| 单词 | 公爵 |
| 释义 | 〔Alba〕See Duke of Alva 参见 公爵 Alva〔Massa〕A city of north-central Italy near the Ligurian Sea north of Leghorn. It was the capital of an independent principality and duchy from the 15th to the 19th century. Population, 65,726.马萨市：意大利中北部城市，濒临利古里亚海，位于里窝那市的北部。15世纪到19世纪曾为一个独立公国和公爵领地的首府。人口为65,726〔Bavaria〕A region and former duchy of southern Germany. Conquered by the Romans in 15b.c. , the region became one of the five preeminent duchies of medieval Germany but was later overrun and ruled by numerous factions and powers. 巴伐利亚州：德国南部的一地区，原为公爵领地。于公元前 15年被罗马人占领，这个地方成了中世纪德国的五个有权势的公爵领地，但是后来被许多势力和政权占领和统治 〔ducat〕from Medieval Latin ducātus [duchy (a word used on one of the early ducats)] * see duchy 源自 中世纪拉丁语 ducātus [公爵领地（用于一种早期达克特上的词）] * 参见 duchy〔Holstein〕A region and former duchy of northern Germany at the base of the Jutland Peninsula. It became a duchy under the suzerainty of the Holy Roman Empire in 1474 and was often controlled by Denmark in the years that followed.霍斯坦：德国北部一个曾为公爵领地的地区，位于日德兰半岛的基地，在1474年成为神圣罗马帝国管辖之下的公爵领地，后来经常被丹麦控制〔marchesa〕An Italian noblewoman ranking above a countess and below a princess.女侯爵：意大利女贵族，爵位在伯爵之上，公爵之下〔archduchy〕The territory over which an archduke or an archduchess has authority.公国，公爵领地：大公爵或女大公统治的领地〔Berry〕A historical region and former province of central France. Purchased by the French crown in 1101, it became an independent duchy in 1360 and reverted to the crown in 1601.贝里：位于法国中部的有历史意义的地区和旧时的一个省，1101年被法国王室所买，1360年成为一独立的公爵领地，1601年重归王室所有〔bigot〕A bigot may have more in common with God than one might think.Legend has it that Rollo, the first duke of Normandy, refused to kiss the foot of the French king Charles III,uttering the phrasebi got, his borrowing of the assumed Old English equivalent of our expressionby God. Although this story is almost certainly apocryphal,it is true thatbigot was used by the French as a term of abuse for the Normans, but not in a religious sense. Later, however, the word, or very possibly a homonym,was used abusively in French for the Beguines, members of a Roman Catholic lay sisterhood.From the 15th century on Old Frenchbigot meant "an excessively devoted or hypocritical person.” Bigot is first recorded in English in 1598 with the sense "a superstitious hypocrite.” 一个偏执的人往往比人们想象的更接近上帝。传说第一位诺曼底公爵罗洛拒绝亲吻法国皇帝查理三世的脚时，说了bi got 这个词， 他是借用了假设的古英语里的词。其相当于我们今天的by God （老天作证）这一用法。 尽管这个故事肯定不足为信，但bigot 一词是确实是法国人对诺曼底人的蔑称， 然而无宗教色彩。后来，这个词，很可能是同音异义词，在法语中用来蔑指女修道者──罗马天主教姐妹会成员。从15世纪起，在古法语中，bigot 一词意为“过分虔诚或伪善的人”。 Bigot 首次以英语记载是在1598年，其意为“迷信的伪君子。” 〔nobility〕A class of persons distinguished by high birth or rank and in Great Britain including dukes and duchesses, marquises and marchionesses, earls and countesses, viscounts and viscountesses, and barons and baronesses:贵族阶级：由高贵的出身或等级区分的一个阶级的人，在英国包括公爵和公爵夫人、侯爵和候爵夫人、伯爵和伯爵夫人、子爵和子爵夫人、男爵和田爵夫人：〔Pinsk〕A city of western European U.S.S.R. south-southwest of Minsk. First mentioned in chronicles in 1097, it was the capital of the Pinsk duchy in the 13th century. Pinsk passed to Lithuania in 1320, to Poland in 1569, to Russia in 1793, back to Poland in 1921, and finally to the U.S.S.R. in 1945. Population, 109,000.平斯克：苏联西欧部分的一座城市，位于明斯克西南偏南。1097年在编年史中首次提到，13世纪时是平斯克公爵领地的首府。1320年归立陶宛，1569年归波兰，1793年归俄罗斯，1921年回归波兰，1945年最终归苏联。