| 单词 | 其他人 |
| 释义 | 〔intrapreneur〕The wordentrepreneur is more than 150 years old, having come into English from French in 1828.But it is not until very recently that we find its intracorporate counterpart,intrapreneur, meaning "a person within a large corporation who takes direct responsibility for turning an idea into a profitable finished product through assertive risk-taking and innovation.”This coinage is generally attributed to management consultant Gifford Pinchot,author of the 1985 book entitledIntrapreneuring; others insist its true originator was Norman Macrae, deputy editor of theEconomist, although Macrae himself denies it.Still, whatever its exact source,in the scant number of years since its inception the termintrapreneur has gained currency very quickly. It has also given rise to various derivatives,such as the aforementioned gerundintrapreneuring, the noun intrapreneurship (as in a September 30, 1985, interview with Stephen Jobs inNewsweek : "The Macintosh team was what is commonly known as intrapreneurship—only a few years before the term was coined—a group of people going in essence back to the garage, but in a large company"),the adjectiveintrapreneurial, and another noun, intrapreneurialism ("what has become known as intrapreneurialism, where people within the corporation acquire more adventurous small business outlooks,” by Ian Hamilton-Fazy in "An Uneasy Co-existence,”Financial Times, October 23, 1984). Broad use of a word and the development of numerous derivatives are strong signals predicting staying power within the language.Intrapreneur and its spinoffs are of particular interest to etymologists and lexicographers because they illustrate the constant changes inherent in a living language.entrepreneur 一词已有150多年的历史， 于1828年从法语传入英语。但是直到最近我们才发现其在公司内部的对应人物intrapreneur ， 意为“对通过果断地承担风险和革新使想法变为有利可图的成品这一过程承担直接责任的大公司里的高级成员”。这个新造的词普遍认为应归功于业务顾问吉福德·平肖，1985年出版的名为Intrapreneuring 一书的作者； 其他人坚持其真正的发明者是经济学家 杂志的副编辑诺曼·麦克里， 虽然麦克里本人否认这一点。然而，不管其准确的起源是什么，自它开始出现以来的短短几年中，intrapreneur 一词已很快流行开来。 它同样产生了多个衍生词，例如前面提到的动名词intrapreneuring ，名词 intrapreneurship （例如新闻周刊 于1985年9月30日斯蒂芬·乔布斯的采访中： “马金托什队通常地以出色的企业运作而闻名——仅仅是这个词条被发明的几年前——一群实质上是回到汽车房的人，而现在不过是大公司的汽车房罢了”），形容词intraprenurial 以及另一个名词 intrapreneurialim （以企业运作主义出名的地方，在那儿公司内部的职员获得更为冒险的商业前景”，伊恩·汉密尔顿一费茨的“不稳定的共存”，金融时报 1984年10月23日出版）。 一个词的广泛运用以及无数派生词的产生是预示语言内部持久力的强烈的信号。词源学家以及词典编纂者对intrpreneur 以及它的派生词产生了独特的兴趣， 因为它们说明现用语言所固有的持续不断的变化〔rival〕"His ambition led him to rival the career of Edmund Burke" (Henry Adams).Tocompete is to contend with another or others to attain a goal, as gaining an advantage, victory in a contest, or a prize: “他的抱负致使他超越了爱德蒙·伯克的事业” （亨利·亚当斯）。Compete 指为了达到某一目标，如为取得优势、在竞赛中取得胜利或获奖，而与另一个人或其他人竞争： 〔Lovecraft〕American writer of fantasy and horror tales. His works were collected inThe Outsider and Others (1939), Beyond the Wall of Sleep (1943), and Marginalia (1944). 拉夫克哈夫，霍（华德）·菲（利普斯）：(1890-1937) 美国科幻和恐怖小说作家。他的作品收集在《从外人和其他人》 （1939年）， 《在睡墙之外》 （1943年），和 《次要的东西》 （1944年） 〔Biedermeier〕After Gottlieb Biedermeier , the unsophisticated imaginary author of poems written by Ludwig Eichrodt (1827-1892) and others 源自戈特利布 比德尔米尔 ，路德维希·伊科偌德提（1827-1892年）和其他人所写的单纯且不切实际的作者的诗 〔ringleader〕A person who leads others, especially in illicit or informal activities.头目，首恶，元凶：领导其他人的人，尤指在违法活动或非正式的活动中〔spokeswoman〕A woman who speaks on behalf of another or others.See Usage Note at man 女发言人，女代言人：代表一方或其他人利益而发言的女人 参见 man〔fiduciary〕One, such as an agent of a principal or a company director, that stands in a special relation of trust, confidence, or responsibility in certain obligations to others.受信托人：处于资本代理人或公司董事这一位置上的人，在某些合约上对其他人有某种特殊的信托、信任或责任的关系〔desensitize〕"The successive assassinations and attempts, not just on Presidential figures but on Martin Luther King Jr. and others, have desensitized us"(Anthony Lewis)“不仅仅是对总统级的人物，而且有对马丁·路德和其他人的连续的暗杀或企图，使我们变得冷漠麻木了”(安东尼·刘易斯)〔prepotent〕Greater in power, influence, or force than another or others; predominant.具有优势的：比其他人具有更大的力量、影响或权势；优越的〔identify〕To associate or affiliate (oneself) closely with a person or group.融入：使（自己）与其他人或人群密切联系或依附于他们〔aristocracy〕A group or class considered superior to others.优秀分子：被认为胜过其他人的一组或一个阶层〔mix〕To associate socially or get along with others:交往：交往或与其他人相处：〔boycott〕To abstain from or unite with others in abstaining from using, buying, or dealing with.抵制：拒绝或与其他人联合拒绝使用、购买或经销〔correct〕"Nothing so needs reforming as other people's habits" (Mark Twain). “没有比其他人的习惯更需要改善的东西了” （马克·吐温）。