| 单词 | 内战 |
| 释义 | 〔Sharpsburg〕A town of northern Maryland west of Frederick. It is the site of the Civil War Battle of Antietam (September 16-17, 1862), in which Union forces repulsed Gen. Robert E. Lee's troops. The engagement, also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg, was one of the bloodiest of the war, with heavy losses on both sides.夏普斯堡：美国马里兰州北部的一个城镇，位于弗雷德里克以西。它是国内战争安蒂他姆战役(1862年9月16-17日）的发生地，在此联邦军队击退了罗伯特·E·李将军的军队，该战役也被称为夏斯堡战役，它是内战中流血最多的战役之一，双方均有惨重损失〔Bangladesh〕A country of southern Asia on the Bay of Bengal. Formerly part of Bengal, it became East Pakistan when India achieved independence in 1947. After a savage civil war with West Pakistan (1971), Bangladesh formed a separate nation. Dacca is the capital and the largest city. Population, 87,052,000.孟加拉国：亚洲南部的一个国家，位于孟加拉湾。原为孟加拉的一部分，1947年印度独立时成为东巴基斯坦。经过与西巴基斯坦艰苦的内战（1971年），孟加拉国成为独立的国家。达卡是其首都和最大城市。人口87,052,000〔Fessenden〕American politician and financier who played a major part in the Union's financial administration during the Civil War.费逊登，威廉·皮特：(1806-1869) 美国政治家和财政家，内战期间在联邦财政委员会扮演了主要的角色〔Rubicon〕Latin Rubicō Rubicōn- [Rubicon, a short river of north-central Italy, the crossing of which by Julius Caesar and his army in 49] b.c. began a civil war 拉丁语 卢比孔 Rubicōn- [卢比孔河，发源于意大利中北部，] 公元前 49年朱利斯·凯撒及其军队渡过此河，从此开始了内战 〔Shiloh〕A locality in southwest Tennessee east of Memphis. The Civil War Battle of Shiloh (April 6-7, 1862) ended in the withdrawal of Confederate troops but claimed more than 10,000 casualties on both the Union and Confederate sides.希洛：田纳西州西南部，孟菲斯以东一个地方，内战中的希洛战役（1862年4月6-7日）以南方邦联部队的撤退而告终，但北方联邦军和南部邦联军的伤亡都超过一万〔Antietam〕A creek of north-central Maryland emptying into the Potomac River. The bloody and inconclusive Civil War Battle of Antietam (or Sharpsburg, as it is often called in the South) was fought along its banks on September 17, 1862.安提塔姆：美国马里兰州中北部的一条小河，注入波托马克河。1862年9月17日在其沿岸进了残酷而未分胜败的安提塔姆内战（南方人称之为沙珀斯堡）〔Freeman〕American historian noted for his works on the Civil War and his biographyGeorge Washington (1948-1957), which won a Pulitzer Prize. 弗里曼，道格拉斯·绍索尔：(1886-1953) 美国历史学家，因其反映内战的作品及赢得普利策奖的传记《华盛顿》 （1948-1957年）而知名 〔Mahabharata〕A Sanskrit epic principally concerning the dynastic struggle and civil war between the Pandavas and the Kauravas in the kingdom of Kurukshetra about the 9th centuryb.c., and containing the text of the Bhagavad-Gita, numerous subplots, and interpolations on theology, morals, and statecraft. 摩诃婆罗多：一部梵语史诗，主要描写公元前 9世纪时俱卢之野战争即般陀婆王国和俱卢族之间的王朝斗争和内战，包含 《薄伽梵歌》 全文，以及众多陪衬情节和有关神学、道德和治国术方面的添写 〔Decatur〕A city of northern Alabama on the Tennessee River north of Birmingham. Most of the original city was destroyed during the Civil War. Population, 48,761.迪凯特：阿拉巴马州北部一城市，位于伯明翰以北的田纳西河上。该城最初的大部分建筑，在内战中被摧毁。人口48,761〔Belmont〕German-born American banker, public official, and art collector who secured financial support for President Abraham Lincoln from European businessmen during the Civil War.