这么固定，因为当时还没有发明印刷术。当这项神奇的发明把拼写一致的原则加到我们头上之前，我们把principle 和 principal 的拼写互相交换，也算不上什么大错 〔must〕Citizens must register in order to vote.为了进行选举，公民们必须登记〔politic〕from politēs [citizen] 源自 politēs [公民] 〔burgher〕A member of the mercantile class of a medieval European city.中产阶级富裕殷实的公民：中世纪欧洲城市的商业阶层成员〔commotion〕Civil disturbance or insurrection; disorder.起义，暴乱：公民的扰乱或暴动；混乱〔burgee〕from Old French burgeis [citizen] 源自 古法语 burgeis [公民] 〔Muscovite〕A native or resident of Moscow or Muscovy.莫斯科人：莫斯科或者俄罗斯公民或居民〔comitia〕A popular assembly in ancient Rome having legislative or electoral duties.古罗马公民议会：古罗马的群众集会，有立法或选举的任务〔atrocity〕An act of cruelty and violence inflicted by an enemy armed force on civilians or prisoners:暴行：由敌对武装力量对公民或犯人做出的残忍的或暴力的折磨：〔refusenik〕A Soviet citizen who has been denied the right to emigrate.被拒签者：被剥夺移民权的苏联公民〔communal〕Of or relating to a community.社区的；公民的：属于或有关社区、公众的〔free〕a free citizenry.享有公民权的公民〔citizen〕A person owing loyalty to and entitled by birth or naturalization to the protection of a state or nation.公民：本国籍的或加入本国籍的效忠于国家并有权得到国家保护的人〔toga〕A loose one-piece outer garment worn in public by male citizens in ancient Rome.托加袍：古罗马男性公民在公共场合穿的宽松的由一块布制成的外衣〔consul〕An official appointed by a government to reside in a foreign country and represent his or her government's commercial interests and assist its citizens there.See Usage Note at council 领事：由政府委派居住在外国，代表其国家政府的商业利益并帮助那里的本国公民的一种官员 参见 council〔liberalism〕A political theory founded on the natural goodness of human beings and the autonomy of the individual and favoring civil and political liberties, government by law with the consent of the governed, and protection from arbitrary authority.自由主义：一种政治理论，它以人性本善为基础，提倡个人自治，强调公民和政治的自由，主张用被统治者所同意的方法进行统治，提倡保护个人使其免受专断权威的迫害〔hyphenated〕Naturalized immigrants to the United States and their descendants have sometimes been termedhyphenated Americans in reference to the tendency to hyphenate such ethnic compounds as Irish-American and Polish-American. This term has come under strong criticism as suggesting that those so designated are not as fully American as "unhyphenated" citizens, and it is best avoided in all but historical contexts. 归化美国的移民及其后代子孙有时会以hyphenated Americans 的措词称呼，这与使用连字号的趋势有关，例如像 Irish-American（爱尔兰裔美国人） 和 Polish-American（波兰裔美国人） 之类的种族复合字。这种词汇遭到许多批评，指出这些被指定的名称似乎并不如"unhyphenated（未用连字号）”的公民一般为完全的美国人，也因此应尽量避免于历史文章之外使用此类字 〔townspeople〕The inhabitants or citizens of a town or city.镇（市）民：镇或城市的居民或公民〔vote〕"If older cities are allowed to decay and contract, can citizens who vote with their feet . . . hope to find better conditions anywhere else?”(Melinda Beck)“如果老城被允许崩溃并且缩小，用行动选择的公民能希望在别处找到更好的环境吗?”(梅琳达·贝克)〔civil〕Of, relating to, or befitting a citizen or citizens:公民的，适于公民的：〔Roman〕Abbr. Rom.A native, inhabitant, or citizen of ancient or modern Rome.缩写 Rom.罗马人：古代或现代罗马人、居民或公民〔ostracism〕In Athens and other cities of ancient Greece, the temporary banishment by popular vote of a citizen considered dangerous to the state.陶片放逐制度：在古希腊的雅典和其他城市内对大众投票选出的被认为危害社会的公民进行的短期放逐〔timocracy〕An Aristotelian state in which civic honor or political power is proportional to the property one owns.财权政治：一种公民荣誉或政治权力与拥有财产成正比的亚里士多德式国家〔defect〕a Soviet citizen who defected to Israel.一个叛逃到以色列的苏联公民〔people〕The citizens of a political unit, such as a nation or a state; the electorate. Used withthe. 公民：某政治团体例如一个民族或一个国家的成员；选民。与the 连用 〔leveler〕Leveller A member of an English radical political movement arising in the Parliamentarian forces of the 1640's and advocating universal male suffrage, equality before the law, parliamentary democracy, and religious tolerance. Leveller 平均派成员：英国17世纪40年代议会军队中兴起的政治激进派成员，鼓吹男性公民普选权，法律面前人人平等，议会民主以及宗教宽容 |
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