| 单词 | 冰岛 |
| 释义 | 〔eyrir〕A unit of currency in Iceland. See table at currency 冰岛的货币单位 参见 currency〔Thule〕The most northerly region of the habitable world to ancient Greek geographers. Posited as an island north of Britain, it has been variously identified with Iceland, Norway, and the Shetland Islands.图勒：古希腊地理学家们认为的世界上有人居住的最北地区。据推断可能是不列颠北部的冰岛、挪威或席德兰群岛，人们对此有不同看法〔crown〕A basic unit of currency in Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. See table at currency 克朗：一种捷克斯洛伐克、丹麦、冰岛、挪威和瑞典等国的货币基本单位 参见 currency〔fellow〕A jolly good fellow might or might not be the ideal business associate,but the ancestor of our wordfellow definitely referred to a business partner. Fellow, borrowed into English from Old Norse,is related to the Old Icelandic wordfēlagi, meaning "a partner or shareholder of any kind.”Old Icelandicfēlagi is derived from fēlag, "partnership,” a compound made up offē, "livestock, property, money,” and lag, "a laying in order" and "fellowship.” The notion of putting one's property together lies behind the senses offēlagi meaning "partner" and "consort.”In Old Icelandicfēlagi also had the general sense "fellow, mate, comrade,” whichfellow has as well, indicating perhaps that most partnerships turned out all right for speakers of Old Icelandic.极好的伙伴可能是但也可能不是理想的商业伙伴，但fellow 这个词的前身确实是指商业伙伴。 Fellow 从古挪威语中借入英语，与古冰岛词felagi 有关， 意思是“任何一种形式的伙伴或股东”。古冰岛的felagi 源于 felag， “伙伴关系，” 一个由fe “家畜，财产，钱，”和 lag， “整齐的布置”和“伙伴关系” 组成的合成词。 将某人的财产放在一起的概念隐藏在felagi 的意义中， 意思是“伙伴”和“同事”。在古冰岛语中felagi 也有概括的含义“伙伴，同事，同志”， 这些意思fellow 也有， 暗示着也许大多数同伴关系对讲古冰岛语的人来说结果都不错〔bylaw〕A casual glance at the wordbylaw might make one think that the element by- means "secondary, subsidiary,” especially sincebylaw can mean "a secondary law.” It is possible thatby-, as in byway, has influencedbylaw in the sense "secondary law"; however,bylaw existed long before the sense in question. The word is first recorded in 1283 with the meaning "a body of customs or regulations, as of a village, manor, religious organization, or sect.”By- in this word comes from Old Norse, as may the wordbylaw, and is related to if not identical with the element -by in the names of many places, such as Whitby, where Scandinavians settled when they invaded England during the early Middle Ages.We get the sense of this-by if we compare the related word entered as bær, b÷r, bȳr, in the standard dictionary of Old Icelandic, meaning "a town or village" in Norway, Sweden, and Denmark and "a farm or landed estate" in Iceland. We thus see whybylaw would mean "a body of customs of a village or manor" and why we use the word to mean "a law or rule governing the internal affairs of an organization.”随意瞟一眼单词bylaw 可能会使人想起前缀 by- ，意为“第二位的，次要的”， 因为bylaw 意为“附属的法规”。 可能因为前缀by- 位于 byway 中， 它影响了bylaw “附属法规”这一意义； 然而bylaw 一词在上述意义产生之前早已存在。 该词最初是在1283年以“一种习俗或规章体系，如村庄、县邑、宗教组织或派系之中”这种含义记载的。前缀By- 来自古斯堪的纳维亚语中， 正如bylaw 一词在许多地名之中与后缀 -by 若不是完全一致，就是彼此相关， 如惠特比，这是斯堪的纳维亚人在中世纪早期侵入英格兰之后的定居地。如果我们将古冰岛标准字典中的相关词bær, b÷r, bȳr （在挪威、瑞典和丹麦这些国家中意为“城镇或村庄”而在冰岛意为“农场或庄园”）加以比较，就会得出后缀 -by 的含义。 