| 单词 | 军官 |
| 释义 | 〔Bormann〕German Nazi official who served as Hitler's private secretary (1941-1945). He is believed to have died in May 1945, but the circumstances of his death are unknown.玻曼，马丁·卢德维希：(1900-1945?) 德国纳粹军官，希特勒私人秘书（1941-1945年），有人认为他死于1945年五月，但有关他的死的背景无人知晓〔Digby〕English naval officer, diplomat, and philosopher who reputedly discovered the necessity of oxygen to plant life.狄格拜，凯内尔：(1603-1665) 英国海军军官，外交官和哲学家，因发现氧气对植物生命的必要性而闻名〔Clausewitz〕Prussian army officer and military theorist who proposed the doctrines of total war and war as an instrument of policy. His treatiseOn War was published posthumously (1833). 克劳塞维茨，卡尔·冯：(1780-1831) 普鲁士军官和军事理论家，提出了总体战概念和战争是政治的工具。其论著《战争论》 在其死后出版（1833年） 〔sergeant〕Any of several ranks of noncommissioned officers in the U.S. Army, Air Force, or Marine Corps.军士：美国陆军、空军或海军陆战队中，任一种未被任命军衔的军官〔wardroom〕The commissioned officers on a warship.战舰上授衔的军官〔hooker〕In hisPersonal Memoirs Ulysses S. Grant described Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker as "a dangerous man . . . not subordinate to his superiors.” Hooker had his faults, of course.He may indeed have been insubordinate;undoubtedly he was an erratic leader.But there is one thing of which he is often accused that "Fighting Joe" Hooker certainly did not do:he did not give his name to prostitutes.According to a popular story,the men under Hooker's command during the Civil War were a particularly wild bunch.When his troops were on leave,we are told, they spent much of their time in brothels.For this reason, as the story goes,prostitutes came to be known ashookers. It is not difficult to understand how such a theory might have originated.The major general's name differs from the wordhooker only in the capital letter that begins it. And it is true that Hooker's men were at times ill-disciplined (although it seems that liquor, not women, was the main source of their difficulties with the provost marshal).However attractive this theory may be,it cannot be true.The wordhooker, with the sense "prostitute,” is in fact older than the Civil War. It appeared in the second edition (although not in the first) of John Russell Bartlett'sDictionary of Americanisms, published in 1859.Bartlett definedhooker as "a strumpet, a sailor's trull.” He also said that the word was derived from Corlear's Hook,a district in New York City,but this was only a guess.There is no evidence that the term originated in New York.Norman Ellsworth Eliason has traced this use ofhooker back to 1845 in North Carolina. He reported the usage inTarheel Talk; an Historical Study of the English Language in North Carolina to 1860, published in 1956. The fact that we have no earlier written evidence does not mean thathooker was never used to mean "prostitute" before 1845. The history ofhooker is, quite simply, murky; we do not know when or where it was first used,but we can be very certain that it did not begin with Joseph Hooker.Also, we have no firm evidence that it came from Corlear's Hook.Scholarly evidence or lack thereof notwithstanding,the late Bruce Catton, the Civil War historian, did not go so far as to exonerate completely the Union general.Although "the term ‘hooker’ did not originate during the Civil War,”wrote Catton, "it certainly became popular then.During these war years, Washington developed a large [red-light district] somewhere south of Constitution Avenue.This became known as Hooker's Division in tribute to the proclivities of General Joseph Hookerand the name has stuck ever since.”If the termhooker was derived neither from Joseph Hooker nor from Corlear's Hook, what is its derivation?It is most likely that thishooker is, etymologically, simply "one who hooks.” The term portrays a prostitute as a person who hooks, or snares, clients.