贝尔蒙特，奥古斯特：(1816-1890) 德裔美籍银行家、政府官员和艺术品收藏家，内战期间他为亚伯拉罕·林肯总统从欧洲商人处获得财政支持〔union〕Union The United States of America regarded as a national unit, especially during the Civil War. Union 联邦政府：被视为国家联合的美国，尤指内战过程中〔convulse〕tremors that convulsed the countryside; when civil war convulsed the nation.See Synonyms at agitate 使乡间猛烈震动的地震；当内战震撼这个国家时 参见 agitate〔earnest〕"Both sides are deeply in earnest, with passions that approximate those of civil war"(Conor Cruise O'Brien)“双方都很坚决认真，象是鼓足劲要打一场内战”(康纳·克鲁斯·奥布赖恩)〔Minorca〕A Spanish island in the Balearics of the western Mediterranean Sea. Held by the British and the French at various times during the 18th century, it was a Loyalist stronghold in the Spanish Civil War.米诺卡岛：位于地中海西部巴利阿里群岛中的一西班牙岛屿，18世纪不同时期被英国和法国曾多次占据，在西班牙内战时它是保皇派的基地〔Guernica〕A town of north-central Spain northeast of Bilbao. Its April 1937 bombing by German planes during the Spanish Civil War inspired one of Picasso's most famous paintings. Population, 12,100.格尔尼卡：西班牙中北部一城镇，位于毕尔包东北。1937年4月西班牙内战中，德国飞机轰炸了该镇。这个事件激发了毕加索创作其最负盛名的作品。人口12,100〔loyalist〕Loyalist One who supported the established government of Spain during the Spanish Civil War. Loyalist 支持共和制者：在西班牙内战期间支持当时的西班牙政府的人〔plantation〕It has probably seemed ironic to more than one reader that the same wordplantation appears in the name Plimoth Plantation, a settlement of people seeking freedom of religion,albeit their particular form of religion,and also as the term for the estates of the pre-Civil War Southwith their beautiful mansions for the white elite and their hovels for the oppressed Black slaves.These two uses of the wordplantation illustrate two sense developments of the word, which is first recorded in Middle English asplantacioun in a work probably written during the first quarter of the 15th century. Latinplantātiō, the source of our English word, originally meant "propagation of a plant, as from cuttings,”but in Medieval Latin developed other related senses,such as "planting,” "foundation, establishment,” and "nursery, or collection of growing plants that have been planted.”The two senses that were used in New England and in the South can thus be explained.The Plimoth sense is derived from the notion of a settlement or colony that has been established or planted in a new country.The Southern sense goes back to the notion of simply planting crops,in this casecrops such as tobacco or cottonthat are grown on estates or farms in subtropical or tropical climatesand were at one time worked by slave labor.同样的单词plantation 出现在名称 Plimoth Plantation （普利茅斯种植园）中，这对不止一名读者来说，可能看起来是具讽刺意味的， 该名称指寻求宗教自由的人的小型社区，虽然他们的宗教形式很特别，也是作为内战前南方庄园的术语，指供高贵白种人居住的漂亮公馆和受压迫的黑人奴隶居住的破旧茅屋。单词plantation 的这两种用法说明了这个单词两种意思的发展， 其以可能于15世纪最初二十五年创作的一部作品中的plantacioun 形式首次记录进中世纪英语。 拉丁文plantatio 是我们这个英语单词的词源， 最初意为“植物的繁殖，如通过供插栽小枝，”但是在中世纪拉丁文中又发展了其它的相关的意思，例如“种植、”“建立、设立”和“苗圃或已被种植的活的植物的集合。”