| 单词 | 分词 |
| 释义 | 〔noumenon〕from Greek noumenon [from neuter present middle participle of] noein [to perceive by thought] 源自 希腊语 noumenon 源自noein的中性现在中间语态分词 [以理性思考] 〔very〕In general usagevery is not used alone to modify a past participle. Thus we may say of a book, for example, that it has beenvery much praised, very much criticized, very much applauded, or whatever, but not that it has beenvery praised, very criticized, or very applauded. However, many past participle forms do double duty as adjectives,in which case modification by a barevery, or by analogous adverbs such as quite, is acceptable: there can be no objection to phrases such asa very creased handkerchief, a very celebrated singer, or a very polished performance. In some cases there is disagreement as to whether a particular participle can be used properly as an adjective:over the years objections have been raised as to the use ofvery by itself with delighted, interested, annoyed, pleased, disappointed, and irritated. All these words are now well established as adjectives,as indicated by the fact that they can be used attributively ( 在一般用法中very 不是仅用来修辞过去分词。 因此我们可说，例如一本书是very much praised, very much criticized, very much applauded（深受推崇的，深受批评的，深受赞扬的） 或者任意什么， 但是不说它被very praised, very criticized（很推崇的，深受批评的） 或 very applauded（深受赞扬）。 然而，许多过去分词有形容词的双重功能，只用very 或者类似的副词比如 quite 来进行格的修饰是可以接受的： 对于一些词组例如a very creased handkerchief, a very celebrated singer（特别皱的手帕，很知名的歌手） 或者 a very polished performance（优美的演出） 不会有异议。 有时对于是否能用一个特定的分词来做形容词的问题有些分歧：许多年来对于把very 与 delighted, interested, annoyed, pleased, disappointed（高兴 的，有兴趣的，生气的，高兴的，失望的） 和 irritated（发怒的） 在一起连用有些异议。 现在这些词都已被确定下来当作形容词使用，这已被它们可以当作定语的事实证明( 〔adventure〕from Latin adventūrus [future participle of] advenīre [to arrive] * see advent 源自 拉丁语 adventūrus advenīre的将来式分词 [到达] * 参见 advent〔yclept〕ge- [participial pref.] * see kom ge- [分词前缀] * 参见 kom 〔galantine〕from feminine past participle of Latin gelāre [to freeze, coagulate] * see gelatin 源自 拉丁语 gelāre的阴性过去式分词 [结冰，凝结] * 参见 gelatin〔prove〕Both forms are now well established in written English as participles: 现在这两种形式在书面英语中作为分词已完全被接受： 〔mezzotint〕from feminine past participle of tingere from Latin [to dye] 源自 tingere的阴性过去式分词 源自 拉丁语 [染色] 〔gerundive〕A verbal adjective in Latin that in the nominative case expresses the notion of fitness or obligation and in other cases functions as a future passive participle.动形词：拉丁语中动形词，在主格中表示适合性和必要性，并在其它格中作将来被动分词〔sek〕Suffixed (participial) form*sek w-ondo- . second 2 , secondo , secund , secundines , from Latin secundus , following, coming next, second. 添加后缀的（分词）形式*sek w-ondo- . second 2 , secondo , secund , secundines , 源自 拉丁语 secundus , 下列的, 接下来的, 其次的. 〔zek〕from past passive participle of zaklyuchat' [to imprison] 源自 zaklyuchat'的过去被动分词 [关押] 〔parent〕from Latin parēns parent- [from past active participle of] parere [to give birth] * see perə- 1源自 拉丁语 parēns parent- 源自parere的过去主动语态分词 [生，生育] * 参见 perə- 1〔visa〕from feminine past participle of vidēre [to see] * see weid- 源自 vidēre的阴性过去式分词 [看见] * 参见 weid- 〔participle〕The "dangling participle" is quite common in speech,where it often passes unremarked;but its use in writing can lead to unintentional absurdities,as in He went to watch his horse take a turn around the track carrying a copy of the breeders' guide under his arm. Even when the construction occasions no ambiguity,it is likely to distract the reader,who will ordinarily be operating on the