| 单词 | 出处 |
| 释义 | 〔shyster〕The origin ofshyster was not known for certain until recently. According to one etymology,shyster comes from the surname of one Scheuster, a disreputable and almost certainly nonexistent mid-19th-century attorney.In his bookHuman Words, a collection of words formed from the names of people, Robert Hendrickson says that Dr. Henry Bosley Woolf and others "list the New York advocate as a possible source.”But the actual etymology, according to Gerald L. Cohen, a student of the word,is less flattering.According to this etymology,the word is derived from the German termscheisser, meaning literally "one who defecates,”from the verbscheissen, "to defecate,” with the English suffix-ster, "one who does,” substituted for the German suffix -er, meaning the same thing. Sheisser, which is chiefly a pejorative term, is the German equivalent of our English termsbastard and son of a bitch. Sheisser is generally thought to have been borrowed directly into English as the word shicer, which, among other things, is an Australian English term for an unproductive mine or claim,a sense that is also recorded for the wordshyster. shyster 一词的来源直到最近才能较确切地弄清楚。 根据词源，shyster 来自一个叫 Scheuster 的人的姓， 他是一位声名狼籍而且很可能并不存在的19世纪中期的律师。罗伯特·亨德里克森在他的人类词汇 （一本由人名组成的词汇集）一书中说， 亨利·博斯利·任尔夫博士和其他的人“将纽约的鼓吹者列为一种可能的出处”。但是据加兰德·L·科恩——一位研究词汇的学生看来，这个词的真正词源更令人不快。根据这种词源，这个词来自德语Scheisser， 字面意义为“大便的人”，是从动词scheissen “排泄”而来， 用一英语词缀-ster （做…的人）代替了表相同意义的德语词缀 -er 。 Sheisser 主要用作贬蔑语， 在德语中相当于我们英语中bastard 及 son of a bitch。 Sheisser一般被认为是直接借入英语作为 Schicer 一词， 在澳式英语中指不再产出的矿山或没有结果的要求，这一意义也被记录在Shyster 这个词中 〔dogie〕[Origin unknown] [出处未知] 〔news〕If you take the first letters of the directions North, East, West, and South,it is true that you have the letters of the wordnews, but it is not true that you have the etymology ofnews, contrary to what has often been thought. The history of the word is much less clever than this and not at all unexpected.News is simply the plural of the noun new, which we use, for example, in the adage "Out with the old, in with the new.”The first recorded user of this plural to mean "tidings" may have been James I of Scotland;a work possibly written by him around 1437 contains the words "Awak . . . I bring The [thee] newis [news] glad.”It is pleasant to see that the first news was good.However, his descendant James I of England is the first person recorded (1616) to have said"No newis is better than evill newis,”or as we would put it, "No news is good news.”如果你取北、东、西、南四个单词各自的首字母，就得到单词news 的所有字母， 但是这并非news 的出处。 这个词的历史远比这巧妙且不是完全不可想象的。News 是名词 new 的复数形式， 举例来说，我们在谚语“旧的去了，新的来了”中使用了这个词。关于把这个词的复数作为“音讯”来用的最早记录是苏格兰的詹姆士一世，在他写的一本约1437年的书里有这样的话语“阿瓦克……，我给你带来好消息，”看到第一条是好消息是很让人高兴的。然而，他的后代英格兰的詹姆士一世却是记载(1616年）最先说出下面的话的人：“没有消息比坏消息好”或者如我们所说的“没有消息就是好消息”〔offshoot〕Something that branches out or derives its existence or origin from a particular source.See Synonyms at branch 衍生物：来源于特别的出处或由一特别的来源分支衍生而来的物体 参见 branch〔impure〕Deriving from more than one source, style, or convention; eclectic:源流杂的：源于多种出处、体裁或风格的；折中的：〔unaccredited〕Not being ascribed or attributed to a source:未指明出处的：〔linuron〕[Origin unknown] [出处不知] 〔allude〕Allude and allusion are often used where the more general terms refer and reference would be preferable. Allude and allusion apply to indirect references in which the source is not specifically identified: "Well, we'll always have Paris,” he told the travel agent, in an allusion to Casablanca. Refer and reference, unless qualified, usually imply specific mention of a source: I will refer to Hamlet for my conclusion: As Polonius says, "Though this be madness, yet there is method in't.” See Usage Note at refer Allude 和 allusion 在使用时经常可以被更普遍的词 refer 和 reference 所代替。 