尤利西斯·S·格兰特在他的个人回忆录 中把陆军少将约瑟夫·胡克描写成“一个危险人物…从不服从于他的顶头上司”。 胡克当然有他的缺点。他也许曾是一个难以屈服的人；但他无疑是一个怪癖的军官。但是“好战的乔”，胡克却因为一件他肯定没有干过的事情而屡遭指责；他从不对妓女透露他的姓名。根据一个流行故事，内战中胡克的手下有一伙特别狂野的人们。当他的队伍即将离开时，据说他们总在妓院里消磨时日。故事还说正因为如此，妓女开始被叫做hookers。 我们不难理解这样一个故事的起源的推测。这个将军的名字和hooker 只差开头的一个大写字母。 而且胡克的手下在当时确实纪律涣散（尽管看来是酒而非女人才导致了他们与宪兵司令之间的矛盾）。不管这个故事多么诱人，它不可能是真实的。事实上hooker 一词作为“妓女”的意思比内战的历史还要早。 它出现于约翰·罗素·巴特利特编纂的美国俗语词典 的第二版（尽管第一版中没有）， 出版于1859年。巴特利特把hooker 定义为“一个妓女，水手的妓女”。 他还说这个词来源于科利尔的胡克，纽约市的一个地区，但这只是一个猜想。没有证据证明这一说法源于纽约。诺曼·爱尔斯华斯·艾利森把hooker 的用法追溯到1845年的北卡罗来纳州。 他在1956年出版的北卡罗来纳州闲话； 1860年前北卡罗来纳英语历史研究 中说明了这一用法。 缺乏早期书面证据这一事实并不意味着在1845年之前hooker 没有被用作“妓女”一义。 很简单，hooker 的历史隐晦难知； 我们不知道它在何时何地被首次使用，但我们可以肯定它并不始于约瑟夫·胡克。而且我们没有确凿证据证明它来源于科利尔的胡克。不管有无学术性的证据，已故的内战历史学家布鲁斯·卡通并没有做到为联邦将军彻底开脱的地步。尽管“‘hooker’这一词语并不是来源于内战，”卡通写道，“在那之后它肯定流行了起来。在战争年代，华盛顿在宪法大街南部某个地方发展了很大的［红灯区］。人们把这里称作胡克的辖区，作为对约瑟夫·胡克将军怪癖的献礼，这个名字从此便生根发芽”。如果hooker 这一词语既不是源于约瑟夫·胡克也不来自于科利尔的胡克， 那么它的词源究竟是什么呢?从词源学上来说hooker 很有可能仅仅是“引…上钩的人”。 这一词语把妓女描绘成一个勾引或引诱客人的人〔pass〕The officers passed their troops in review before the general.在阅兵大典中，军官指挥他们的部队经过将军面前接受检阅〔Smalls〕American Union soldier and politician. After being forced to serve in the Confederate Navy, he took command of a ship and delivered it to Union forces. Smalls subsequently became a captain (1863-1866) and the highest-ranking Black officer in the Union Navy. He later served as a U.S. representative from South Carolina (1875-1879 and 1881-1887).斯默思，罗伯特：(1839-1915) 美国北方联邦战士和政治家。在被迫参加南方邦联海军后，指挥了一条船并把它交给北方联邦军队。斯默思后来成为一名上尉(1863-1866年）和北方联邦海军中职位最高的黑人军官。他后来成为南卡罗来纳州的代表进入众议院(1875-1879和1881-1887年）〔military〕Members, especially officers, of an armed force.军人：武装力量的成员，尤指军官〔expose〕an officer who exposed the troops to enemy crossfire.使军队面临敌人火力交叉的军官〔shrapnel〕Henry Shrapnel received no compensation for the invention named after him other than having his name live on in connection with it.This deadly artillery shell, invented by Shrapnel, a British artillery officer, in his spare time and at his own expense,was given its first test in South America during the British seizure of part of Suriname (1799-1802),but shrapnel came into its own during the Peninsular War (1808-1814) between Great Britain, Spanish guerrillas, Portugal, and Napoleonic France.Shrapnel's shell was first officially called thespherical case shot, but it seems that early on it was called theshrapnel shell as well (first recorded in 1806), and this was the name eventually adopted by the British army.The wordshrapnel came to be used by itself as a collective noun, and even though the shrapnel shell is no longer used,people have for some time (first recorded in 1940) called the fragments from a shell, mine, or bombshrapnel, thus ensuring the continued existence, if not the immortality, of Henry Shrapnel's name.亨利·宣普纳因这种以其名字命名的发明，除了他的名字跟这种发明联系在一起以外他一无所获。宣普纳是一位英国炮兵军官，这种致命的武器是他在闲暇时间自筹经费发明的。它的首次试用是在南美洲英国占领部分苏里南领土期间（1799-1802年）进行的，但在大布列颠、西班牙游击队、葡萄牙及拿破仑统治下的法国几方之间进行的半岛战争期间（1804-1814年），榴霰弹开始使用。一开始宣普纳的这种炮弹被官方称作霰弹 。 但这之前似乎被称为shrapnel shell （最早记录于1806年）。 这一名字最终被英国陆军采用。shrapnel 一词被用作一集合名词， 虽然榴霰弹已不再使用了，但有一段时期人们把弹丸、地雷或炸弹的碎片也称为shrapnel （最早记录于1940年）， 这样就确保了亨利·宣普纳的名字得以继续存在，即使不能永存的话〔officiary〕A body of officials or officers.官员或军官的机构〔Nasser〕Egyptian army officer and politician who served as prime minister (1954-1956) and president (1956-1958) of Egypt and as president of the United Arab Republic (1958-1970). His nationalization of the Suez Canal precipitated an international crisis (1956).