| 单词 | 分别 |
| 释义 | 〔Holston〕A river, about 225 km (140 mi) long, rising in two forks in western Virginia and northeast Tennessee and flowing southwest to join the French Broad River and form the Tennessee River at Knoxville.霍尔斯顿河：一条流程约225公里(140英里）的河流，有两条分别源于美国弗吉尼亚州西部和田纳西州东北部的支流，向西南与法属布罗德河交汇并在诺克斯维形成田纳西河〔syphilis〕A chronic infectious disease caused by a spirochete(Treponema pallidum), either transmitted by direct contact, usually in sexual intercourse, or passed from mother to child in utero, and progressing through three stages characterized respectively by local formation of chancres, ulcerous skin eruptions, and systemic infection leading to general paresis. 梅毒：一种慢性传染病，由螺旋体（苍白密螺旋体） 引起，或通常由性交时的直接接触传染，或由母亲传染给子宫内的婴儿。它经过三个阶段，症状分别为局部下疳形成，皮肤溃疡和一般导致局部瘫痪的全身感染 〔increase〕"Absence diminishes mediocre passions and increases great ones" (La Rochefoucauld). “分别会使平庸的感情削减，却能使深厚的感情增强” （拉·劳土福科）。 〔Shoshone〕A Native American people comprising three divisions, specifically:肖松尼人：一支由三个分支组成的美国印第安人土著，它们分别是：〔meitnerium〕An artificially produced radioactive element with atomic number 109 whose most long-lived isotopes have mass numbers of 266 and 268 with half-lives of 3.4 milliseconds and 70 milliseconds, respectively. Also called unnilennium ：人工产生的放射性元素，原子序数号为109，生命期最长同位素的质量为266和268，半衰期分别为3.4毫秒和70毫秒 也作 unnilennium〔Togoland〕A historical region of western Africa including modern Togo and parts of Ghana. A German protectorate after 1884, the area was divided (1922) between Britain and France under a League of Nations mandate, later administered as separate UN trust territories. British Togoland became part of independent Ghana in 1957, with French Togoland gaining independence as Togo in 1960.多哥兰：历史上在非洲西部的一处区域，包含现在的多哥及一部分的迦纳。1884年起为德国保护地，此区域在1922年，依照国际联盟的托管规定，分别为英国及法国委托管辖，尔后又分别成为联合国的托管区。1957年，英属多哥兰成为独立国家迦纳的一部分。1960年，法属多哥兰则获得独立自主权，成为多哥共和国〔Minsk〕A city of western European U.S.S.R. southwest of Moscow. First mentioned in 1067, it was ruled from the 13th to the 18th century by various powers, including Lithuania, Russia, Poland, and Sweden. Minsk passed finally to Russia in 1793 and is now the capital of Belorussia. Population, 1,472,000.明斯克：俄罗斯欧洲部分西部的城市，位于莫斯科西南。1067年始有记载。从13世纪至18世纪它分别被立陶宛、俄罗斯、波兰和瑞典统治过。最后于1793年归属俄罗斯，现为白俄罗斯首都。人口1,472,000〔Gasherbrum〕A series of four peaks in the Karakoram Range of the Himalaya Mountains in northern Kashmir.Gasherbrum I is the highest, at 8,073.4 m (26,470 ft), although Gasherbrum IV, 7,930 m (26,000 ft), has been called more difficult than Everest for mountain climbers. The other two peaks are 8,039.8 m (26,360 ft) and 7,957.5 m (26,090 ft) high. 加歇布鲁山：位于喀什米尔北部喜马拉雅山的克拉库姆地区的四个山峰。加歇布鲁山 I 最高，有8,073.4米（26,470英尺）高，但是 加歇布鲁山IV 高7,930米（26,000英尺）被认为对爬山者来说更难攀登。