Allude 和 allusion 用在来源没有特别指明的间接引用语中： “对，我们将永远拥有巴黎，”他对旅行社服务员说。这句话引自卡萨布兰卡。 Refer 和 reference 通常指明确提到出处，除非有所限制： 我将引用 哈姆雷特 里的话作为我的结论： 正如波洛涅斯所说，“尽管这是发疯，但其中颇有理性。” 参见 refer〔origin〕"the Alpine sources of the Rhine" (John Foster Kirk).In another sense the term signifies the point at which something springs into being or from which it derives or is obtained: “莱茵河源自阿尔卑斯山” （约翰·弗斯特·柯克）。该词的另一含意表示事物开始出现的始点或其来源与出处： 〔ax〕To understand the origin of the idiomax to grind, we need to know thatgrind means "to sharpen.” This phrase is said to have come from a story by the 19th-century journalist Charles Miner (alias Poor Robert) about a seemingly friendly manwho was able by flattery to persuade a young boy to turn a grindstone for him.The tale first appeared in the Luzerne, Pennsylvania,Federalist on September 7, 1810, under the title "Who'll Turn Grindstones?” and later in an 1815 book entitledEssays from the Desk of Poor Robert the Scribe. Because "Poor Robert" was confused with "Poor Richard,”the story has often been erroneously attributed to Benjamin Franklin.The idiom itself is an Americanism—a word or expression originating in the United States.It was at first restricted to political contexts,but quotations from James Joyce ("Skin-the-Goat . . . evidently with an axe to grind, was airing his grievances")and George Bernard Shaw ("distinguished statesmen of different nations . . . each with a national axe to grind") attest that the phrase has traveled abroad and,as we know only too well, is no longer found only in political contexts.为了理解成语ax to grind 的出处， 我们需要知道grind 意思是“磨尖”。 这个短语据说出自19世纪旅行家查尔斯·麦纳（别名穷罗伯特）所写的关于一个似乎很友善的人的故事，他能够奉承地劝说一名男孩为他翻过一块磨光石。这个传说第一次出现在1810年9月7日宾夕法尼亚州的卢泽恩，在1810年9月7日题为“谁将推翻磨石”的联邦制拥护者 中提到， 之后1815年又在名为作家穷·罗伯特文集 一书中提到。 因为"poor Robert和"poor Richard"易被弄混淆，这个故事经常被错误地认为是本杰明·弗兰克林创作的。这个成语本身是美国式的词或表达源于美国。一开始被限于在政治性言词的情况中使用，但是从以下的引文表明这个短语已广泛地传播，一个是引于詹姆斯·琼斯（“这个显然别有企图的披着人皮的狼，正在诉苦”），另一个引自乔治·萧伯纳（“辨认出不同国家的人…每个国家都有自己国家的打算”），正如我们所熟知的，它不会只在政治性言论的上下文间才可以找到的〔authorship〕a poem of disputed authorship.出处有争议的诗篇〔kiosk〕The lowly kiosk where one buys a newspaper or on which one posts advertisements is like a child in a fairy tale who though raised by humble parents is really the descendant of kings.The wordkiosk was originally taken into English ultimately from Turkish, in which its sourceköshk meant "pavilion.” The open structures referred to by the Turkish word were used as pavilions and summerhouses in Turkey and Persia.The first recorded use ofkiosk in English (1625) has reference to these Middle Eastern structures, which Europeans imitated in their own gardens and parks. In France and Belgium,where the Turkish word had also been borrowed,their wordkiosque was applied to something lower on the scale, structures resembling these pavilions but used as places to sell newspapers or as bandstands. England borrowed this lowly structure from Franceand reborrowed the word,which is first recorded in 1865with reference to a place where newspapers are sold.用来购买报纸或张贴广告的普通的凉亭好像是神话故事中尽管由地位低下的父母抚养但确实是国王后代的儿童一样，单词kiosk 收入英文的起源最早是土耳其语， 土耳其语中它的出处koshk 意为“大帐篷”。 在土耳其语中开敞的建筑物用来作为土耳其和波斯的帐篷和凉亭。英语中最早记录的kiosk 的使用（1625年）参照于欧洲人在他们自己的花园和公园中仿制的中东式建筑。 在法国和比利时，这个土耳其语单词也被借用，它们的单词kiosque 适用于结构上类似于这些凉亭，但规模上比较矮，用作卖报纸的场所或室外音乐台的建筑。 英国从法国引进了这种普通建筑，并且重新引入了这个单词，它的最早记载是在1865年，与卖报纸的场所有关〔holystone〕[Origin unknown] [出处不知] 〔quote〕To repeat or copy the words of (another), usually with acknowledgment of the source.引用，引述：重复或复录（他人）的话语，通常确定出处〔authorship〕Source or origin, as of a book or idea:出处：指著作或观点的出处或根源：〔limber〕[Origin unknown] [出处不知] 〔reference〕A work frequently used as a source.