| 单词 | 出版 |
| 释义 | 〔Paine〕British-born American writer and Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphletCommon Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. In England he published The Rights of Man (1791-1792), a defense of the French Revolution. 佩因，托马斯：(1737-1809) 美国裔的英国作家和革命领导人，他写了小册子《常识》 （1776年），为美国从英国手中争得独立而辩论。在英国他出版了 《人的权利》 （1791-1792年），对法国革命的捍卫 〔description〕published a description of her travels; gave a vivid description of the game.出版她的游记；关于这场比赛的生动描述〔Cabot〕Italian-born explorer and cartographer who led an English expedition in search of the Northwest Passage (1509) and a Spanish expedition to South America (1525-1528). He published a map of the world in 1544.卡伯特，塞巴斯蒂昂：(1476?-1557) 意大利裔的探险家和地图绘制员，1509年率领英国远征探险队寻找西北航道，1525年到1528年他率领西班牙远征探险队到达南美洲。1544年出版了一幅世界地图〔mannequin〕A department store mannequin is often not a man and often not little,yetmannequin goes back to the Middle Dutch word mannekijn, the diminutive form ofman. Of course we must consider the fact thatman in Dutch, as in English, has often been used to mean "person.” As for the size of a mannequin,the Middle Dutch word could mean "dwarf" but in Modern Dutch developed the specialized sense of "an artist's jointed model.”This was the sense in which we adopted the word (first recorded in 1570),another term likeeasel and landscape that was taken over from the terminology of Dutch painters of the time. The word borrowed from Dutch now has the formmanikin. We later adopted the French version of the Dutch word as well,giving Englishmannequin. Mannequinis considered to be first recorded in a dictionary published from 1730 to 1736 or in 1902,depending on whether one regards early forms showing French influence as variants ofmanikin or as representations of a new word. In any event,mannequin is now the form most commonly encountered and the one commonly used for a department store dummy as well as a live model.一个百货店的时装模特一般不用男子并且也不会太小，但mannequin 一词来源于中世纪时的荷兰语 mannekijn， 是man 的小词形式。 当然，我们应该考虑到在荷兰语和英语中，man 被用来指“一个人”。 至于人体模型的大小，这个中世纪荷兰词语可以表示“侏儒”，但在现代荷兰语中发展出一个特定的意思是“艺术家的关节活动的人体模型”。我们取的就是这个意思（最早记载于1570年），其它如easel 和 landscape 也是从当时荷兰画家所用术语中搬过来的。 从荷兰语来的这个词今天的形式是manikin 。 我们后来又接受了这个荷兰词的法语变体，英语词是manneqin 。 Mannequin一般认为最早记载于一本字典中， 出版于1730-1736年间或1902年，主要看是把该词的较早的形式看作是用法语影响的manikin 一词的变体还是看作是一个新词。 不论如何，mannequin 一词现在已经是最为常见的形式了， 通常用来表示百货商店里的人体模型或真人模特〔economy〕Managing an economy has at least an etymological justification.The wordeconomy can probably be traced back to the Greek word oikonomos, "one who manages a household,” derived fromoikos, "house,” and nemein, "to manage.” Fromoikonomos was derived oikonomia, which had not only the sense "management of a houseold or family" but also senses such as "thrift,” "direction,” "administration,” "arrangement,” and "public revenue of a state.”The first recorded sense of our wordeconomy, found in a work possibly composed in 1440, is "the management of economic affairs,” in this case, of a monastery. Economy is later recorded in other senses shared byoikonomia in Greek, including "thrift" and "administration.”What is probably our most frequently used current sense, "the economic system of a country or an area,” seems not to have developed until the 19th or 20th century.