〔follower〕One that imitates or copies another:模仿者，抄袭者：模仿或抄袭其他人的人：〔share〕To accord a share in (something) to another or others:共享：将（某物）的一份给另一个人或其他人：〔Paulding〕American writer and public official. He collaborated with Washington Irving and others on the periodicalSalmagundi (1807-1808). 波尔丁，詹姆斯·吉尔克：(1778-1860) 美国作家，政府官员。他与华盛顿·欧文及其他人合伙创办了期刊《杂集》 （1807-1808年） 〔turf〕"a bureaucracy like any other, chiefly concerned with turf, promotions, the budget, and protecting the retirement system"(Harper's)“一个和其他人一样的官僚，只关心势力大小、升迁、预算及保护退休制度”(哈珀)〔major〕Greater than others in importance or rank:主要的，较重要的：在重要性或地位方面超过其他人的：〔share〕To participate in, use, enjoy, or experience jointly with another or others.参与：与另一个人或其他人共同参加、使用、享受或经受〔Gotham〕New York City. The nickname was popularized by Washington Irving and others inSalmagundi, a series of satirical sketches (1807-1808). 纽约：纽约市。华盛顿·欧文和其他人在《杂拌》 （1807-1808年），一本连载的讽刺杂文中，给纽约起了个绰号，并从此流传开来 〔codirect〕To direct (a play, film, or other form of public entertainment) jointly with another or others.共同指导：与另一人或其他人共同地指导（一部戏剧、电影或其他形式的公众娱乐物）〔individual〕The nounindividual is used unexceptionably when it refers to an individual person as opposed to a larger social group or as distinguished from others by some special quality: 当指作为大的社会群体的对立面或以一些特殊的性质与其他人不同的单个的人时，用individual 这个名词是恰如其分的： 〔artificial〕Brought about or caused by sociopolitical or other human-generated forces or influences:人为的：由于社会政治或其他人为生成力量或影响而产生或造成的：〔genius〕A person who has great influence over another.对其他人有巨大影响力的人〔alienor〕One that transfers ownership of property to another.让渡人：将财产所有权转让给其他人的人〔villein〕One of a class of feudal serfs who held the legal status of freemen in their dealings with all people except their lord.封建时代英国的农奴：封建农奴阶层之一，除了他们的主人外他们与其他人关系上拥有自由人的合法地位〔parvenu〕A person who has suddenly risen to a higher social and economic class and has not yet gained social acceptance by others in that class.暴发户：突然升到一个更高的社会或经济地位但尚未得到该价级的其他人承认的人〔privilege〕Such an advantage, an immunity, or a right held as a prerogative of status or rank, and exercised to the exclusion or detriment of others.特权阶级：某一阶层或地位的人所享有的，排除或不允许其他人享有的这种好处、豁免或权利〔immune〕Not subject to an obligation imposed on others; exempt:豁免的，免除的：不受其他人所承受的义务约束的；免除的：〔jump〕managed to stay a jump ahead of the others.设法保持比其他人领先一步〔booth〕A small enclosed compartment with a window, used to separate the occupant from others:小间：一种围住的带窗户的小隔间，用于将居住者与其他人分离开：〔individual〕A person distinguished from others by a special quality.不同的人：因某种特殊之处而与其他人不同的人〔opponent〕One that opposes another or others in a battle, contest, controversy, or debate.对手：在争论、辩论、战争、对抗或其它口头论战中反对对方或其他人的人〔dayside〕Office employees and other personnel who work days.白昼侧，光面：白天工作的政府从业人员或其他人员〔alternative〕Some traditionalists hold thatalternative should be used only in situations where the number of choices involved is exactly two, because of the word's historical relation to Latinalter, "the other of two.” H.W. Fowler, among others, has considered this restriction a fetish.The Usage Panel is evenly divided on the issue, with 49 percent accepting the sentenceOf the three alternatives, the first is the least distasteful. · Alternative is also sometimes used to refer to a variant or substitute in cases where there is no element of choice involved, as inWe will do our best to secure alternative employment for employees displaced by the closing of the factory. This sentence is unacceptable to 60 percent of the Usage Panel. ·Alternative should not be confused with alternate. Correct usage requiresThe class will meet on alternate (not alternative ) Tuesdays. 有些持传统观点的人认为alternative 只能严格地用在二者择一的情况下， 因为这个词来源于拉丁语alter ，意思是“二者中的另外一个”。 包括H.W.福勒的其他人认为这种限制是一种迷信。用法专题小组中持这两种意见的人各占一半，49％的人都接受这句话在三个选项中，第一个是最不让人讨厌的。 · Alternative 如果没有供选择的成分存在，其有时也指一个变体或替换的事物， 如我们将尽全力保证因工厂倒闭而离开岗位的雇员以某种方式就业。 语言用法专题小组中60％的人不接受这句话。Alternative 不能和 alternate混淆。 正确的用法要求全班每隔 （不是 alternative ） 星期二 见一次面。 〔follower〕One who subscribes to the teachings or methods of another; an adherent:追随者：赞同其他人的教义或方法的人；拥护者：〔negotiate〕To confer with another or others in order to come to terms or reach an agreement:磋商，商议：为达成协议跟另一个人或其他人协商：〔freeze〕The others tried to freeze me out of the conversation.其他人试图将我排挤在谈话之外〔accompany〕These verbs are compared when they mean to be with or to go with another or others.这些动词指伴随或陪同他人或其他人时对他们加以比较。 |
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