单词 | 农场 |
释义 | 〔sovkhoz〕short for sovetskoe khozyaĭstvo [soviet farm] sovetskoe khozyaĭstvo的简写 [苏联农场] 〔Cincinnatus〕Roman statesman who according to tradition was twice called away from his farm to assume the dictatorship of Rome (458 and 439).辛辛纳图斯,卢修斯·昆科提斯:(519?-438) 罗马政治家,依照惯例两次被从他的农场请出执掌罗马的独裁权(458年和439年)〔kolkhoz〕khozyaĭstvo [economy, farm] khozyaĭstvo [经济,农场] 〔plantation〕It has probably seemed ironic to more than one reader that the same wordplantation appears in the name Plimoth Plantation, a settlement of people seeking freedom of religion,albeit their particular form of religion,and also as the term for the estates of the pre-Civil War Southwith their beautiful mansions for the white elite and their hovels for the oppressed Black slaves.These two uses of the wordplantation illustrate two sense developments of the word, which is first recorded in Middle English asplantacioun in a work probably written during the first quarter of the 15th century. Latinplantātiō, the source of our English word, originally meant "propagation of a plant, as from cuttings,”but in Medieval Latin developed other related senses,such as "planting,” "foundation, establishment,” and "nursery, or collection of growing plants that have been planted.”The two senses that were used in New England and in the South can thus be explained.The Plimoth sense is derived from the notion of a settlement or colony that has been established or planted in a new country.The Southern sense goes back to the notion of simply planting crops,in this casecrops such as tobacco or cottonthat are grown on estates or farms in subtropical or tropical climatesand were at one time worked by slave labor.同样的单词plantation 出现在名称 Plimoth Plantation (普利茅斯种植园)中,这对不止一名读者来说,可能看起来是具讽刺意味的, 该名称指寻求宗教自由的人的小型社区,虽然他们的宗教形式很特别,也是作为内战前南方庄园的术语,指供高贵白种人居住的漂亮公馆和受压迫的黑人奴隶居住的破旧茅屋。单词plantation 的这两种用法说明了这个单词两种意思的发展, 其以可能于15世纪最初二十五年创作的一部作品中的plantacioun 形式首次记录进中世纪英语。 拉丁文plantatio 是我们这个英语单词的词源, 最初意为“植物的繁殖,如通过供插栽小枝,”但是在中世纪拉丁文中又发展了其它的相关的意思,例如“种植、”“建立、设立”和“苗圃或已被种植的活的植物的集合。”这样,用在新英格兰和南方的这两种意思就能够解释了。普利茅斯种植园的意思是从在新的国家中建立或移民的新拓居地或殖民地的概念中引申出来的。南方庄园的意思则可追溯到简易耕种作物的概念上来,在这种情况下,例如烟草或棉花等农作物,生长在亚热带或热带气候的庄园或农场,且一段时间以来由奴隶种植〔cover〕a farm covering more than 100 acres.延伸100公亩的农场〔small〕small farm operations.小规模的农场操作〔Woodridge〕A village of northeast Illinois west of Chicago. It is a residential community in a farm area. Population, 26,256.伍德里奇:美国伊利诺斯州东北部的村庄,位于芝加哥西部。是个农场地区的居住区。人口26,256〔Rogers〕American sculptor noted for his groups of small sculptures, such as "Checkers up at the Farm" and "The Slave Auction" (both 1859).罗杰斯,约翰:(1829-1904) 美国雕塑家,因雕刻小型雕塑群而闻名,如“农场上的障碍物”和“奴隶拍卖”(均作于1859年)〔village〕from Latin vīlla [country house, farm] * see weik- 1源自 拉丁语 vīlla [乡村房屋,农场] * 参见 weik- 1〔Lancaster〕An unincorporated community of southern California northeast of Los Angeles. It is a trade center for an irrigated farming area. Population, 97,291.