管理经济可以从词源上得到确认。economy 一词的来源很可能追溯到希腊文中的 oikonomos 即“管家”， 这又是从oikos 意为“房子”，以及 nemein 意为“管理”两词演化而来。 从oikonomos 派生出的 oikonomia 意思不仅有“家庭管理”， 而且有“节约”、“指示”、“行政”、“安排”及“国家岁入”等含义。Economy 这个词的意思最早记载在约1440年出版的一篇作品上，意思是僧院的“经济事件管理”。 Economy 在此之后记载下来的意思与希腊语的oikonomia 有相似之处， 包括“节约”和“行政”，直到19世纪或20世纪，今天最常用的意思才开始出现，即“国家或地区的经济体系”〔Thomas〕American publisher who founded theMassachusetts Spy, an anti-British newspaper (1770), and produced many books, including the first English Bible printed in the colonies. 托马斯，以赛亚：(1749-1831) 美国出版商，创建了反英报纸《马萨诸塞的间谍》 （1770年），并出版了在殖民地印刷的第一本英文圣经等很多书 〔Shaw〕American humorist noted for his essays on rural life, characterized by intentional misspellings and published annually in theFarmers' Allminax (1869-1880). 肖，亨利·惠勒：(1818-1885) 美国幽默家，以其每年出版于《农民历书》 （1869-1880年）上的关于乡村生活的随笔著名，以故意错拼的单词为特征 〔Whitman〕American poet whose great workLeaves of Grass (first published 1855), written in unconventional meter and rhyme, celebrates the self, death as a process of life, universal brotherhood, and the greatness of democracy and the United States. 惠特曼，华尔特：(1819-1892) 美国诗人。他的伟大作品《草叶集》 (1855年第一次出版），用非传统的韵律和韵文写成，宣扬自我、死亡是生命的一部分、普遍的兄弟情谊、民主的伟大和美国 〔Ochs〕American newspaper publisher who published theNew York Times (1896-1935) and directed the Associated Press (1900-1935). 奥克斯，阿道夫·西蒙：(1858-1935) 美国报纸出版商，出版了《纽约时报》 （1896-1935年）并担任管理美联社的工作（1900-1935年） 〔enthusiasm〕When the English philospher Henry More stated in a work published in 1660 that "If ever Christianity be exterminated, it will be by Enthusiasme,”he clearly used the word differently from the way we do now.He was also using a meaning that differed from the first sense, "possession by a god,” recorded in English (1603). Enthusiasm and this sense of the word go back to the Greek wordenthousiasmos, which ultimately comes from the adjectiveentheos, "having the god within,” formed fromen-, "in, within,” and theos, "god.” Henry More in 1660 was referring to belief, either mistaken or unsupported by evidence, in one's own inspiration by the Christian God. Enthusiasm, as now most frequently used,has become secularized and at times weakened,so that one can speak of an enthusiasm for fast cars.当英国哲学家亨利·摩尔在其1660 年出版的一部书中宣称“如果基督教会消亡，那必因宗教的狂热”时，他使用该词显然不同于当今的用法。他所用的意思与第一种含义，英语中的“神灵感应”(1603年）也有所不同。 Enthusiasm 及其含义可追溯到希腊词enthousiasmos， 该词完全由形容词entheos 而来， 意为“心中有神灵，它由en-， 表“在…里”，和 theos-， 意为“神”构成。 亨利·摩尔在1660 年所指的是错误地或毫无根据地相信得到了基督教上帝的启示。 Enthusiasm 现在被经常使用，它的含义已脱离宗教的影响并不断弱化，现在我们可以说对开快车的狂热〔record〕Not for publication:不出版的，不公开的：〔Webster〕English playwright whose works includeThe White Devil (published 1612) and The Duchess of Malfi (c. 1613). 韦伯斯特，约翰：(1580?-1625?) 英国剧作家。他的作品包括《白魔》 （出版于1612年）和 《马尔菲公爵夫人》 （1613年） 〔title〕the titles in a press's fall catalog.出版社秋季出版计划中的书目〔Canfield〕American publisher and editor who encouraged and published several notable writers, including James Thurber and E.B. White.