这样，用在新英格兰和南方的这两种意思就能够解释了。普利茅斯种植园的意思是从在新的国家中建立或移民的新拓居地或殖民地的概念中引申出来的。南方庄园的意思则可追溯到简易耕种作物的概念上来，在这种情况下，例如烟草或棉花等农作物，生长在亚热带或热带气候的庄园或农场，且一段时间以来由奴隶种植〔Melilla〕A Spanish city on the Mediterranean coast of northeast Morocco. Conquered by Spain c. 1496, it was the site of the army revolt that triggered the Spanish Civil War in 1936. Population, 56,247.梅利利亚：西班牙城市，位于摩洛哥东北部，在地中海之海滨。此城于1496年被西班牙征服。在此地发生的一场军事叛变引发了1936年的西班牙内战。人口56,247〔Bell〕American politician from Tennessee who was speaker of the House of Representatives (1834-1835) and later a senator (1847-1859). He fought unsuccessfully to prevent the Civil War.贝尔，约翰：(1797-1869) 美国政治家，来自田纳西州，美国众议院发言人（1834-1835年），后任参议员（1874-1895年）。他尝试图阻止内战，未获成功〔black〕Use of the capitalized form has the advantage of acknowledging the parallel with other ethnic groups and nationalities,such asItalian and Sioux. It can be argued thatblack is different from these other terms because it was derived from an adjective rather than from a proper name.However, a precedent exists for the capitalization of adjectives used to denote specific groups,as in theReds and the Whites (of the Russian Civil War) or the Greens (the European political party). The capitalization ofBlack does raise ancillary problems for the treatment of the term white. Orthographic evenhandedness would seem to require the use of the uppercase formWhite, but this form might be taken to imply that whites constitute a single ethnic group,an issue that is certainly debatable.On the other hand, the use of the lowercase formwhite in the same context as the uppercase form Black will obviously raise questions as to how and why the writer has distinguished between the two groups.There is no entirely happy solution to this problem.In all likelihood, uncertainty as to the mode of styling ofwhite has dissuaded many publications from adopting the capitalized form Black. See Usage Note at color 大写字母的好处在于对于其他种族和民族平等关系的承认，如意大利人 和 苏人。 有人可以争辩说black 与其他词不同， 因为他是由一个形容词而不是专有名词派生而成的。但是，大写形容词意指一组人已有前例，如Reds 和 Whites （俄国内战中）或 Greens （欧洲政党）。 大写的Black 确实引起了该如何对待 White 一词的有关问题。 正字法的公正要求使用White 的大写形式White， 但这种形式可能被认为暗示白人组成了单独的种族，这是会引起争论的问题。另一方面，在有black 大写形式White出现的相同语境中使用 White 的小写形式white， 显然会引起如何及为什么作者要对这两组人区别对待的问题。这一问题尚无令人满意的解决办法。White 书写方式的不确定性很可能已经使许多出版物不再采用大写形式的 Black 参见 color〔Lincoln〕First Lady of the United States (1861-1865) as the wife of President Abraham Lincoln. Born in the South, she was criticized during the Civil War for allegedly having Confederate sympathies.林肯，玛丽·托德：(1818-1882) 亚伯拉罕·林肯的妻子，美利坚合众国（1861-1865年）的第一夫人，出生于南方，在内战期间因 被传对南部邦联持有同情而受舆论批评〔Retz〕French politician, prelate, and writer who was active in the Fronde, a French civil war (1648-1653) that ultimately strengthened the monarchy.雷斯枢机主教：法国政治家、高级教士、作家，是投石党运动的活跃分子。