另外两座山峰分别高8,039.8米（26,360英尺）和7,957.5米（26,090英尺） 〔seaborgium〕An artificially produced radioactive element with atomic number 106 whose most long-lived isotopes have mass numbers 259, 261, 263, 265, and 266 with half-lives of 0.9, 0.23, 0.8, 16, and 20 seconds, respectively. Also called unnilhexium ：人工产生的放射性元素，原子序数号为106，生命期最长同位素的质量为259、261、263、265和266，半衰期分别为0.9秒、0.23秒、0.8秒、16秒和20秒 也作 unnilhexium〔Valencia〕also [bä-lĕnʹthyä] A city of eastern Spain on theGulf of Valencia, a wide inlet of the Mediterranean Sea. First mentioned as a Roman colony in 138 b.c. , Valencia was taken by the Visigoths in a.d. 413 and the Moors in 714. Population, 785,273. 也作 [bä-lĕnʹthyä] 巴伦西亚：西班牙东部位于巴伦西亚海峡 上的一座城市，是地中海的一个宽阔的入口，它于 公元前 138年作为一个罗马殖民地而首次被提到，巴伦西亚于 公元后 413年和714年分别被西哥特人和摩尔人所占领。人口785,273 〔modulus〕Abbr. modA number by which two given numbers can be divided and produce the same remainder.缩写 mod模数：一个整数，当分别被两个给定整数除时，得到相同的余数〔mulatto〕A person having one white and one Black parent.黑白混血儿：父母分别为黑人和白人的人〔Tripolitania〕A historical region of northern Africa bordering on the Mediterranean Sea. Originally a Phoenician colony, it was later held by Carthage, Numidia, and Rome (after 46b.c. ). Tripolitania fell to the Vandals in a.d. 435, to the Arabs in the seventh century, and finally to the Ottoman Turks in 1553. 的黎波里塔尼亚：非洲北部历史上的一个地区，临地中海。起初，它是腓尼基的一个殖民地，后来分别被迦太基、努米底亚和罗马占领（公元前 46年之后）。的黎波里塔尼亚在 公元 435年落入汪达尔人的统治，7世纪被阿拉伯人占领，最后于1553年被奥斯曼土耳其人占领 〔Jackson〕American civil rights leader and politician. A Baptist minister, he directed national antidiscrimination efforts (1966-1977) and sought the 1984 and 1988 Democratic presidential nominations. His concern for the oppressed and his dramatic oratory have attracted a large grassroots constituency, called the Rainbow Coalition.杰克逊，耶西·路易斯：(生于 1941) 美国民权运动的领导人、政治家，浸信会教友，他于1966年至1977年领导了国民反歧视斗争，分别在1984年和1988年获得了民主党总统候选人的提名。他对受压迫者的关心和生动的演讲吸引了一大批普通民众的支持，被称为彩虹联盟〔rack〕A fast, flashy, four-beat gait of a horse in which each foot touches the ground separately and at equal intervals.小步跑：马的快速、有气派的、四拍的步法，每只蹄子以相同的间隔时间分别接触地面〔callous〕Do not confuse the adjectivecallous, as in Years of dealing with criminals had left her callous, with the noun callus, as inI have a callus on my thumb. The verbscallous and callus mean respectively "to make or become callous" and "to form or develop hardened tissue.” 不要把形容词callous ，如句子 数年与罪犯打交道的经历使她心肠硬起来了， 与名词 callus 相混淆， 如下句我拇指上结茧了。 动词callous 与 callus 分别指为“使变硬或成为结茧的”和“形成或发展已变硬的组织” 〔dubnium〕An artificially produced radioactive element with atomic number 105 whose most long-lived isotopes have mass numbers of 258, 261, 262, and 263 with half-lives of 4.2, 1.8. 34, and 30 seconds, respectively. Also called unnilpentium ：人造放射性元素，原子序数号为105，生命期最长同位素的质量为258、261、262和263，半衰期分别为4.2秒、1.8秒、34秒和30秒 也作 unnilpentium〔man〕Traditionally,man and words derived from it have been used generically to designate any or all of the human race irrespective of sex.In Old Englishthis was the principal sense ofman, which meant "a human being" regardless of sex;the wordswer and wyf (or w÷pman and wifman ) were used to refer to "a male human being" and "a female human being" respectively. But in Middle Englishman displaced wer as the term for "a male human being,”whilewyfman (which evolved into