我们因而可以明白为什么bylaw 一词意为“村庄或县邑的习俗体系” 以及我们为什么使用其“一种法规或规则，用于管理一个组织的内部事务”这一意义〔scold〕A scold is no poet and a scolding is not poetry, at least to the one being scolded,but it seems that the wordscold has a poetic background. It is probable thatscold, which is first recorded in Middle English in a work probably composed around 1150, has a Scandinavian source that is related to the Old Icelandic wordskāld, "poet.” Middle Englishscolde may in fact mean "a minstrel,” but of that we are not sure.However, its Middle English meanings, "a ribald, abusive person" and "a shrewish, chiding woman,”may be related toskāld, as shown by the senses of some of the Old Icelandic words derived fromskāld. Old Icelandicskāldskapr, for example, meant "poetry" in a good sense but also "a libel in verse,” whileskāld-stöng meant "a pole with imprecations or charms scratched on it.” It would seem that libelous, cursing verse was a noted part of at least some poets' productions and that this association with poets passed firmly along with the Scandinavian borrowing into English.骂人者不是诗人，谩骂不是诗，至少对被骂的人来说是这样的，但是scold 这个词似乎有着诗的背景。 Scold 这个词在中世纪英语中第一次被记录在一部大约于1150年创作的作品中，它有可能源于斯堪的纳维亚语， 与skald 这个在冰岛古语中表示“诗人”的词有关。 中世纪英语中的scolde 实际上可能意为“吟游诗人”， 但对此没有肯定说法。然而，它在中世纪英语中的意思是“说脏话、辱骂人的人”和“悍泼的、好骂人的女人”，可能与skald 有关， 如一些起源于skald 的冰岛古词语的意思显示的那样。 例如，古冰岛语中的skaldskapr 其褒义为“诗”，但也有“诽谤性的诗”的意思, 而skald-stong 意思是“刻有诅咒或符咒的杆子”。 看来，诽谤、辱骂性的诗歌至少是一些诗人作品突出的部分并与诗人这种联系稳步地随斯堪的纳维亚语被借入英语中〔Althing〕The parliament of Iceland. It is the oldest assembly in Europe, first convened in 930.冰岛国会：冰岛的议会。它是欧洲最古老的集会，最早于930年召开〔krona〕A basic unit of currency in Iceland. See table at currency 冰岛克朗：冰岛的一种基本货币单位 参见 currency〔Edda〕A manual of Icelandic poetry, called the Younger or Prose Edda, written by Snorri Sturluson.埃达：古冰岛诗歌手稿，称作新埃达或散文体埃达，作者是斯诺里斯图尔路生〔Hekla〕An active volcano, 1,492.1 m (4,892 ft) high, of southwest Iceland. In medieval Icelandic folklore, Hekla was believed to be one of the gateways to purgatory.赫克拉火山：一座活火山，高1,492.1米(4,892英尺），位于冰岛西南部。在中世纪的冰岛民间故事中，赫克拉被认为是通往炼狱的大门之一〔Loti〕French writer whose novels, includingAziyadé (1879) and Ramuntcho (1897), are noted for their exotic settings. 洛蒂，皮尔：(1850-1923) 法国作家。其小说包括《冰岛渔夫》 （1879年）和 《菊子夫人》 （1879年），因它们异国情调的背景而闻名 〔Icelandic〕Of or relating to Iceland or its people, language, or culture.冰岛的：冰岛的，冰岛人的，冰岛语的，冰岛文化的，或与冰岛及其居民、语言、文化有关的〔Laxness〕Icelandic novelist whose works includeIndependent People (1935) and Iceland's Bell (1943-1946). He won the 1955 Nobel Prize for literature. 拉克斯内斯，哈尔道·吉尔安：(生于 1902) 冰岛小说家，其作品包括《独立的人们》 （1935年）和 《冰岛的钟声》 （1943-1946年）。获得了1955年诺贝尔文学奖 〔Scandinavia〕A region of northern Europe consisting of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. Finland, Iceland, and the Faeroe Islands are often included in the region.斯堪的纳维亚：北欧一地区，包括挪威、瑞典和丹麦，通常芬兰、冰岛和法罗群岛也包括在这一地区内〔Icelandic〕The North Germanic language of Iceland.北日耳曼语：冰岛使用的北方日耳曼语〔saga〕A prose narrative usually written in Iceland between 1120 and 1400, dealing with the families that first settled Iceland and their descendants, with the histories of the kings of Norway, and with the myths and legends of early Germanic gods and heroes.萨迦：写于1120年和1400年之间冰岛的一种叙事散文，主要描述首先在冰岛定居的家族及其后代的故事、挪威国王的历史和早期日耳曼神和英雄的神话传说〔Sigurdsson〕Icelandic politician and scholar who secured a constitution for his country from Denmark (1874).西格茨松，约：(1811-1879) 冰岛政治家和学者，他制定了使冰岛脱离丹麦（1874年）的宪法〔Charcot〕French explorer who led two missions to the Antarctic (1903-1905 and 1908-1910). He died when thePourquoi Pas? sank off Iceland. 夏尔科，简·巴蒂斯特·艾提尼·奥古斯特：(1867-1936) 法国探险家，曾两次带队考察南极（1903-1905，1908-1910。）在波可依帕斯号？ 轮船在冰岛附近沉没事件中遇难 〔geyser〕After Icelandic Geysir , name of a hot spring of southwest Iceland 源自冰岛语 盖瑟 ，冰岛西南的温泉的名字 |
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