| 单词 | 刮擦 |
| 释义 | 〔pad〕A thin, cushionlike mass of soft material used to fill, to give shape, or to protect against jarring, scraping, or other injury.护垫，衬：薄的、象靠垫一样的柔软材料，用来填装、定形或防止挤压、刮擦或其它伤害〔scrapie〕From scrape [from the scraping of itching parts of the skin against objects] 源自 scrape [源于皮肤上刮擦物体的痒痒的部分] 〔scrape〕scraped my fingernails down the blackboard.用我的指甲在黑板上刮擦〔scratch〕probably blend of scratten [to scratch] 可能混合了 scratten [刮擦] 〔sapsago〕schaben [to scrape] from Middle High German from Old High German skaban schaben [刮擦] 源自 中古高地德语 源自 古高地德语 skaban 〔scratch〕cracchen [to scratch] possibly from Middle Dutch cratsen cracchen [刮擦] 可能源自 中古荷兰语 cratsen 〔junk〕The wordjunk is an example of the change in meaning known as generalization, and very aptly too, since the amount of junk in the world seems to be generalizing and proliferating rapidly. The Middle English wordjonk, ancestor of junk, originally had a very specific meaning restricted to nautical terminology.First recorded in 1353,the word meant "an old cable or rope.”On a sailing ship it made little sense to throw away useful materialsince considerable time might pass before one could get new supplies.Old cable was used in a variety of ways,for example, to make fenders,that is, material hung over the side of the ship to protect it from scraping other ships or wharves.Junk came to refer to this old cable as well. The big leap in meaning taken by the word seems to have occurred whenjunk was applied to discarded but useful material in general. This extension may also have taken place in a nautical context,for the earliest, more generalized use ofjunk is found in the compound junk shop, referring to a store where old materials from ships were sold.Junk has gone on to mean useless waste as well. Junk 一词是被称为词义扩大化的例子；由于世界上垃圾的数量正在迅速扩散和激增，该词词义的扩大也是很适宜的。 junk 一词源自古英语单词 jonk ， 其最初的意思只限于航海术语当中。1353年首次记载下来时，该词义为“旧缆绳或旧绳子”。在帆船上，扔掉有用的东西是不明智的，因为也许要过去好长一段时间才有可能得到新的供应品。旧缆绳可用在很多不同的方面，例如用来做防撞物，即悬在船舷上保护船舷不受其它船只或码头刮擦的材料。Junk 同样也用来指旧缆绳。 当junk 普遍地被用来指丢弃了的然而有用的材料时，该词的词义发生了巨大的变化。 该词的词义延伸也可能已经出现在与航海有关的背景中，因为junk 一词最早的、更为概括性的使用是在 junk shop 这一复合词中发现的。 该词指出售船上旧材料的商店。Junk 仍继续用来指没用的废旧物品 〔scratch〕A sound made by scratching.刮擦声：刮擦发出的声音〔scratch〕To scrape or strike on an abrasive surface.刮：在磨面上刮擦或刮平〔scratch〕To rub or scrape the skin to relieve itching.搔：刮擦皮肤来解痒〔rasp〕To make a harsh, grating sound.发刺耳刮擦声：发出难听，刮擦般的声音〔scrape〕To draw (a hard or abrasive object) forcefully over a surface:刮擦：使劲在表面刮擦（坚硬或打磨的物体）：〔chafe〕The central meaning shared by these verbs is "to wear down or rub away a surface by or as if by scraping": 这些动词共有的一个中心意思是“以或似以刮擦的方式磨掉或擦去表面”： 〔scratchproof〕Resistant to or capable of withstanding scratches:防刮擦的：不怕刮擦或能够防止刮擦的：〔scratch〕A mark resembling a line that is produced by scratching.划线：由于刮擦而产生的象直线般的记号〔shave〕Middle English shaven [to scrape] 中古英语 shaven [刮擦] 〔bream〕To clean (a wooden ship's hull) by applying heat to soften the pitch and then scraping.清除：通过加热软化沥青后刮擦来清除（木船船底） |
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