人口109,000〔jackanapes〕From Middle English Jack Napis [nickname of William de la Pole, Fourth Earl and First Duke of Suffolk (1396-1450)] 源自 中古英语 Jack Napis [萨福克一等公爵和四等伯爵，威廉·德·拉·波罗的绰号] 〔Pavarotti〕Italian-born tenor whose notable operatic roles include the Duke of Mantua inRigoletto and Radames in Aïda. 帕瓦罗蒂，卢西亚诺：(生于 1935) 意大利男高音，其著名的歌剧角色包括《里戈莱托》 中的曼亚诺公爵和 《爱达》 中的拉达梅斯 〔Gonsalves〕American jazz tenor saxophonist known for his affinity for ballads and his fast, driving solos. After playing briefly with Count Basie and Dizzy Gillespie, he joined the Duke Ellington Orchestra in 1950.刚萨雷斯，保罗：美国爵士高音萨克斯风吹奏者，以其倾向于芭蕾舞曲及快板、强劲的独奏演奏风格最为著称，在与巴锡伯爵及吉莱斯皮简短的合奏之后，他在1950年加入埃林顿公爵管弦乐团〔Valois〕A historical region and former duchy of northern France. A county from the 10th to the 12th century, it was an appanage of the royal house of Valois after 1285.瓦卢瓦：法国北部的一个历史性地区和以前的公爵领地，作为从10世纪到12世纪的一个郡，它在1285年之后成为王室的一个属地〔duchess〕The wife or widow of a duke.公爵夫人或公爵遗孀〔Nantes〕A city of western France on the Loire River west of Tours. Dating to pre-Roman times, it was captured by Norse raiders in the ninth century and later fell to the dukes of Brittany. The Edict of Nantes, granting limited religious and civil liberties to the Huguenots, was issued in 1598 by Henry IV of France and revoked in 1685 by Louis XIV. Population, 240,539.南特：法国西部一城市，位于卢瓦尔河畔、图尔的西面，有记录始于前罗马时代，9世纪被诺斯人侵者征服，后落入布里特尼公爵，声明限制胡格诺人宗教和公民自由的南特法令于1598年由法国亨利四世颁布，路易十四世于1685年废止。人口240,539〔clarence〕After the Duke of Clarence (1765-1837), later William IV of England 源自 克拉伦斯 公爵（1765-1837年），后来的英国威廉四世 〔marquis〕A nobleman ranking below a duke and above an earl or a count.侯爵：位于公爵之下，子爵或男爵之上的贵族地位〔lady〕Used as a courtesy title for the wife of a younger son of a duke or marquis.（公爵，侯爵）的子媳：用于称呼公爵或侯爵的小儿子的妻子的礼貌用语〔Sforza〕Family of Milanese political leaders, includingFrancesco (1401-1466), a captain of mercenaries who declared himself duke of Milan (1450). His son Ludovico (1451?-1508) was duke of Milan (1481-1499) and a patron of Leonardo da Vinci. 斯佛萨：米兰政治领袖家族，其中有弗朗西斯科 (1401-1466年），他是雇佣兵首领并声称自己是米兰公爵(1450年）。他的儿子 卢多维克 (1451?-1508年）是米兰公爵(1481-1499年）且是雷翁那多·达·芬奇的资助人 〔ducal〕Of or relating to a duke or dukedom:公爵的，与公爵有关的，有公爵爵位的：〔raid〕The members of an army traveling on a particularroad to carry out a raid probably would not draw a connection between the two words.However,raid and road descend from the same Old English word rād. Theai in raid represents the standard development in the northern dialects of Old English long a, while theoa in road represents the standard development of Old English long a in the rest of the English dialects. Old Englishrād meant "the act of riding" and "the act of riding with a hostile intent; that is, a raid,”senses that no longer exist for our wordroad. It was left to Sir Walter Scott to revive the Scots formraid with the sense "a military expedition on horseback.”The Scots weren't making all the raids, however.Others seem to have returned the favor,for we find these words in the Middle EnglishCoventry Leet Book : "aftur a Rode . . . made uppon the Scottes at thende of this last somer.”The "Rode" was led by the non-Scottish Duke of Gloucester, who was later crowned as Richard III, and Henry Percy, Duke of Northumberland.一支部队的士兵在某条road （路）上行进以发动一场 raid （袭击）， 这大概不会使这两个词之间产生什么联系。然而raid 和 road 这两个词源于古英语中的同一个词 rad 。 Raid 中的 ai 代表了古英语中北部发言中长 a 的标准发展， 而road 中的 oa 代表了其它地区古英语方言中长 a 的发展。 古英语中rad 的意思是“骑马的行动和出于敌意而骑马的行动； 也就是说，一次奇袭，”词意中不再有路 这个意思。 沃尔特·斯科特爵士又恢复了raid 这个词的苏格兰语形式， 其意思是“马上的远征”。