| 单词 | 共产主义 |
| 释义 | 〔comrade〕A comrade can be socially or politically close,a closeness that is found at the etymological heart of the wordcomrade. In Spanish the Latin wordcamara, with its Late Latin meaning "chamber, room,” was retained, and the derivativecamarada, with the sense "roommates, especially barrack mates,” was formed. Camarada then came to have the general sense "companion.” English borrowed the word from Spanish and French,Englishcomrade being first recorded in the 16th century. The political sense ofcomrade, now associated with Communism, had its origin in the late-19th-century use of the word as a title by socialists and communists in order to avoid such forms of address asmister. This usage, which originated during the French Revolution,is first recorded in English in 1884.同志在社会或政治关系上是亲密的，这种亲密的意思可以从comrade 的词源中找到。 在西班牙语中，拉丁词camara 仍保留有它的拉丁语意思“小房间，房间”， 同时出现了它的派生词camarada 意思是“室友，尤指同营房的战友”。 接着Camarada 具有了一般“同伴”的意思。 英语从西班牙语和法语中借用了这个词，英语中comrade 第一次出现是在16世纪。 comrade 的政治意义现在是与共产主义相联的， 最初在19世纪末，它是作为社会主义者或共产主义者的前称以区别于mister（先生） 一词的。 这种用法起源于法国大革命时期，第一次在英语中出现则是在1884年。〔socialism〕The building of the material base for communism under the dictatorship of the proletariat in Marxist-Leninist theory.社会主义物质基础的建立：马克思列宁主义理论中在无产阶级专政下共产主义物质基础的建立〔comsymp〕A Communist Party sympathizer.共产主义政党的同情者〔Tito〕Yugoslavian politician who led the resistance to Nazi occupation during World War II, established independence from the U.S.S.R. (1948), and as president (1953-1980) pursued a national Communism that stressed neutrality in foreign affairs.铁托：南斯拉夫政治家，曾在二次世界大战期间领导抵抗纳粹占领的斗争，并使南斯拉夫脱离苏联控制取得独立(1948年），作为该国总统(1953-1980年）他推行一种在外交事务上保持中立的共产主义政策〔Communist〕communist propaganda.共产主义宣传结构〔red〕Often Red Communist. 常作 Red 共产主义的〔Barbusse〕French writer and editor whose works includeUnder Fire (1916), a novel based on his World War I experiences. His disillusionment led him to pacifism and later to communism. 巴比塞，亨利：(1873-1935) 法国作家和编辑，其作品包括《炮火下》 （1916年），一部以他在一战中的经历为基础的小说。他的觉悟使他转向和平主义后又转向共产主义 〔Communist〕Often communist Relating to, characteristic of, or held to resemble communism or Communists. 常作 communist 共产主义者的：有关、特征为或保持像共产主义或共产主义者的〔communistic〕Of, characteristic of, or inclined to communism.共产主义的：属于、特征为或倾向于共产主义的〔communism〕The Marxist-Leninist version of Communist doctrine that advocates the overthrow of capitalism by the revolution of the proletariat.共产主义：共产主义学说的马克思--列宁主义，拥护通过无产阶级革命推翻资本主义〔blackball〕the movie industry blacklisting suspected Communists;电影业把嫌疑的共产主义党人列入黑名单；〔revisionism〕A recurrent tendency within the Communist movement to revise Marxist theory in such a way as to provide justification for a retreat from the revolutionary to the reformist position.修正主义：在共产主义运动中重复出现的倾向，目的在以这样一种方式修正马克思主义，即为从革命状况向改良状况回退提供理由〔Bakunin〕Russian anarchist and political theorist who was imprisoned and later exiled to Siberia for his revolutionary activities. He escaped to London (1861), where he opposed Karl Marx. Bakunin's theories of anarchy are considered the antithesis of Marx's communism.巴枯宁，米克海尔·亚力山德罗维奇：(1814-1876) 俄国无政府主义者和政治理论家，因其革命活动曾被关进监狱，后来被流放到西伯利亚。他于1861年逃亡伦敦，在那里他反对卡尔·马克思。巴枯宁的无政府主义理论被认为是马克思共产主义政府的对立〔Pamir〕A mountainous region of south-central Asia in southern Central Asian U.S.S.R. with extensions in northern Afghanistan, northern Kashmir, and western China. The Pamirs rise to 7,500 m (24,590 ft) at Communism Peak.帕米尔高原：亚洲中南部的一个多山地区，在苏联的亚洲部分的中南部，延伸到阿富汗北部，克什米尔北部和中国西部。帕米尔高原在共产主义峰海拔7,500米(24,590英尺）处〔Reed〕American journalist. A World War I correspondent, he was in Petrograd during the October Revolution (1917), an experience he recounted inTen Days That Shook the World (1919). In 1919 he founded the American Communist Labor Party. Reed is buried in the Kremlin in Moscow. 里德，约翰：(1887-1920) 美国记者。一战时期记者，十月革命(1917年）时身居彼得格勒，他在《震撼世界的十日》 （1919年）中记叙了这段经历。在1919年他建立了美国共产主义工人党，死后葬于莫斯科克里姆林宫 〔bloc〕nations in the Communist bloc.共产主义集团的国家〔communize〕To convert to Communist principles or control.使共产化：转变到共产主义原则或控制〔east〕The former Communist bloc of countries in Asia and especially in Eastern Europe.