present-day woman ) was retained for "a female human being.” The result of these changes was an assymetrical arrangement that many criticize as sexist.Many writers have revised some of their practices accordingly.But the precise implications of the usage vary according to the context and the particular use ofman or its derivatives. · Man sometimes appears to have the sense of "person" or "people" when it is used as a count noun, as inA man is known by the company he keeps and Men have long yearned to unlock the secrets of the atom, and in phrases likethe common man and the man in the street. Here the generic interpretation arises indirectly:if a man is known by the company he keeps,then so, by implication, is a woman.For this reasonthe generic interpretation of these uses ofman is not possible where the applicability of the predicate varies according to the sex of the individual. Thus it would be inappropriate to say thatMen are the only animals that can conceive at any time, since the sentence literally asserts that the ability to conceive applies to male human beings.This usage presumes that males can be taken as representatives of the species.In almost all cases,however, the wordsperson and people can be substituted for man and men, often with a gain in clarity. · By contrast,man functions more as a generic when it is used without an article in the singular to refer to the human race, as in sentences likeThe capacity for language is unique to man or in phrases like man's inhumanity to man. But this use ofman is also ambiguous, since it can refer exclusively to male members of the human race.In most contexts wordssuch ashumanity or humankind will convey the generic sense of this use of man. · On the whole,the Usage Panel accepts the generic use ofman, the women members significantly less than the men. The sentenceIf early man suffered from a lack of information, modern man is tyrannized by an excess of it was acceptable to 81 percent of the Panel (including 58 percent of the women and 92 percent of the men).The Panel also accepted compound words derived from genericman. The sentenceThe Great Wall is the only man-made structure visible from space was acceptable to 86 percent (including 76 percent of the women and 91 percent of the men).The sentence"The history of language is the history of mankind" (James Bradstreet Greenough and George Lyman Kittredge) was acceptable to 76 percent (including 63 percent of the women and 82 percent of the men). Such compounds were acceptable even when the context required that they be applied chiefly to women.Thus, 66 percent of the Panel (including 57 percent of the women and 71 percent of the men) accepts the wordmanpower in the sentence Countries that do not permit women to participate in the work force are at a disadvantage in competing with those that do avail themselves of that extra source of manpower. · A related set of problems is raised by the use ofman in forming the names of