assumption that a participle or other modifying phrase will be associated with the noun phrase that is immediately adjacent to it.Thus the sentenceTurning the corner, the view was quite different would be better rewritten as The view was quite different when we turned the corner or Turning the corner, we saw a different view. · A number of expressions originally derived from active participles are now well established as prepositions of a kind,and these may be used freely to introduce phrases that are not associated with the immediately adjacent noun phrase.Such expressions includeconcerning, considering, failing, granting, judging by, and speaking of. Thus one may writeSpeaking of politics, the elections have been postponed or Considering the hour, it is surprising that he arrived at all. “不连结分词”在口语中十分常见，只是常常被忽略；但它在书面中却会无意地导致语义模糊，如：他胳膊下夹着一本饲养员指南书去看他的马转过跑道的拐弯处。 即使这种结构不会产生语义不清，它也很可能迷惑读者，他们通常会假定分词或其它的修饰性短语会跟其紧接的名词性短语相联系。这样，最好把句子转弯后，景色大为不同 写成 我们一转弯就发现景色大为不同 或 转弯后我们看到景色大为不同。 · 一些最初由主动分词派生出来的表达方式现在已经作为某类介词而被固定下来，这些表达方式可以用来引入一些与紧接的名词短语没有联系的短语，这些表达方式包括concerning，considering，failing，granting，judging by 和 speaking of。 由此我们就可以这样写考虑到政治因素，将选举延期了 或 就时间来说，他在任何情况下到来都令人惊讶 〔craft〕Craft has been used as a verb since the Old English period and was used in Middle English to refer specifically to the artful construction of a text or discourse.In recent years,crafted, the past participle of craft, has enjoyed a vogue as a participle referring to well-wrought writing. This may be a sign that the Jamesian conception of the literary muse has begun to yield to a Trollopian conception of literature as a kind of intellectual handicraft;or it may indicate little more than the desperation with which book reviewers seize on any novel adjective.In any event, the usage is more acceptable when applied to literary works than to other sorts of writing,and more acceptable as a participle than as a verb.It was acceptable to 73 percent of the Usage Panel in the phrasebeautifully crafted prose. By contrast, only 35 percent of the Panel accepted the sentenceThe planners crafted their proposal so as to anticipate the objections of local businesses. Craft 这一词语在古英语时期就被用作动词， 在中古英语中它被用来指某一课文或论述的精巧句法结构。近几年来，crafted 即 craft 这一词的过去分词被广泛用于描述写作佳品。 这可能是詹姆士文学灵感观念开始让位于作为一种智力创作技巧的特罗洛普文学观念的一个信号；或者它也有可能暗示了书评作者们对采用小说修饰语的进一步失望。不管怎样，把它用于指文学作品比用于指其它类型的写作更易被人接受，而用作分词比用作动词更易被人接受。用法专题使用小组中73%的成员认同它在精美构思的散文 这一短语中的用法。 与此相反，只有35%的成员认同它在策划者们制订计划以预防地方商业的阻挠 这一句子中的用法 〔lay〕Lay ("to put, place, or prepare") and lie ("to recline or be situated") are frequently confused. Lay is a transitive verb and takes an object. Lay and its principal parts ( laid, laying ) are correctly used in the following examples: Lay （“放、安置或准备”）和 lie （“躺下或位于”）两词经常被混淆。 Lay 是一及物动词，能接宾语。 在以下的例子中，lay 及它的分词形式（ laid，laying ）在下列句子中的用法是正确的： 〔ghazi〕Arabic ĕāzī [participle of] ĕazā [to raid] 阿拉伯语 ĕāzī ĕazā的分词 [突袭，奇袭] 〔very〕 as well as by other syntactic criteria.But the status of other participles is still in flux.Some speakers accept phrases such asvery appreciated, very astonished, or very heartened, while others prefer alternatives usingvery much. What is more, some participles allow treatment as adjectives in one sense but not another:one may speak ofa very inflated reputation, for example, but not, ordinarily, of a very inflated balloon. As a result, there is no sure way to tell which participles may be modified by a barevery —syntactic tests such as the use of the participle as an attributive adjective will themselves yield different judgments for different speakers—and writers must trust their ears.When in doubt, the use ofvery much is generally the safer alternative. 