坎菲尔德，卡斯：(1897-1986) 美国出版商及编辑，曾鼓励包括詹姆斯·瑟伯和E·B·怀特等几位著名作家，并出版了他们的作品〔press〕The entirety of media and agencies that collect, publish, transmit, or broadcast the news.新闻界：收集，出版，传播或播送新闻的媒体和机构的总称〔release〕The act or an instance of issuing something for publication, use, or distribution.出版许可，销售许可：为出版、使用或分发而发行某物的行为或事例〔quark〕"Three quarks for Muster Mark! / Sure he hasn't got much of a bark / And sure any he has it's all beside the mark.” This passage of James Joyce'sFinnegans Wake is part of a scurrilous 13-line poem directed against King Mark,the cuckolded husband in the Tristan legend.The poem and the accompanying prose are packed with names of birds and words suggestive of birds,and the poem is a squawk,like the cawing of a crow, against King Mark.Thus, Joyce uses the wordquark, which comes from the standard English verbquark, meaning "to caw, croak,” and also from the dialectal verb quawk, meaning"to caw, screech like a bird.” But Joyce'squark was not what it has become: "any of a group of hypothetical subatomic particles proposed as the fundamental units of matter.”Murray Gell-Mann, the physicist who proposed these particles, in a private letter of June 27, 1978, to the editor of theOxford English Dictionary, said that he had actually been influenced by Joyce's word in naming the particle,although the influence was subconscious at first.Gell-Mann was thinking of using the pronunciation (kwôrk) for the particle,possibly something he had picked up fromFinnegans Wake, which he "had perused from time to time since it appeared in 1939. . . . The allusion to three quarks seemed perfect" (originally there were only three subatomic quarks).Gell-Mann, however, wanted to pronounce the word with (ô) not (ä), as Joyce seemed to indicate by rhyming words in the vicinity such asMark. Gell-Mann got around that "by supposing that one ingredient of the line ‘Three quarks for Muster Mark’was a cry of ‘Three quarts for Mister . . . ’ heard in H.C. Earwicker's pub.”冲马克王呱叫三声! / 很显然一声狗吠对他还不够 / 很显然他所有的一切都和盛名无关。 这一段出自詹姆斯·乔伊斯的为芬尼根守灵 ， 是对马克王进行侮辱谩骂的一首十三行诗中的一部分。马克王是特里斯特拉姆传奇故事中被戴了绿帽子的丈夫。这首诗和随同的叙述中充斥着鸟类的名字和暗示鸟类的词。这首诗是对马克王的粗声抗诉，就象乌鸦的啼叫。所以乔伊斯用了quark 一词， 它来源于标准英语动词quark （意思为“呱呱地叫，乌鸦叫”）和方言中的动词 quawk （意思为“象鸟一样呱呱地叫、尖叫”）。 乔伊斯笔下的quark 一词并不是现在形成的意思： “任何一组假想的亚原子粒子，被认为是物质的基本单位”。这些粒子的提出者——物理学家默里·基尔曼在1978年6月27日写给牛津英语词典 编者的一封私人信件中说, 他给这种粒子命名时确实受到了乔伊斯这个词的影响，虽然这种影响起初只是潜意识的。基尔曼本想用(kwôrk)这个发音来代表这种粒子，可能也是从为芬尼根守灵 一书中汲取出来的。 自从1939年这书出版以来，他曾时常精读…关于三声呱叫的暗示看上去很完满（最初只有三种亚原子夸克）。但是基尔曼想让这个词发音为(o)而不是(a)——乔伊斯将韵押为与Mark 相近的音好象表明该发这个音。 基尔曼认为这行诗中的一部分“对马克王呱叫三声”，实际上是在酒店中听到的“给这位先生来三夸脱酒”叫喊声〔Flanner〕American journalist who was the Paris correspondent for theNew Yorker (1925-1975) and published several volumes of her collected essays. 弗兰纳，珍尼特：(1892-1978) 美国记者，曾任《纽约人》 （1925-1975年）驻巴黎的通讯员，出版过几卷论文集 〔Gesner〕Swiss encyclopedist and naturalist who published an annotated bibliography of all known books in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew (1545-1549). HisHistoria Animalium (1551-1558) is considered the basis of modern zoology. 