纳赛尔，迦玛尔·阿卜杜尔：(1918-1970) 埃及军官和政治家，1954年至1956年任埃及总理，1957年至1958年任总统，1958年至1970年任阿拉伯埃及共和国的总统。1956年他的使苏伊士运河国有化方案触发了一次国际危机〔demote〕a noncommissioned officer broken to the ranks;一个被降级衔但还未受任命的军官；〔Buell〕American army officer who was relieved of his Union command after failing to pursue Gen. Braxton Bragg's retreating Confederate troops at the Battle of Perryville in Kentucky (October 8, 1862).比尔，唐·卡洛斯：(1818-1898) 美国军官，在肯塔基佩里威尔战役(1862年10月8日）中，由于未能追击到布拉克斯顿·布雷格将军撤退的邦联军队而被撤去美军指挥职务〔career〕an officer with a distinguished career; a teacher in the midst of a long career.有着卓越成就的军官；处于漫长教书生涯之中的老师〔prefect〕A high administrative official or chief officer, as:长官：高级行政官员或首要军官，如：〔machinist〕A warrant officer who assists the engineering officer in the engine room of a naval vessel.海军机械军士长：在舰上机械室中协助机械军官的准尉军官〔stalag〕A German prisoner of war camp for officers and enlisted personnel.战俘集中营：德国关押军官和募役人员的战俘集中营〔decurion〕An officer in command of ten men in the army of ancient Rome.十人队队长：在古罗马军队中，对十个人发号施令的军官〔Haushofer〕German army officer and geologist who founded the study of geopolitics.奥斯豪佛，卡尔：(1869-1946) 建立了地理政治论学说的德国军官和地质学家〔staff〕A group of military officers assigned to assist a commanding officer in an executive or advisory capacity.全体参谋人员：指派协助有权的军官做一些行政工作或提出建议的一组军队官员〔Uriah〕In the Old Testament, an officer in the Israelite army and the husband of Bathsheba. He was sent to die in battle so that David could marry his wife.乌利亚：在旧约中以色列军队中的一个军官，是拔示巴的丈夫。大卫送他到战场以致于大卫能娶他的妻子〔saloon〕The officers' dining and social room on a cargo ship.货轮上的交谊厅：货船上军官就餐和社交的房间〔transpire〕Transpire has been used since the mid-18th century in the sense "leak out, become publicly known,” as inDespite efforts to hush the matter up, it soon transpired that the colonels had met with the rebel leaders. This usage was objected to as a Gallicism when it was first introducedbut has long been standard.The more common use oftranspire to mean "occur" or "happen" has had a more troubled history.Though it dates at least to the beginning of the 19th century,it has been the object of critical opprobrium for more than a hundred years,charged with being both pretentious and unetymological.There is some signthat resistance to this sense oftranspire is abating, however. In a 1969 survey the usagewas acceptable only to 38 percent of the Usage Panel;in the most recent surveyit was acceptable to 58 percent in the sentenceAll of these events transpired after last week's announcement (though many of the Panelists who accepted the usage also remarked that it was pretentious or pompous).Transpire 这个词从18世纪中叶开始一直有“泄漏，为公众所知”的意思， 如尽管竭力掩盖事实真相，但人们很快就得知军官们已经与反叛者的领导人会晤。 当这种用法一开始出现时，有人把它当作法国式用法而提出异议，但现在它早已成为标准用法。Transpire 更为普通的用法是“发生”或“碰巧发生”的意思， 这个用法的历史更为复杂。尽管这种用法至少可以追溯到19世纪初期，但一百多年以来它一直遭到批评反对，人们认为这个用法不仅矫饰而且在词源上毫无根据。但是有迹象表明，对transpire 的这个词义的异议正在消失。 在一次1969年进行的调查中，用法委员会成员中只有38%的人接受这种用法。在最近进行的一次调查中，有58%的人认为象在所有这些事件都发生在上个星期的宣告之后 这样的句子中，这个词的用法是可以接受的 （许多接受这种用法的使用者也指出这种用法很矫柔造作）〔Clay〕American army officer who commanded U.S. forces in Germany (1945-1949) and oversaw the Berlin airlift (1948).克雷，卢修斯·杜彼格诺：(1897-1978) 美国军官，曾指挥驻德美国军队（1945-1949年），并监管柏林空运（1948年）〔gunroom〕The quarters of midshipmen and junior officers on a British warship.军舰上的军官室：英国军舰上供见习军官和低级军官住的舱房〔Ross〕British naval officer and Arctic explorer whose expeditions (1818 and 1829-1833) in search of the Northwest Passage yielded several geographic discoveries.罗斯，约翰：(1777-1856) 英国海军军官及北极探险家，他在寻找西北航路的探险中(1818和1829-1833年）有许多地理学上的发现〔Marryat〕British naval officer and writer whose works include the novelMr. Midshipman Easy (1834-1836) and the children's book Masterman Ready (1841). 