兰开斯特:美国加利福尼亚州的南部一独立社区,位于洛杉矶市东北部。它是一个灌溉农场区的商贸中心。人口97,291〔remuda〕A herd of horses from which ranch hands select their mounts.加鞍备用马群:农场的人从中选择坐骑的一群马〔Bowery〕A section of lower Manhattan in New York City. The street that gives the area its name was once the road to Peter Stuyvesant'sbouwerij, or farm. At various times the Bowery has been notorious for its saloons, petty criminals, and derelicts. 鲍威利:美国纽约城曼哈顿南部的一个区。该地区因一条曾是通向彼得·史蒂文森的《鲍威利》 或农场道路的街道而得名。在各种不同的时代鲍威利因酒吧,低级的罪犯行为和流浪汉而恶名远扬 〔rutty〕rutty farm roads.车辙很多的农场小路〔Bromfield〕American writer and farmer. His novelEarly Autumn was awarded a Pulitzer Prize in 1927. At Malabar, his farm in Ohio, he successfully utilized modern scientific agricultural methods, and many of his later works dealt with farm life. 布罗姆菲尔德,路易斯:(1896-1956) 美国作家和农场主。其小说《早秋》 获1927年普利策奖。在俄亥俄州,他在自己的马拉巴尔农场,成功地运用了现代科学的农业方法。他的很多晚期作品都与农场生活有关 〔Madisonville〕A city of western Kentucky north of Hopkinsville. It is a processing center in a coal and farm area. Population, 16,200.麦迪逊维尔:美国肯塔基州西部的一个城市,位于霍普金斯维尔以北。它是一个煤矿和农场地区的加工中心。人口16,200〔farmhouse〕A dwelling on a farm.农舍:农场上的住所〔mirth〕"Perhaps [an English pub is] a place of rural jollity with log fires crackling and grinning farm lads slurping pints and squaring up to the dart board" (John Mortimer).“也许 是乡间欢乐的地方——木柴燃烧在发出爆裂声,咧嘴笑着的、咕嘟咕嘟地喝着一品脱一品脱酒的农场工们正围在飞标靶旁边” (约翰·莫蒂默)。〔estancia〕Spanish [room, enclosure, country estate] 西班牙语 [房间,围场,农场] 〔plantation〕A large estate or farm on which crops are raised, often by resident workers.种植园:种植庄稼的大型种植园或农场,经常由居住的工人种植〔farm〕A tract of land cultivated for the purpose of agricultural production.农场:一片用来生长农业产品的土地〔Wooster〕A city of north-central Ohio southwest of Akron. It is a manufacturing center in a farming region. Population, 22,191.伍斯特:美国俄亥俄中北部一城市,位于亚克朗西南。是农场地区的制造中心。人口22,191〔farm〕Often used to modify another noun:农场:通常用来修饰另一个名词:〔livestock〕Domestic animals, such as cattle or horses, raised for home use or for profit, especially on a farm.家畜:家养的牛、马等动物,专为家用或买卖,尤指养于农场上的〔Ilorin〕A city of southwest Nigeria north-northeast of Lagos. Capital of a Yoruba kingdom c. 1800-1825, it is now an industrial center and agricultural market. Population, 355,400.伊洛林:尼日利亚西南部一城市,位于拉各斯市东北偏北方向。1800-1825年为约鲁巴王国的首都,现为一工作中心城市和农场品市场。人口355,400〔FCA〕Farm Credit Administration.农场信用管理机构〔forage〕soldiers foraging near an abandoned farm.士兵们到附近一个废弃的农场劫掠食物〔Chesapeake〕An independent city of southeast Virginia south of Norfolk. Its vast area includes residential communities, farmland, and a section of the Great Dismal Swamp. Population, 151,976.切萨皮克:美国弗尼吉亚州东南部自治城市,位于诺福克以南。包括住宅社区、农场以及斯默尔大沼泽的一部分在内的广大地区。人口151,976〔Newcastle〕A town of southern Ontario, Canada, on Lake Ontario east of Toronto. It was established in a dairy and farm region. Population, 32,229.纽卡斯尔:加拿大安大略南部的一个小镇,位于多伦多东边的安大略湖畔。它建于一个牛奶和农场区上。