格斯勒，康拉德·冯：(1516-1565) 瑞士百科全书编纂者和博物学家。他出版了一本以拉丁、希腊和希伯来语写的所有知名书籍的有注释参考目录（1545-1549年）。他的《历史上的动物》 （1551-1558年）被认为是现代动物学的基础 〔place〕To arrange for the publication or display of:出版，刊登：安排…出版或公布：〔publication〕The act or process of publishing printed matter.出版，刊印：出版印刷材料的动作和过程〔Manutius〕Italian scholar and printer who established (c. 1498) the Aldine Press in Venice to publish Greek and Latin classics.马努蒂尔乌斯，奥尔德斯：(1450-1515) 意大利学者和印刷商，在威尼斯创立阿尔丁出版社（大约在1498年），出版希腊文和拉丁文的古典著作〔copacetic〕We know very little about the origin of the wordcopacetic, meaning "excellent, first-rate.” Is its origin to be found in Italian, in the speech of southern Black people, in the Creole French dialect of Louisiana, or in Hebrew?John O'Hara, who used the word inAppointment in Samarra, later wrote thatcopacetic was "a Harlem and gangster corruption of an Italian word.” O'Hara went on to say, "I don't know how to spell the Italian,but it's something like copacetti.” His uncertainty about how to spell the Italian is paralleled by uncertainty about how to spellcopacetic itself. Copacetic has been recorded with the spellings copasetic, copasetty, copesetic, copisettic, and kopasettee. The spelling is now more or less fixed, however, ascopacetic or copasetic, even though the origin of the word has not been determined.The Harlem connection mentioned by O'Hara would seem more likely than the Italian,sincecopacetic was used by Black jazz musicians and is said to have been Southern slang in the late 19th century. Ifcopacetic is Creole French in origin, it would also have a Southern homeland.According to this explanation,copacetic came from the Creole French word coupersètique, which meant "able to be coped with,” "able to cope with anything and everything,” "in good form,”and also "having a healthy appetite or passion for life or love.”Those who support the Hebrew or Yiddish origin ofcopacetic do not necessarily deny the Southern connections of the word. One explanation has it that Jewish storekeepers used the Hebrew phrasekol bĕṣedeq, "all with justice,”when asked if things were O.K. Black children who were in the store as customers or employees heard this phrase ascopacetic. No explanation of the origin ofcopacetic, including the ones discussed here, has won the approval of scholars, as is clearly shown by the etymology ofcopacetic in the first volume of the Dictionary of American Regional English, published in 1985: "Etym unknown.” 我们对copacetic 这个词的词源所知甚少，其意为“极好的、一流的”。 它是起源于意大利语、南方黑人口语、路易斯安那州的克里奥耳人的法语方言还是希伯来语？约翰·奥哈拉在撒马拉的约会 中用到这个词， 他后来写到copacetic 是“变成哈莱姆黑人居住区和强盗土语的意大利词”。 奥哈拉还说，“我不知道原来的意大利词是如何拼写的，但是有点象copacetti"。与他不敢肯定如何拼写这个意大利词一样，他对copacetic 一词本身的拼法也不敢肯定。 Copacetic 曾经被拼写成 copasetic, copasetty, copesetic, copisettic 以及 kopasettee。 现在它的拼法多少已经固定成copacetic 或 copasetic， 尽管这个词的词源仍未被确定。奥哈拉所提及的它与哈莱姆黑人居住区的关系看上去比它和意大利语的关系更有可能，因为黑人爵士歌手曾用过copacetic 这个词，并且据说在19世纪晚期它曾是南方的俚语。 如果copacetic 在词源上是克里奥耳人的法语， 那么它也是从南方来的。