投石党运动是一场最终巩固了君主制的法国内战(1648-1653年）〔Franco〕Spanish soldier and political leader who directed the Nationalist government and rebel armed forces that defeated the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). He ruled as dictator (1939-1975) until his death, upon which the Bourbon monarchy was restored.佛朗哥，弗朗西斯科：(1892-1975) 西班牙军人和政治领袖，领导民族主义政府在反对西班牙内战中(1936-1939年）击退共和党员的武装力量。他在（1939-1975年）年期间以独裁者姿态统治直到死，其后波旁皇室君主政体复位〔Salisbury〕A city of central North Carolina south-southwest of Winston-Salem. During the Civil War the city was the site of one of the largest Confederate prisons. Population, 23,087.索尔兹伯：美国北卡罗来纳州中部一城市，位于温斯顿——塞勒姆西南偏南，内战时期此城市是南方邦联最大的监狱所在地。人口23,087〔Waukesha〕A city of southeast Wisconsin west of Milwaukee. It was a health resort after the Civil War and is now a manufacturing center. Population, 56,958.沃基沙：美国威斯康星州东南部城市，位于密尔沃基以西。在内战以后是疗养胜地，现在是制造业中心。人口56,958〔faction〕"Our own beloved country . . . is now afflicted with faction and civil war"(Abraham Lincoln)“我们自己的亲爱的祖国…现在正受着内讧和内战的折磨”(亚伯拉罕·林肯)〔separate〕The country was sundered by civil war into two embattled states.国家被内战分裂为两个严阵以待的政府。〔Petersburg〕An independent city of southeast Virginia on the Appomattox River south of Richmond. A prolonged siege (June 15, 1864-April 3, 1865) during the Civil War led to the fall of Richmond and the subsequent surrender of the Confederate general Robert E. Lee. Population, 38,386.彼得斯堡：美国弗吉尼亚东南一自治市，位于里士满以南、阿波马托克斯河畔。内战期间长期被围困(1864年6月15日至1865年4月3日），导致里士满的陷落，接着南联盟军罗伯特·李将军投降。人口38,386〔James〕American outlaw. After fighting in the Civil War as a Confederate guerrilla, he led a group of armed brigands that for 15 years robbed banks and trains in the West. He was murdered by a member of his own gang.詹姆斯，耶西：(1847-1882) 美国罪犯。内战中作为南联邦游击队员。战争之后，他带领一群武装强盗在西部抢劫银行和火车长达十五年之久。最后被他的同伙击毙〔Dixie〕A region of the southern and eastern United States, usually comprising the states that joined the Confederacy during the Civil War. The term was popularized in the minstrel song "Dixie's Land,” written by Daniel D. Emmett (1815-1904) in 1859.迪克西：美国南部和东部的地区，通常包括那些内战中组成南部邦联的各州。该称呼由滑稽说唱的歌曲“迪克西的土地”而普及，该歌是由丹尼尔·D·艾默特（1815—1904年）于1859年写成的〔Buchanan〕The 15th President of the United States (1857-1861). He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860.布坎南，詹姆斯：(1791-1868) 美国第15任总统(1857-1861年），曾试图在赞成奴隶制和反对奴隶制的双方中维持平衡状态，但其折衷的观点激怒了南北两方。他企图抢先一步制止南卡罗来纳州于1860年2月20日发动的内战，以失败告终〔Columbus〕A city of south-central Indiana south-southeast of Indianapolis. It was a supply depot for Union troops during the Civil War. Population, 31,802.哥伦布：美国印地安那州中南部城市，位于印地安纳波利斯的东南偏南，内战时是北方联军的供应点。人口31,802〔Carson〕American frontiersman who was the renowned guide of John C. Frémont's western expeditions in the 1840's, an agent for the Ute (1853-1861), and a Union general in the Civil War.卡森，克里斯托夫：(1809-1868) 美国边疆开拓者，1840年间约翰·C·弗来门的西部远征队的著名向导，犹特人的一个代理人（1853-1861年），内战期间担任联邦军队的将军〔Adams〕American public official who as an ambassador during the Civil War helped dissuade Great Britain from officially recognizing the Confederacy.