| 单词 | 几年 |
| 释义 | 〔Truro〕A town of central Nova Scotia, Canada, north-northeast of Halifax. A major Acadian settlement, it was destroyed in 1755 when the Acadians were expelled by the British but was resettled by New Englanders a few years later. Population, 12,552.特鲁若：加拿大新斯科舍省中部一镇，位于哈利法克斯东北偏北。它是阿卡迪亚人主要居住地，1755年英国人驱逐阿卡迪亚人时被毁，但几年后新英格人重建该城。人口12,552〔lapse〕a lapse of several years between the two revolutions.两次革命间几年时间的间隔〔intrapreneur〕The wordentrepreneur is more than 150 years old, having come into English from French in 1828.But it is not until very recently that we find its intracorporate counterpart,intrapreneur, meaning "a person within a large corporation who takes direct responsibility for turning an idea into a profitable finished product through assertive risk-taking and innovation.”This coinage is generally attributed to management consultant Gifford Pinchot,author of the 1985 book entitledIntrapreneuring; others insist its true originator was Norman Macrae, deputy editor of theEconomist, although Macrae himself denies it.Still, whatever its exact source,in the scant number of years since its inception the termintrapreneur has gained currency very quickly. It has also given rise to various derivatives,such as the aforementioned gerundintrapreneuring, the noun intrapreneurship (as in a September 30, 1985, interview with Stephen Jobs inNewsweek : "The Macintosh team was what is commonly known as intrapreneurship—only a few years before the term was coined—a group of people going in essence back to the garage, but in a large company"),the adjectiveintrapreneurial, and another noun, intrapreneurialism ("what has become known as intrapreneurialism, where people within the corporation acquire more adventurous small business outlooks,” by Ian Hamilton-Fazy in "An Uneasy Co-existence,”Financial Times, October 23, 1984). Broad use of a word and the development of numerous derivatives are strong signals predicting staying power within the language.Intrapreneur and its spinoffs are of particular interest to etymologists and lexicographers because they illustrate the constant changes inherent in a living language.entrepreneur 一词已有150多年的历史， 于1828年从法语传入英语。但是直到最近我们才发现其在公司内部的对应人物intrapreneur ， 意为“对通过果断地承担风险和革新使想法变为有利可图的成品这一过程承担直接责任的大公司里的高级成员”。这个新造的词普遍认为应归功于业务顾问吉福德·平肖，1985年出版的名为Intrapreneuring 一书的作者； 其他人坚持其真正的发明者是经济学家 杂志的副编辑诺曼·麦克里， 虽然麦克里本人否认这一点。然而，不管其准确的起源是什么，自它开始出现以来的短短几年中，intrapreneur 一词已很快流行开来。 它同样产生了多个衍生词，例如前面提到的动名词intrapreneuring ，名词 intrapreneurship （例如新闻周刊 于1985年9月30日斯蒂芬·乔布斯的采访中： “马金托什队通常地以出色的企业运作而闻名——仅仅是这个词条被发明的几年前——一群实质上是回到汽车房的人，而现在不过是大公司的汽车房罢了”），形容词intraprenurial 以及另一个名词 intrapreneurialim （以企业运作主义出名的地方，在那儿公司内部的职员获得更为冒险的商业前景”，伊恩·汉密尔顿一费茨的“不稳定的共存”，金融时报 1984年10月23日出版）。 一个词的广泛运用以及无数派生词的产生是预示语言内部持久力的强烈的信号。词源学家以及词典编纂者对intrpreneur 以及它的派生词产生了独特的兴趣， 因为它们说明现用语言所固有的持续不断的变化〔perestroika〕"For several years now . . . the U.S. has been going through its own perestroika at the cost of unemployment and all kinds of painful but ultimately beneficial change"(Peter Fuhrman)“至今为止的几年里…，美国进行了调整，经历了失业率增长和其它各种痛苦但最终有益的改变”(彼得·福尔曼)〔past〕past events; in years past.