根据这一解释，copacetic 来自克里奥耳人法语中 coupersetique 一词， 表示“有能力与人竞争的”、“有能力处理任何事情及一切事情的”、“以好的方式的”，还表示“对生活或爱情有正常的欲望或激情的”。那些认为copacetic 来自希伯来语或意第绪语的人并不一定否认这个词与南方的关系。 一种解释认为，犹太店主们在被询问是否一切都好时用了希伯来语中的短语kol bĕṣedeq 即“一切太平”之意， 在店里作工或买东西的黑人儿童将这个短语听成了copacetic。 在关于copacetic 词源的解释中，包括以上讨论的这些，没有一种得到学者们的认可， 这一点我们可以在美国方言英语辞典 （1985年出版）第一册关于 copacetic 一词的词源解释中清楚地看到：“词源不知” 〔samizdat〕izdatel'stvo [publishing house] from izdat' [to publish] on the model of Gosizdát [State Publishing House] iz [from, out of] * see eghs dat' [to give] * see dō- izdatel'stvo [出版社] 源自 izdat' [出版] 仿照 Gosizdát [国家出版社] iz [以，出自于] * 参见 eghs dat' [给予] * 参见 dō- 〔annual〕A periodical published yearly; a yearbook.年刊；年鉴：每年出版一次的期刊；年刊〔prepublication〕Of or relating to the time just before a publication date, especially of a book:正式出版（日期）前的：尤指书本正式出版日期前或与正式出版前有关的：〔Goethe〕German writer and scientist. A master of poetry, drama, and the novel, he spent 50 years on his two-part dramatic poemFaust (published 1808 and 1832). He also conducted scientific research in various fields, notably botany, and held several governmental positions. 歌德，约翰·沃尔夫贡·冯：(1749-1832) 德国作者和科学家。精通诗歌、歌剧和小说。他花了50年时间写了二部戏剧长诗《浮士德》 （出版于1808年和1832年）。他也致力于各个领域的科学研究，在植物学方面享有盛誉，并在几次政府担任职务 〔Baillie〕Scottish dramatist whose works includeDe Montfort, produced in 1800. 贝莉，乔安娜：(1762-1851) 苏格兰剧作家，其作品包括《蒙特福特》 ，于1800年出版 〔cute〕Cute is a good example of how a shortened form of a word can take on a life of its own, developing a sense that dissociates it from the longer word from which it was derived.Cute was originally a shortened form of acute in the sense "keenly perceptive or discerning, shrewd.” In this sensecute is first recorded in a dictionary published in 1731. Probablycute came to be used as a term of approbation for things demonstrating acuteness, and so it went on to develop its own sense of "attractive, fetching,”first recorded with reference to "gals" in 1838.Cute 一词是词的缩略形式如何能获得自身意义的一个很好例子， 它发展了一种使其从可以推源的长词中脱离出来的意思。Cute 原先是 acute 一词的缩略形式，意为“洞察力或识别力极其敏锐的”。 在这个意义上，cute 最早被记录于1731年出版的一本词典中。 Cute 可能逐渐被用作描述显示敏锐性事物的褒义词， 由此它继续发展了自身的意思“漂亮的、迷人的”，该意思于1838年被首次记载在有关“加仑”的记录中〔Peale〕American cleric known for his popular self-help bookThe Power of Positive Thinking (1952). 皮尔，诺尔曼·文森特：(生于 1898) 美国著名教士，他自己出版的书《积极思维的力量》 （1952年）很受欢迎 〔issue〕The act of circulating, distributing, or publishing by an office or official group:发行，印行：某部或官方组织进行流通、分配或印刷出版的行为：〔publish〕To prepare and issue (printed material) for public distribution or sale.为公开发行或出售而准备并出版（印刷品）〔Singer〕Polish-born American Yiddish writer who has published such collections asGimpel the Fool (1957) and Passions (1975). He won the 1978 Nobel Prize for literature. 辛格，艾萨克·巴什尔维斯：(1904-1991) 波兰裔美国意第绪语作家，他出版的作品有《傻瓜吉姆佩尔》 （1957年）和 《情感》 （1975年）等选集。他荣获1978年诺贝尔文学奖 〔Morse〕American religious leader and geographer who wrote the first geography text published in the United States (1784).莫尔斯，杰迪蒂娅：(1761-1826) 美国宗教领导人和地理学者，他写了在美国出版（1784年）的第一本地理教材〔Berzelius〕Swedish chemist who published a table of atomic weights (1828); contributed to electrochemical theory; discovered cerium (1803), zirconium (1824), and titanium (1825); and isolated silicon (1823).