参考书：常被当作出处的作品〔chess〕[Origin unknown] [出处未知] 〔quote〕As a transitive verbquote is appropriately used to describe the use of an exact wording drawn from another source. When the original source is paraphrased or alluded to,the more general termcite is usually preferable. · The nounquote is well established as a truncation of quotation, though many critics regard it as unduly journalistic or breezy.As such, it is best avoided in formal literary discussions.The use of the noun was acceptable to only 38 percent of the Usage Panel in the sentenceHe began the chapter with a quote from the Bible. But the usage is less objectionable in informal contexts or in reference to less august sources;the word was acceptable to 53 percent of the Panel in the sentenceHe lightened up his talk by throwing in quotes from Marx Brothers movies. · The nounquote is sometimes used as a synonym for "dictum, saying,” as inHis career is just one more validation of Andy Warhol's quote that "in the future, everybody will be famous for fifteen minutes.” This example was unacceptable to 76 percent of the Usage Panel.作为一个及物动词，用quote 一词来指从另一出处中抄取完全一样的用语是很恰当的。 当原文出处被意译或是间接提及时，一个意义更广泛的词cite 更可取。 quote 这名词形式是由 quatation 削减而来，也已被普遍接受， 虽然许多批评家认为这个词染有不恰当的记者文风或不太正式。因此，在正式的文学讨论中最好避免使用。在用法专题使用小组的调查中，只有38%的人认为这个名词在这章的开始他引用了《圣经》中的一段 文字 这个句子中的用法是可行的。 但在不正式的语境下或提及的出处不很严肃时，对于这种用法的反对意见要少一些。在他插入了一段引自马克斯兄弟电影中的 话 来活跃谈话气氛 这个句子中， 53%的小组成员认为这个词可以接受。 Quote 这个名词有时也可用作“格言、名言”的同义词， 如在他的一生再一次证实了安迪·霍尔的 格言 “将来，每个人都将享有十五分钟的知名度” 这个句子中， 用法专题使用小组中76%的成员认为这个例句无法接受〔extract〕To derive or obtain (information, for example) from a source.选取：从某一出处获得或取得（信息）〔send〕To direct (a person) to a source of information; refer:建议，介绍：指引（某人）消息的出处；指点：〔dogie〕In the language of the American West,a motherless calf is known as adogie. InWestern Words Ramon F. Adams gives one possible etymology for dogie, whose origin is unknown.During the 1880's,when a series of harsh winters left large numbers of orphaned calves,the little calves, weaned too early, were unable to digest coarse range grass,and their swollen bellies "very much resembled a batch of sourdough carried in a sack.”Such a calf was referred to asdough-guts. The term, altered todogie according to Adams, "has been used ever since throughout cattleland to refer to a pot-gutted orphan calf.” Another possibility is thatdogie is an alteration of Spanish dogal, "lariat.” 在美国西部英语中，无母犊牛被称为dogie 。 莱蒙·F·亚当斯为dogie 在 西部语汇 中找到一个词源， 但该词源的出处也是未知的。19世纪80年代，连年酷寒的冬季造成了大量孤犊，尚不能消化粗糙的牧草小牛犊过早断奶，肚子鼓胀“就象装在袋子里的发酵面团”。这样的小牛被称作dongh-guts 。 据亚当斯称，该称呼后来变作dogie ，“整个牧牛区从此用来称呼大肚子的孤犊。” 另外一种可能性是dogie 为西班牙语 dogal 的变体，意即“套索” 〔lobster〕A lobster and a locust may share a common source for their name,that is, the Latin wordlocusta, which was used for the locustand also for a crustacean that was probably a kind of lobster.We can see thatlocusta would be the source of locust, but it looks like an unlikely candidate as the source oflobster. It is thought, however, that Old Englishloppestre, the ancestor of lobster, was formed from locusta and the suffix-estre used to make agent nouns (our -ster ). The change from Latinlocusta to Old English loppestre may have been influenced by Old English loppe, meaning "spider.” 龙虾和蝗虫的名字可能源于同一出处，即拉丁词Locusta ， 它用于指蝗虫，也用于表示可能是一种龙虾的甲壳类动物。我们可以看到，Locusta 可能是 locusa 的来源， 但不象是lobster 的来源。 但是，lobster 在古英语里的前身 loppestre 被认为是由 locusta 形成的， 后缀-estre 用于组成代理者的名词（现在的 -soer ）。 从拉丁文locusta 到古英语 loppstre 的变化可能受古英语 loppe 的影响（意为“蜘蛛”） 〔provenance〕Place of origin; derivation.起源：起源的地方；出处〔criticism〕Detailed investigation of the origin and history of literary documents, such as the Bible.考证：对文学文献如《圣经》的出处和历史的详细调查 |
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