过去的事情；在过去的几年中〔fetishize〕"The American public schools . . . have in the space of a few years gone from neglecting computers to fetishizing them"(James Traub)“美国公立学校…在过去的几年里从忽视计算机到将其当作神物似地崇拜”(詹姆斯·特劳布)〔impact〕Each generation of critics seems to select one particular usage to stand as the emblem of what they view as linguistic crassness.Thirty years ago it was the use ofcontact as a verb, but opposition to that form has more or less disappeared,and attention now focuses on the verbal use ofimpact meaning "have an effect, affect.” Eighty-four percent of the Usage Panel disapproves of the constructionto impact on, as in the phrasesocial pathologies, common to the inner city, that impact heavily on such a community; and fully 95 percent disapproves of the use ofimpact as a transitive verb in the sentence Companies have used disposable techniques that have a potential for impacting our health. But even these figures do not reflect the degree of distaste with which critics view the usage:in their comments some Panelists labeled the usage as "bureaucratic,” "pretentious,” "vile,” and "a vulgarism.” ·It may be that the particular pretentiousness associated with the verbal use ofimpact is caused by its derivation from an already questionable metaphoric use of the noun impact, as in phrases such asthe political impact of the decision or the impact of the program on the community, in which no more is usually meant than might have been expressed by effects or consequences. But thoughimpact may have begun life a generation ago as an inflated substitute for "affect significantly,” it has by now become so common in corporate and institutional contexts that younger speakers appear to regard it as wholly standard and straightforward usage.Within a few years, accordingly,the usage is likely to be no more objectionable thancontact is now, since it will no longer betray any particular pretentiousness on the part of those who use it.See Usage Note at contact 每一代的批评家好象都挑了一个特别的用法作为他们认为的语言上的愚蠢行为的象征。三十年以前是contact 作为动词的用法， 但是对这种形式的反对或多或少已经消失了，注意力现在集中到了impact 意思为“有不好的影响、影响”的动词用法上。 用法专题小组成员中百分之八十四不同意to impact on 的结构， 如在短语对内城区来说很普通的社会病理学，对这样一个社区产生了很大影响的 当中； 百分之九十五的成员完全不同意impact 在句子 公司已经使用了可能会对我们的健康产生不良影响的易处理技术 中当作及物动词来使用。 但是即使是这些数字也没有反映出批评家们对这种用法厌恶的程度：在他们的评论当中有些成员把这种用法说成是“官僚主义的”、“装腔作势的”，“可耻的”，还说这是“粗鄙的语言。”也许和impact 的动词用法有关联的虚饰成份是由于它是从名词 impact 的一个早有争议的比喻用法衍变而来造成的。 如在短语这个决定在政治上的影响 或者 这个计划对公众的影响 中它的意思并没有比用 effects 或者 consequences 表达出来的意思要多。 尽管impact 作为“明显地影响”的夸大了的替代可能在一代人之前开始产生， 但是现在的年轻一代使用者看上去把它当成了完全标准的、直接的用法，这在共同的和惯例的文章中已经很普遍了。相应地在几年内，这种用法很有可能不比今天的contact 更引起反对， 因为对于那些使用它的人来说这不会再显得有点矫揉造作了 参见 contact〔annuity〕An investment on which one receives fixed payments for a lifetime or for a specified number of years.年金保险投资：为终生或特定几年中每年获得固定收入而进行的保险投资〔lapse〕Years had lapsed since we last met.从我们上次相遇后，几年时间已经过去了〔Davis〕American commentator best known for his radio news analyses during and in the years immediately following World War II.戴维斯，埃尔默·霍姆斯：(1890-1958) 美国新闻评论员，最出名的是二次大战期间或随后几年间的广播新闻评论〔Mendel〕Austrian botanist and founder of the science of genetics. Through years of experiments with plants, chiefly garden peas, he discovered the principle of the inheritance of characteristics through the combination of genes from parent cells.孟德尔，格雷戈尔·约翰：(1822-1884) 奥地利植物学家，遗传学之创始人。经过几年的植物实验，主要是对豌豆做的实验，他发现了母体特征之遗传是通过母体细胞之基因组合来实现的这一遗传定律〔nova〕A star that suddenly becomes much brighter and then gradually returns to its original brightness over a period of weeks to years.新星：突然变亮的星，然后经过几星期或几年再逐渐变回原来的亮度〔couple〕"Every couple years the urge strikes, to . . . haul off to a new site"(Garrison Keillor)“每几年，想撤离去一个新地点的冲动就来了”(加里森·谢勒)〔convert〕We converted to Islam several years ago.我们在几年前皈依伊斯兰教 |
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