柏济力阿斯，术斯·雅格布：(1779-1848) 瑞典化学家，出版了原子质量表（1828年）；对电化学理论有所贡献；发现了铈（1803年）；锆（1824年）和钛（1825年）；分离了硅（1823年）〔film〕One indication of the gulf between us and our Victorian predecessorsis that theOxford English Dictionary fascicle containing the word film, published in 1896, does not have the sense "a motion picture.” The one hint of the future to be found among still familiar older senses of the word,such as "a thin skin or membranous coating" or "an abnormal thin coating on the cornea,”is the sense offilm used in photography, a sense referring to a coating of material, such as gelatin,that could substitute for a photographic plate or be used on a plate or on photographic paper.Thus a word that has been with us since Old English times took on this new use,first recorded in 1845,which has since developed and now refers to an art form,a sense first recorded in 1920.我们同我们维多利亚时代祖先之间的巨大隔阂的表现，就是1896年出版的《牛津英语词典》 分册包含的 film 一词没有“电影”这个含义。 在当中发现的对未来的提示仍然同这个词的旧有意思相近，例如“一层薄的皮或覆盖的薄膜”或“角膜上一种不正常的薄的覆盖物”，就是film 用于摄影的含义， 意思指覆盖物，如胶，可以代替感光板或用于感光板上或在相纸之上。因此从古英语时代出现这个新用法开始，这个词已同我们在一起了，在1845年首次被记录，随着时代发展并指一门艺术形式，这个含义于1920年才首次记录〔Blackwood〕Scottish publisher and editor (1817-1834) ofBlackwood's Magazine, a Tory literary review that published Wordsworth and Shelley among others. 布莱克伍德，威廉：(1776-1834) 苏格兰出版人和编辑（1817-1834年）编有《布莱克伍德杂志》 ，一个保守主义文学评论，出版华兹华斯和一些雪莱作品 〔pamphleteer〕To write and publish pamphlets.写作或出版小册子〔alligator〕InThe Travailes of an Englishman, published in 1568, Job Hortop says that "in this river we killed a monstrous Lagarto or Crocodile.”This killing gives rise to the first recorded instance ofalligator in English, obviously in a different form from the one familiar to modern speakers.Alligator, which comes to us from Spanish el lagarto, "the lizard,” was modified in pronunciation and form in several ways before taking on the formalligator. Such changes, referred to by linguists as taboo deformation,are not uncommon in a name for something that is feared and include,for example, the change in sequence of ther and t that occurred between el lagarto and alligator. An interesting parallel case iscrocodile, which appears in Spanish, for example, ascocodrilo, with a similar difference in the sequence of the r. The earliest recorded form ofalligator that is similar to ours appears in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet (First Folio, 1623): "In his needie shop a tortoyrs hung,/An Allegater stuft.”在出版于1568年的英国人的劳作 一书中， 约伯·霍特普说“在这条河里我们杀死过一只巨大的蜥蜴或鳄鱼。”这次捕杀导致alligator 作为首次载入英语的实例， 和现代人所熟悉的词形明显不同。Alligator 来源于西班牙语 ellagarto， 意思是“蜥蜴，” 在采用alligator 这个词之前，其发音和词形经过了好几种变化。 这些变化，语言学家们称作禁忌变形，在人们惧怕的某种事物的名称里是常见的，而且还包括r 和 t 在以下两个单词 ellagarto 和 alligator 间依次的变化。 一个同样有趣的例子是crocodile， 在西班牙语里是cocodrilo， 区别在于排列顺序不同的 r 上。 最早记载的alligator 其词形接近我们所使用的词形，出现于莎士比亚的 罗密欧与朱丽叶 中，（1623年第一版对开本）： “在他的日用品店中挂着一个玩具，一只布做的鳄鱼。”〔unprintable〕Not proper for publication for legal or social reasons:不宜出版的：因法律或社会的原因不适于被出版的： |
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