occupational and social rolessuch asbusinessman, chairman, spokesman, layman, and freshman, as well as in analogous formationssuch asunsportsmanlike and showmanship. Some condemn this use categorically;however, these words remained acceptable to a majority of the Usage Panel when they were used to refer to a role or class in the abstractbut were rejected when they were used to refer to a woman.Thus the general use ofchairman was acceptable to 67 percent of the Panel (including 52 percent of the women and 76 percent of the men) in the sentence The chairman will be appointed by the Faculty Senate. But only 48 percent (including 43 percent of the women and 50 percent of the men) accepted the use of the word inEmily Owen, chairman of the Mayor's Task Force, issued a statement assuring residents that their views would be solicited, where it is applied to a woman. · Several strategies have been suggested for replacing the categorical use of compounds formed withman. Parallel terms likebusinesswoman, spokeswoman and chairwoman are increasingly used to refer to women. Also in use are common-gender terms coined withperson, such asbusinessperson, spokesperson, and chairperson. For occupational titles ending inman, new standards of official usage have been established by the U.S. Department of Labor and other government agencies.In official contexts termssuch asfirefighter and police officer are now generally used in place of fireman and policeman. · A majority of the Panelists rejected the verbman when it was used to refer to an activity performed by women. The sentenceMembers of the League of Women Voters will be manning the registration desk was unacceptable to 56 percent of the Panel (including 61 percent of the women and 54 percent of the men). See Usage Note at -ess ,people 传统上，man 以及它的衍生字一般是用来指任何人或整个人类， 不考虑性别。在古英语中，这就是man 这个字主要的意思， 即“人” 而不分性别；单词wer 和 wyf （或 woepman 和 wifman )则分别用以指“男人”和“女人”。 但在中古英语时man 取代了 wer 这个词， 也具有“男人”的意义了；而wyfman （这个字发展演变成了今天的 woman 这个字）作为“女人”这个意思被保留了下来。 这些变化的结果是，作为性别歧视者所批评的匀称排列。为此，许多作家相应地修订了他们部分的创作活动。但是这用法的准确含义取决于它的上下文以及man 的具体用途或它的衍生字。 当man 这个字被当作一个可数名词来用时，它有时似乎具有“一个人”或“人们”的意思， 如在被他所在的那个公司熟悉了解的人 和 很久以来，人们都期盼着解开原子的秘密 ， 以及如下短语中普通的人 和 街上的人 。 这里，一般的理解源于间接地推理：如果一个男人是被他所在的公司了解的话，其言下之意是，一个女人也是被他所在的公司熟悉了解的。正是这个原因，使得man 当此一般理解之义用时，其谓语随着个人性别的改变而变化是不可能的。 所以，说人是唯一能在任何时候思考的动物 是不适当的， 因为这句话字面之义是指男人的思考能力。这种用法是假定男人可以作为人类的代表。几乎毫无例外的是，词person 和 people 可以用 man 和 men 来取代，且后两字意思更清楚。 相反，当man 以单数不带冠词出现用以指人类时，它更是指一类、一属， 如在象句子只有人才有语言能力 或象短语 人类对人类的不人道 中。 但man 若以这种形式出现，其意思也会模糊不清， 因为其可只指人类中的男性成员。在大多数的行文中，例如humanity 或 humankind 这样的字也传达了 man 这种用法的一般意义。 总的说来，在用法专题使用小组成员中接受man 这种一般用法的女性比男性明显少得多。 下面这句话如果说古代人受信息不足之苦的话，那么现代人则是受信息过量之虐待了 在小组中有81的成员可接受 （其中女性成员中的接受率为58，男性中则为92)。专题小组会还接受作为一般意义的man 构成的复合词。 长城是太空中的唯一可见的人造物 这句话有86的成员接受 （其中女性成员的接受率为76，而男性中为91)。“语言史就是一部人类史” （詹姆士·布拉斯瑞特·格里诺和乔治·莱曼·基特里奇）这句话的接受率为76（基中在女性成员中有63接受，而男性中为82)。 即使是上下行文所需的字主要指的是女人，这种复合词仍然被接受。因此小组中的66（其中女性委员的57，男性的71)接受了manpower 这个词在下句的用法： 那些不允许女人加入生产力大军的国家和那些允许女人加入生产力大军的国家相比，在处理剩余劳动力这一点上明显处于竞争的劣势 。 