马里亚特，弗雷德里克：(1792-1848) 英国海军军官和作家，作品包括小说《海军候补生伊齐先生》 （1834-1836年）和儿童读物 《家长莱帝》 （1841年） 〔Grenville〕English naval officer who commanded the fleet carrying the first colonists to Virginia (1585) and organized the English defense against the Spanish Armada (1588). He was killed in a battle that pitted his ship against 15 Spanish ships.格伦维尔爵士，理查德：(1542?-1591) 英国海军军官，指挥了运输首批去弗吉尼亚殖民者的舰队（1585年），并组织了英国对西班牙无敌舰队的防御（1588年）。他在一场己方一艘军舰对十五艘西班牙战舰的海战中战死〔line〕The class of officers in direct command of warships or of army combat units.指挥官：直接指挥军舰或军事单位的军官〔roster〕A list of the names of military officers and enlisted personnel enrolled for active duty.值勤人员表：军官和入伍的现役军人的名单〔approve〕"The colonel or commanding officer approves the sentence of a regimental court-martial" (Charles James). “上校或指挥军官同意团队军事法庭” （查理斯·詹姆斯）。〔Esterhazy〕French army officer who confessed (1899) to forging the evidence against Alfred Dreyfus, who had been wrongly convicted of espionage (1894).埃斯特哈齐，（玛丽·查尔斯）费迪南德·沃尔辛：(1847-1923) 法国军官，于1899年承认伪造证据对付德雷福斯·阿佛列，阿佛列曾经被误判为间谍罪〔lieutenant〕What is the connection between a lieutenant governor and a lieutenant in the army?In the etymology of the wordlieutenant, at least, the connection lies in their holding a place;that is, the wordlieutenant is from an Old French compound made up of lieu, "place,” and tenant, "holding,” the present participle of the verb tenir, "to hold.” The word in Old French and the borrowed Middle English wordlieutenant, first recorded near the end of the 14th century, referred to a person who acted for another as a deputy.This usage has survived,for example, in our termlieutenant governor, the deputy of the governor and the one who replaces the governor if need be. In military parlancelieutenant appears by itself as well as in compounds such asfirst lieutenant and second lieutenant, which muddy the water a bit,but the original notion of the word in military usage was that the officer it referred to ranked below the next one upand could replace him if need be.A lieutenant in the U.S. Army could thus step into the shoes of a captain.副州长和陆军中尉之间有什么联系?就lieutenant 这个单词的词源来说， 至少，联系在于他们都拥有一个位置；也就是说，lieutenant 这个词源于一个古法语复合词，这个词由 lieu （“场所”）和 tenant （“拥有”）及动词 tenir （“持有，拥有”）的现在分词组成。 古法语的这个词和借用的中古英语词lieutenant 的最早记录出现在14世纪末， 该词指的是代理别人做某事的人。这种用法至今仍使用，例如，我们的短语lieutenant governor（副州长） 州长的副职和必要时代替州长的人。 在军事用语中，lieutenant 单独出现， 也在复合词如first lieutenant 及 second lieutenants 中出现， 这把情况搞复杂了一些，但这个词在军事用语中的原始意义是它所指的军官低于上一级军官，在必要时可以取代他。因此，美国陆军中的一名中尉可以取代上尉〔Desargues〕French army officer and mathematician regarded as one of the founders of modern geometry.德萨贵斯，热拉尔：(1591-1661) 法国军官，数学家，被视为现代几何的创始人〔Potemkin〕Russian army officer and politician. The lover of Catherine II, he helped her seize power in 1762.波特金，格里高利·亚历山德罗维奇：(1739-1791) 俄国军官及政治家，凯萨琳二世的情人，他帮她于1762年夺取俄国政权〔Dreyfus〕French army officer of Jewish descent who was convicted of treason (1894), sentenced to life imprisonment, and ultimately acquitted when the evidence against him was shown to have been forged by anti-Semites.德雷福斯，艾尔弗雷德：(1859-1935) 犹太裔法国军官，1894年以叛国罪判处终身监禁，但最后被无罪释放，因为证明他有罪的证据被发现是反犹太分子伪造的〔Dunois〕French military leader who was besieged at Orléans (1428-1429) until the arrival of Joan of Arc and her troops.迪努瓦斯，简·德：(1403?-1468) 法国军官，曾被围困于奥尔良（1428-1429年），直至圣女贞德率其部队到达〔quarter〕Often quarters A proper or assigned station or place, as for officers and crew on a warship. 常作 quarters 住舱区：一个适合或被配给的住所或场所，如在军舰上配给军官和船员的 |
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