东方集团：以前由亚洲和特别是东欧几个国家组成的共产主义集团〔Koestler〕Hungarian-born writer whose novelDarkness at Noon (1941) portrays his disillusionment with Communism. His other works include The Sleepwalkers (1959) and The Ghost in the Machine (1967). 凯斯特勒，阿瑟：(1905-1983) 匈牙利裔作家，他的小说《正午的黑暗》 （1941年）描写了他对共产主义的幻灭。他的其它作品包括 《梦游者》 （1959年）和 《机器中的幽灵》 （1967年） 〔Titoism〕The post-World War II Communist policies and practices associated with Marshal Tito, especially the assertion by a Communist nation of its interests independently of or in opposition to the Soviet Union.铁托主义：二次世界大战以后一种与铁托元帅联系在一起的共产主义政策和实践，特指一个共产主义国家宣称自己利益独立于苏联或与苏联对立〔Bircher〕A member or supporter of the John Birch Society, an anti-Communist organization founded in 1958.伯奇社团的成员和追随者：约翰·伯奇协会的成员或支持者，是1958年建立的一个反共产主义组织〔communitarian〕A member or supporter of a small cooperative or a collectivist community.共产主义社会成员：小型合作或集体主义制度的成员或支持者〔Lenin〕Russian founder of the Bolsheviks, leader of the Russian Revolution (1917), and first head of the U.S.S.R. (1917-1924). As a communist theoretician Lenin held that workers could not develop a revolutionary consciousness without the guidance of a vanguard party and that imperialism was a particular stage of capitalist development.列宁，弗拉基米尔·伊里奇：(1870-1924) 苏联布尔什维克的缔造者，俄国十月革命(1917年）的领导者，是前苏联的第一任领导人(1917-1924年）。作为一名共产主义的理论家，列宁认为：没有先驱政党的指导，工人就不能发展革命意识；帝国主义是资本主义发展过程中的一个特殊阶段〔communism〕A system of government in which the state plans and controls the economy, claiming to make progress toward a higher social order in which all goods are equally shared by the people.共产主义：一种政府体系，常由国家计划、控制经济，主张向着人民均等地分享所有商品的更高的社会秩序前进〔Hungary〕A country of central Europe. Hungary became an independent kingdom under Saint Stephen (ruled 997?-1038). It passed to the Turks after 1526 and was later divided between the Ottoman Empire and Austria, subsequently becoming part of the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary from 1867 until 1918, when it achieved independence again. A Communist regime was established in 1949 and with the aid of the U.S.S.R. suppressed a counterrevolutionary uprising in 1956. A new constitution, guaranteeing free multiparty elections, was adopted in 1989. Budapest is the capital and the largest city. Population, 10,657,000.匈牙利：中欧的一个国家。圣斯蒂芬时期(997?-1038在位）匈牙利成为独立王国。1526年被土耳其人占领，后被奥托帝国和奥地利瓜分，后来1867年至1918年成为奥匈帝国的一部分，直至1918年再次取得独立。1949年在苏联的帮助下建立了共产主义政府，1956年镇压了一起反革命暴动。1989年采用了一部新宪法，确保多党自由选举制。首都布达佩斯亦是全国最大的城市。人口10,657,000〔Comintern〕abbreviation of Kommunisticheskiĭ Internatsional [Communist International] Kommunisticheskiĭ Internatsional的缩写 [国际共产主义] 〔Marxism〕The political and economic ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, specifically a system of thought in which the concept of class struggle plays a primary role in analyzing Western society in general and in understanding its allegedly inevitable development from bourgeois oppression under capitalism to a socialist society and thence to Communism.马克思主义：卡尔·马克思和佛雷德里奇·恩格斯的政治、经济理论，尤指其思想体系。该思想体系中，阶级斗争观念对于西方社会的总体分析以及资本主义阶级压迫、资产阶级最终由社会主义社会所代替并最终到达共产主义的分析上起着重要的作用〔Communist〕communist Supporting, advocating, or serving to further communism: communist 共产党的：支持、拥护或从事更伟大的共产主义的：〔tendency〕Political conservatives fear a drift toward communism in Latin America.政治保守派们对拉丁美洲的共产主义倾向感到恐惧。〔Hiss〕American public official. Accused of espionage at the height of the Communist scare, he was convicted of perjury (1950) in a controversial case.希斯，阿杰尔：(生于 1904) 美国政府官员。在共产主义恐慌达到高峰时被指控为间谍，后来在一个有争议的案件中被认定犯有伪证罪(1950年）〔communism〕A theoretical economic system characterized by the collective ownership of property and by the organization of labor for the common advantage of all members.共产主义：理论上的经济体系，以集体财产所有制和所有成员共同利益的劳动组织为特征〔west〕The noncommunist countries of Europe and the Americas.西方国家：欧洲和南北美洲的非共产主义国家〔Trotskyism〕The political and economic theories of Communism advocated by Leon Trotsky and his followers, usually including the principle of worldwide revolution.托洛茨基主义：利昂·托洛茨基及其信徒所倡导的共产主义政治、经济理论，通常包括世界革命原则 |
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