人口32,229〔farmland〕An expanse of land suitable or used for farming.农场:一片宽广的适合于或应用于农业的土地〔outhouse〕An outbuilding, as on a farm.外屋:(农场上的)附属建筑〔Tubman〕American abolitionist. Born a slave on a Maryland plantation, she escaped to the North in 1849 and became the most renowned conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom.杜伯曼,哈里艾特:(1820?-1913) 美国废奴主义者,生于马里兰州一农场的奴隶家庭,1849年逃往北方并成为地下铁道的著名领导者,使300多名奴隶获得自由〔stud〕A stable or farm where these animals are kept.畜场:这些物被保留的畜栏或农场〔croft〕A small farm, especially a tenant farm.小农场:小农场,尤指佃农耕种的农场〔Wiggin〕American writer of children's books, includingRebecca of Sunnybrook Farm (1903). 威金,凯特·道格拉斯·史密斯:(1856-1923) 美国儿童读物作家,其作品有《森尼布鲁克农场的丽贝卡》 (1903年) 〔dobbin〕A horse, especially a working farm horse.道宾马:尤指一种农场用马〔Evansville〕A city of extreme southwest Indiana on the Ohio River and the Kentucky border. It is the shipping and commercial center for a coal, oil, and farm region. Population, 126,272.埃文斯威:印第安纳州最西南端的一个城市,它位于俄亥俄河畔和肯塔基州边界处。它是煤炭、石油的货运和商业中心,同时也为一农场区。人口126,272〔farmstead〕A farm, including its land and buildings.农庄:包括土地和建筑物在内的农场〔farmyard〕An area surrounded by or adjacent to farm buildings.农场场地:被农场建筑物所环绕或与其毗邻的区域〔bylaw〕A casual glance at the wordbylaw might make one think that the element by- means "secondary, subsidiary,” especially sincebylaw can mean "a secondary law.” It is possible thatby-, as in byway, has influencedbylaw in the sense "secondary law"; however,bylaw existed long before the sense in question. The word is first recorded in 1283 with the meaning "a body of customs or regulations, as of a village, manor, religious organization, or sect.”By- in this word comes from Old Norse, as may the wordbylaw, and is related to if not identical with the element -by in the names of many places, such as Whitby, where Scandinavians settled when they invaded England during the early Middle Ages.We get the sense of this-by if we compare the related word entered as bær, b÷r, bȳr, in the standard dictionary of Old Icelandic, meaning "a town or village" in Norway, Sweden, and Denmark and "a farm or landed estate" in Iceland. We thus see whybylaw would mean "a body of customs of a village or manor" and why we use the word to mean "a law or rule governing the internal affairs of an organization.”随意瞟一眼单词bylaw 可能会使人想起前缀 by- ,意为“第二位的,次要的”, 因为bylaw 意为“附属的法规”。 可能因为前缀by- 位于 byway 中, 它影响了bylaw “附属法规”这一意义; 然而bylaw 一词在上述意义产生之前早已存在。 该词最初是在1283年以“一种习俗或规章体系,如村庄、县邑、宗教组织或派系之中”这种含义记载的。前缀By- 来自古斯堪的纳维亚语中, 正如bylaw 一词在许多地名之中与后缀 -by 若不是完全一致,就是彼此相关, 如惠特比,这是斯堪的纳维亚人在中世纪早期侵入英格兰之后的定居地。如果我们将古冰岛标准字典中的相关词bær, b÷r, bȳr (在挪威、瑞典和丹麦这些国家中意为“城镇或村庄”而在冰岛意为“农场或庄园”)加以比较,就会得出后缀 -by 的含义。 我们因而可以明白为什么bylaw 一词意为“村庄或县邑的习俗体系” 以及我们为什么使用其“一种法规或规则,用于管理一个组织的内部事务”这一意义〔spreader〕A farm or garden implement for scattering fertilizer or seed.撒布机:农场、花园用来施肥、撒种的机器 |
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