亚当斯，查尔斯·弗朗西斯：(1807-1886) 美国外交家，内战期间驻英大使，劝阻英国官方承认南部邦联政府〔Ericsson〕American engineer and inventor who built the first ironclad warship, theMonitor (1862), which engaged the Confederate Merrimack in a famous naval battle of the Civil War (March 9, 1862). 埃里克逊，约翰：(1803-1889) 美国工程师与发明家，他制造了第一艘铁甲战舰监视者号 （1862年），该铁甲舰在内战中的一场重要海战中与南部邦联的 梅里莫克号 交锋（1862年3月9日） 〔Memphis〕A city of southwest Tennessee on the Mississippi River near the Mississippi border. Established and named (1819) by Andrew Jackson on the site of a fort built in 1797, it was an important Union base after its capture by federal troops in 1862 during the Civil War. Memphis is today a major port and a tourist center famous for its associations with blues music. Population, 610,337.孟菲斯：美国田纳西州西南部一城市，位于密西西河边，接近密西西比州边界。由安德鲁·杰克逊于1797年在要塞的所在地建立起来，并给该城命名(1819年）。在内战期间于1862年被联邦军队占领后，就成了联邦的一个重要基地。今天，孟菲斯是一个主要港口，并成为以布希鲁斯音乐闻名的旅游中心。人口610,337〔Gardiner〕British historian, educator, and editor known for hisHistory of England from the Accession of James I to the Restoration (10 volumes, 1863-1882). 加德纳，塞缪尔·罗森：(1829-1902) 英国历史学家、教育家、编辑，因其《从詹姆斯一世即位其到内战爆发时期的英国历史》 而闻名（共10卷，1863-1882年） 〔Voroshilov〕Soviet military and political leader. He fought in the civil war (1918-1920) following the Russian Revolution of 1917 and later served as a member of the politburo (1926-1960) and as commissar for defense (1925-1940).伏罗希洛夫，克利蒙·伊夫雷莫维奇：(1881-1969) 苏联军事和政治领导。他在俄国1917年革命后的内战(1918-1920年）中作战，后成为政治局委员(1926-1960年）和国防部委员(1925-1940年）〔Virginia〕A state of the eastern United States on Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. It was admitted as one of the original Thirteen Colonies in 1788. Early colonizing attempts (1584-1587) by Sir Walter Raleigh failed, but in 1607 colonists dispatched by the London Company established the first permanent settlement at Jamestown (May 13). Virginia was a prime force in the move for independence and was the site of Lord Cornwallis's surrender in 1781. Virginia seceded in April 1861 and was the scene of many major battles during the Civil War, including the final campaigns that led to the surrender of Gen. Robert E. Lee. Richmond is the capital and Norfolk the largest city. Population, 6,216,568.弗吉尼亚：美国东部的一个州，临近切萨皮克湾和大西洋。1788年成为首批13个殖民地之一。早期(1584年-1587年）沃特尔·雷利的殖民企图以失败告终，但在1607年，由伦敦公司派遣的殖民者第一次在詹姆斯敦设立了永久据点(5月13日）。弗吉尼亚是独立运动中的主要力量，并是1781年康华里勋爵的投降地点。弗吉利亚在1861年从联邦中脱离，成为内战中许多主要战争的战场，其中包括导致罗伯特·E·李将军投降的最后战役。首府为里士满，诺福克为最大城市。人口6,216,568〔Fredericksburg〕An independent city of northeast Virginia north of Richmond. In the Battle of Fredericksburg (December 1862) Ambrose Burnside's Union forces were defeated by Robert E. Lee's smaller Confederate army in one of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War. Population, 19,027.弗雷德里克斯堡：美国弗吉尼亚州东北部一独立城市，在里士满以北。弗雷德里克斯堡战役中(1862年12月）安布罗斯·伯恩赛德率领的联邦军被数量上占劣势的罗伯特·艾·李率领的邦联军战败，这次战役是内战中最为血腥残酷的战役之一。人口19,027 |
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