然而，奇袭并不只是由苏格兰人发动。别人似乎也保留了对这个词的偏好，因为我们在中世纪英语的考文垂史料 中发现了这段话： “在去年夏末对苏格兰发动的奇袭之后…”。该“奇袭”是由后来被冠以查理三世的格洛斯特的非苏格兰公爵和诺森柏兰的亨利·珀西公爵领导的〔archduke〕duc [duke] * see duke duc [公爵] * 参见 duke〔marchese〕An Italian nobleman ranking above a count and below a prince.侯爵：意大利男贵族，爵位在伯爵之上，公爵之下〔defeat〕"The last foreigner to subjugate England was a Norman duke in the Middle Ages named William" (Stanley Meisler). To“最后一个制服英格兰的外国人是中世纪一个叫威廉的罗马公爵” （斯坦尼梅斯勒）。〔etiquette〕"One hour of life, crowded to the full with glorious action . . . is worth whole years of those mean observances of paltry decorum" (Sir Walter Scott). “一小时充满辉煌行为的生活抵得上一整年去遵守琐碎礼仪的平庸生活” （瓦尔特·斯科特公爵）。 〔Wenceslas〕Duke of Bohemia who encouraged Christianization and was martyred by his brother Boleslav. He is popularly associated with Christmastide charity and is the patron saint of Bohemia.圣温彻拉斯：波希米亚公爵，他鼓励基督教化，被其兄弟博列斯拉夫杀害。人们普遍将他与圣诞节节期联系在一起，他是波希米亚的守护神〔Brandenburg〕A historical region and former duchy of north-central Germany around which the kingdom of Prussia developed. The region is now divided between Poland and Germany.勃兰登堡：历史上的宗教领地和原公爵领地，位于德国中北部，普鲁士王国在其周围发展起来。该地区现被波兰和德国分占〔Rollo〕Norse chieftain and the first duke of Normandy.罗洛：古斯堪的纳维亚海盗头子及诺曼底公国的第一位公爵〔peerage〕The rank, title, or jurisdiction of a peer or peeress; a duchy, marquisate, county, viscountcy, or barony.贵族：贵族或女贵族的爵位、头衔或权限；公爵、侯爵、伯爵、子爵或男爵〔Bourbonnais〕A historical region and former province of central France in the Massif Central. It was held by the counts (later dukes) of Bourbon until 1527, when Francis I added it to the French crown lands.波旁奈依：一历史区域，原法国中部高地中心一省。1527年前一直由波旁伯爵（后为公爵）统治，同年弗兰西斯一世将其并入王室领地〔lord〕Used as a courtesy title for a younger son of a duke or marquis.阁下，大人：用作对公爵或侯爵年轻的儿子的敬称〔duke〕A nobleman with the highest hereditary rank, especially a man of the highest grade of the peerage in Great Britain.公爵：具有最高世袭身份的贵族，尤指英国具有最高等级贵族身份的人〔Turin〕A city of northwest Italy on the Po River west-southwest of Milan. An important Roman town, it was later a Lombard duchy and the capital of the kingdom of Sardinia (1720-1861). It was also the first capital of the new kingdom of Italy. Population, 1,103,520.都灵：意大利西北一城市，位于波河河畔、米兰西南偏西方。它是罗马时代的一个重要城市，后来成为一个伦巴底公爵领地及撒丁尼亚尼亚王国的首都(1720年-1861年）。它也曾是新意大利王国的第一个首都。人口1,103,520〔badminton〕After Badminton , the Duke of Beaufort's country seat in western England 源自 巴德明顿 ，英格兰西部波特海国公爵 〔lady〕Used as a courtesy title for the daughter of a duke, a marquis, or an earl.（公爵、侯爵或伯爵）之女的尊称：用于称呼公爵、侯爵或伯爵的女儿的礼貌用语〔duchess〕A woman holding title to a duchy in her own right.女公爵：本人享有公爵称号的女人〔mayonnaise〕possibly from Mahón [captured by Louis François Armand de Vignerot du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu (1696-1788), in 1756 (the duke's chef is said to have introduced mayonnaise in honor of this victory)] 可能源自 Mahón[该市于1756年被黎塞留公爵弗朗索瓦·阿尔芒(1696-1788年）占领。据说（为庆祝这次胜利，公爵的厨师第一次做了蛋黄酱）] 〔Tuscany〕A region of northwest Italy between the northern Apennines and the Ligurian and Tyrrhenian seas. Inhabited in ancient times by the Etruscans, it fell to Rome in the mid-fourth centuryb.c. Tuscany was a grand duchy under the Medicis (1569-1860) and subsequently became united with the kingdom of Sardinia. 托斯卡：意大利西北部的一个地区，位于亚平宁山脉北部、利古里亚海和第勒尼安海之间，在古代由埃特锝鲁斯堪人居住，在公元前 4世纪中期被罗马人占领。托斯卡纳是梅迪西斯统治下的一个庞大的公爵封地(1569年-1860年），后来它与撒丁尼亚尼亚王国合并 |
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