也可以由其它句法标准衡量。但是其它分词的位置还仍旧在变动，一些人同意例如very appreciated, very astonished（非常欣赏的，非常惊讶的） 或者 very heartened（极受鼓舞的） 这样的词组， 而另一些人喜欢选择使very much （非常的） 这种用法。 另外，有些分词允许在某些意义上用作形容词，但不能用在其它意义上：例如一个人可以说a very inflated reputation（很好的名誉） ，但一般不说 a very inflated balloon（很鼓的气球）。 这样一来，就很难辨别哪一个分词能只用very 修饰——句法测验， 例如作为一个定语形容词的分词用法，对于不同的说话者能产生不同的判断——作者必须相信他们的耳朵。当有疑问时，very much 的用法通常是一个比较安全的选择 〔dangling〕Of or being a modifier, especially a participle or participial phrase, that grammatically modifies the subject of its sentence but semantically modifies another element of the sentence or an unstated referent, asapproaching Dallas in the sentence Approaching Dallas, the skyline came into view. 垂悬：属于或是修饰词的，尤指分词或分词词组，其在语法上修饰句子的主语，但语意上是修饰句子的另一个部分或未说明的指示对象，例如在Approaching Dallas, the skyline came into view 这个句子里的 Approaching Dallas 〔accusative〕Of, relating to, or being the case of a noun, pronoun, adjective, or participle that is the direct object of a verb or the object of certain prepositions.宾格的：有关充当一动词直接宾语或一介词的宾语的名词，代词，形容词，或分词的情况〔participial〕from participium [participle] * see participle 源自 participium [分词] * 参见 participle〔participle〕A form of a verb that in some languages, such as English, can function independently as an adjective, as the past participlebaked in We had some baked beans, and is used with an auxiliary verb to indicate tense, aspect, or voice, as the past participle baked in the passive sentence The beans were baked too long. 分词：某些语言（如英语）中动词的一种形式，可独立地作为形容词来用，如We had some baked beans 中的过去分词 baked ，也可与助动词连用表示某种时态、体裁或语态，如被动句 The beans were baked too long 中的过去分词 baked 〔galore〕go [adv. particle] go [副词分词] 〔lay〕Lieis an intransitive verb and does not take an object.Lie and its principal parts ( lay, lain, lying ) are correctly used in the following examples: Lie是一不及物动词， 不接宾语。在以下的例句中，lie 和它的分词形式（ lay，lain，lying ）的用法是正确的： 〔Muslim〕Arabic muslim [one who surrenders] [active participle of] 'aslama [to surrender] 阿拉伯语 muslim [皈依者] 'aslama的主动语态分词 [服从者] 〔kom〕enough , gemot , handiwork , yclept ; witenagemot , from Old English ge- , with, also participial, collective, and intensive prefix, from Germanic *ga- , together, with (collective and intensive prefix and marker of the past participle). enough , gemot , handiwork , yclept ; witenagemot , 源自 古英语 ge- , 与, 也作分词前缀、集合前缀和强调前缀, 源自 日耳曼语 *ga- , 共同, 和（集合且强调的前缀和过去分词的标记）. 〔participial〕Of, relating to, consisting of, or formed with a participle.分词的：分词的，与分词的有关的，包含分词的或由分词组成的〔anabas〕Greek anabas [climbing] [aorist participle of] anabainein [to go up] * see anabaena 希腊语 anabas [攀] anabainein的不定过去时分词 [向上爬] * 参见 anabaena〔judicature〕from feminine future participle of Latin iūdicāre [to judge] * see judge 源自 拉丁语 iūdicāre的阴性将来式分词 [审判，裁决] * 参见 judge〔credential〕The participlecredentialed is well established in reference to certified teachers and some other professions, but its more general use to mean "possessing professional or expert credentials" is still widely considered jargon.The sentenceThe board heard testimony from a number of credentialed witnesses was unacceptable to 85 percent of the Usage Panel. 其分词形式credentialed 用于指合格的教师和一些其他专业人员的用法早已被接受， 但它作为“持有专业或专家证书的”这种更通用的用法却仍需慎思后才能使用。“委员会听取了一些资格证人的证词” 这句话在85%的用法调查中都不被接受 |
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