由于man 的使用所引起的一系列相关问题产生了， 在构成职业或社会角色类别的名称，如商人、主席、发言人、外行 和 渔夫 ， 以及将这个字用于类似的构词法中，如违反运动精神的 和 善于表演的才能 。 有些人谴责这种类别的用法；然而，当它们抽象地指某种角色或阶层时，这些词仍能得到用法专题使用小组大多数人的接受；但当它们用由于指女性时，这些词就被拒绝了。因此在句子主席由职工委员会指定 中 主席 的这种一般用法就得到了67小组成员的接受（其中在女性成员中为52，而男性中为76)。 但是，在句子艾米莉·欧文，市长任务小组的主席，发表了一个声明，向市长保证将考虑他们的观点 中这个字的用法，由于是指女性，只有48的成员接受（其中在女性成员中的接受率为43，而男性中为50)。 对于如何替换用man 构成的类别复合词，几种构思被提了出来。 与之相对的复合词如女商人、女发言人 和 女主席 越来越多地被用来指女性。 另外，用person 构成的中性词也创造了出来， 如商人、发言人 和 主席 。 对于用man 结尾的职业名称， 美国政府劳工部和其它政府机构已建立起了新的官方运用标准。在官方行文，现在一般用如firefighter 和 police officer 代替 fireman 和 policeman 。 大多数的小组成员反对将动词man 用于指那些女性从事的活动。 句子登记处将配备女性选民联盟的成员 在用法专题使用小组中的反对率是56（其中在女性成员中的反对率是61，而男性中为54) 参见 -ess,people〔Delaware〕Abbr. DE,Del.A state of the eastern United States on the Atlantic Ocean. It was admitted as the first of the original Thirteen Colonies in 1787. Settled by the Dutch in 1631 and by Swedes in 1638, the region passed to England in 1664. It was part of William Penn's Pennsylvania grant from 1682 until 1776. Dover is the capital and Wilmington the largest city. Population, 668,696.缩写 DE,Del.特拉华州：美国东部一州，临大西洋。1787年成为最早的13个殖民地中的第一个殖民地。1631年和1638年荷兰人和瑞典人分别在此殖民，1664年该地区被转让给英国。从1682年至1776年，该地区一直是威廉·佩恩的宾夕法尼亚州授与地的一部分。多佛为该州首府，威明顿为该州最大的城市。人口668,696〔implicate〕To involve or connect intimately or incriminatingly:涉及：紧密地或不能分别地联系在一起：〔Abbado〕Italian conductor who served as the principal conductor and artistic director at La Scala (1968-1986) prior to leading the London Symphony Orchestra (1979-1988) and the Vienna Staatsoper (1986-1991). In 1989 he became director of the Berlin Philharmonic.阿拔多，克劳迪奥：意大利指挥家，曾任拉斯卡拉首席指挥和艺术指导（1968-1986年），随后分别在伦敦交响乐团（1979-1988年）和维也纳爱乐乐团（1986-1991年）任指挥。1989年他担任柏林爱乐乐团指挥〔Bryan〕American lawyer and politician who campaigned unsuccessfully for the presidency in 1896, 1900, and 1908. He is famous for his impassioned "Cross of Gold" speech advocating free silver (1896) and for his defense of fundamentalism in the Scopes trial (1925).布赖恩，威廉·詹宁斯：(1860-1925) 美国律师，政治家，分别于1896年，1900年和1908年竞选总统，均告失败。他在充满激情的演说“黄金十字架”中提倡银币自由铸造，还曾为斯科普斯审判案中基要主义作过辩护〔multiport〕Having, relating to, or being a system of multiple ports for injecting fuel separately into each cylinder of an engine.多汽缸的：把燃料分别注入发动机的每一个汽缸中的多汽缸系统的，或与其有关的〔Dostoyevsky〕Russian writer whose works combine religious mysticism with profound psychological insight. His four great novels areCrime and Punishment (1866), The Idiot (1868-1869), The Possessed (1871), and The Brothers Karamazov (1879-1880). 杜斯妥也夫斯基，费奥多·米哈伊洛维奇：(1821-1881) 俄国作家，其作品兼有宗教神秘色彩和对生理方面的深奥见解。他的四部最有名的小说分别为《罪与罚》 （1866年） 《白痴》 、（1868-1869年） 《着魔》 、（1871年）和 《卡拉马助夫兄弟们》 （1879-1880年） 〔Janus〕The god of gates and doorways, depicted with two faces looking in opposite directions.杰纳斯：古罗马门神，被描绘为有分别朝向相反方的两个面孔〔Joyner〕American athlete. A sprinter, she won three gold medals in the 1988 Olympics in the 100-meter dash, the 200-meter dash, and the four-by-100-meter relay.乔伊娜，芙罗伦丝·格里菲斯：美国运动员。作为短跑选手，她于1988年奥运会上赢得三枚金牌，分别为100米短跑、200米短跑及4乘100米接力赛〔label〕To identify or designate with a label; describe or classify:把…归类，描述：用标签分别或命名；描绘或归类：〔Laver〕Australian tennis player who won the Grand Slam (Wimbledon, French, U.S., and Australian titles) twice, in 1962 and 1969.罗德·拉佛：澳大利亚网球选手，分别于1962年和1969年两次赢得大满贯（英国温布尔登、法国、美国和澳大利亚网球公开赛冠军）〔Oujda〕A city of northeast Morocco near the Algerian border. Founded in 944, it was occupied by the French in 1844, 1859, and 1907. Population, 260,082.乌季达：摩洛哥东北部城市，靠近阿尔及利亚边界。建于944年，分别于1844年、1859年和1907年被法国人占领。人口260,082〔bipropellant〕A two-component rocket propellant, such as liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen, fed separately to the combustion chamber as fuel and oxidizer. Also called dipropellant 二元燃料：一种二元火箭燃料，如液氢和液氧，作为燃料和氧化剂分别加入燃烧仓 也作 dipropellant〔Valence〕A city of southeast France on the Rhone River south of Lyons. Settled in Roman times, it was captured by the Visigoths ina.d. 413 and the Arabs c. 730. Population, 66,356. 瓦伦斯：法国东南部罗纳河上的一座城市，位于里昂以南，建立罗马时期，分别于公元 413年和730年被西哥特人和阿拉伯人所侵占。人口66,356 〔Tighina〕A city of southern Moldova on the Dniester River northwest of Odessa, Ukraine. A historically strategic gateway to Bessarabia, the city has been controlled at various times by Turkey, Russia, Romania, and the Soviet Union. Population, 144,900第吉纳：莫多瓦南部城市，位于乌克兰敖德萨西北的德涅斯特河畔。作为通往比萨拉比亚的历史战略要道，第吉纳曾在不同时期被土耳其、俄罗斯、罗马尼亚和苏联分别统治。人口144,900〔trouser〕An outer garment for covering the body from the waist to the ankles, divided into sections to fit each leg separately, worn especially by men and boys. Often used in the plural.裤子：尤指男性穿着的一种外衣，覆盖以腰际到脚踝的部分，分成两部分以分别适合每条腿，常用复数形式〔Lippmann〕American journalist. He cofounded (1914) the weeklyNew Republic and won a Pulitzer Prize in 1958 and 1962. 利普曼，华特：美国新闻记者。他与人合办周刊《新共和国》 （1914年）并分别于1958年和1962年获普利策奖 〔separate〕A garment, such as a skirt, jacket, or pair of slacks, that may be purchased separately and worn in various combinations with other garments.单件衣着：可能是分别购买的与其它衣服合穿成各种搭配的单件衣服，例如裙子、茄克衫或便裤〔Umpqua〕A river, about 322 km (200 mi) long, of southwest Oregon rising in two branches and flowing north and west to the Pacific Ocean.乌姆普夸河：俄勒冈州西南一河流，长约322公里(200英里），分为两支分别是北向或西向流入太平洋〔Bornholm〕An island of eastern Denmark in the Baltic Sea near Sweden. It was held for varying periods by Denmark, Sweden, and Lübeck merchants before becoming part of Denmark in the 1600's.博恩荷姆：丹麦东部一岛屿，位于瑞典附近的波罗的海，在17世纪成为丹麦的一部分之前，不同时期分别由丹麦、瑞典和吕贝克商人统治〔Bergman〕Swedish actress who won an Academy Award in 1944 forGaslight, in 1956 for Anastasia, and in 1974 for Murder on the Orient Express. 褒曼，英格丽德：(1915-1982) 瑞典女演员，分别于1944年因《煤气灯下》 、1956年因 《阿纳斯塔茜娅》 、1974年因 《东方快车谋杀案》 而分别获奥斯卡奖 〔former〕Grammarians have often insistedthat the phrasesthe former and the latter should be used only to refer to the first of two things and the second of two things, respectively: 语法家们经常坚持认为，the former 和 the latter 应该只用于分别替代两件事中的第一件和第二件： 〔difference〕Discrimination in taste or choice; distinction.区别，分别：在品味或选择上的区别；差别 |
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