| 单词 | 制度 |
| 释义 | 〔turf〕"a bureaucracy like any other, chiefly concerned with turf, promotions, the budget, and protecting the retirement system"(Harper's)“一个和其他人一样的官僚，只关心势力大小、升迁、预算及保护退休制度”(哈珀)〔ostracize〕To banish by ostracism, as in ancient Greece.放逐： （在古希腊）通过陶片放逐制度加以放逐〔juggernaut〕Something, such as a belief or an institution, that elicits blind and destructive devotion or to which people are ruthlessly sacrificed.使人盲目牺牲（或崇拜）的事物：使人们产生盲目而具毁灭性的热情或者无情地使人们为之牺牲的东西，如某种信仰或习俗制度〔superstructure〕In Marxist theory, the ideologies or institutions of a society as distinct from the basic processes and direct social relations of material production and economics.上层建筑：马克思主义理论中，与物质生产的基本过程、直接社会关系和经济相区别的社会思想形态或制度〔monasticism〕The monastic life or system, especially as practiced in a monastery.僧院生活或制度，尤指在僧院中实施的〔ostracism〕In Athens and other cities of ancient Greece, the temporary banishment by popular vote of a citizen considered dangerous to the state.陶片放逐制度：在古希腊的雅典和其他城市内对大众投票选出的被认为危害社会的公民进行的短期放逐〔rap〕I don't give a rap about office politics. I don't care a rap what you do.我对办公室制度没有一点兴趣，你们怎样做我毫不在意〔religion〕The life or condition of a person in a religious order.宗教生活：在宗教制度下的一个人的生活和状况〔imperialism〕The system, policies, or practices of such a government.帝制：这样的政府的制度、政策和行为〔kvetch〕"a rambling kvetch against the system"(Leonard Ross)“对制度的喋喋不休的乱抱怨”(伦纳德·罗斯)〔institution〕A custom, practice, relationship, or behavioral pattern of importance in the life of a community or society:制度，习俗：一个社会或社区生活中的习惯，实践，关系或主要的行为方式：〔tariff〕A list or system of duties imposed by a government on imported or exported goods.关税表：一国政府向进口或出口的商品所征收的税的表格或制度〔lampoon〕A broad satirical piece that uses ridicule to attack a person, a group, or an institution.See Synonyms at caricature 讽刺作品：广泛的用来嘲讽某个人、集团或某种制度的讽刺作品 参见 caricature〔tithe〕The institution or obligation of paying tithes.什一税的制度或义务〔interlibrary〕an interlibrary loan; an interlibrary network.一本根据馆际出借制度所借的书〔symmetallism〕A system of coinage in which a unit of currency is pegged to a combination of two or more metals in fixed proportions.金银复本位：一种铸币制度，即货币单位按照两种或多种金属的固定比例来混合铸造〔book〕runs the company by the book.根据制度经营公司〔regular〕Middle English reguler [living under religious rule] 中古英语 reguler [在宗教制度下生活的] 〔switchover〕A complete shift, as from one system to another.彻底转变：一次彻底的变化，如从一种制度转变为另一种〔radical〕Favoring or effecting fundamental or revolutionary changes in current practices, conditions, or institutions:激进的，改革的：支持或引起目前的惯例、条件或制度根本性或革命性的变化的：〔triage〕A system used to allocate a scarce commodity, such as food, only to those capable of deriving the greatest benefit from it.优先分配：一种将有限的物资，如食物，分配给那些能从中获取最大收益的人的制度〔Curtis〕American journalist and reformer who was the political editor ofHarper's Weekly (1863-1892) and was active in the movement for civil service reform. 柯蒂斯，乔治·威廉：(1824-1892) 美国新闻从业人员和改革家，他曾是《哈帕周刊》 的政治编辑（1863-1892年），并积极参予文官制度改革运动 〔apologist〕A person who argues in defense or justification of something, such as a doctrine, a policy, or an institution.辩解者，辩护士：为某事物，如教义、政策或制度而辩解或辩护的人〔apologetics〕Formal argumentation in defense of something, such as a position or system.系统辩护：为某事物，如立场或制度而做的正式辩护〔tokenism〕"Tokenism does not change stereotypes of social systems but works to preserve them, since it dulls the revolutionary impulse"(Mary Daly)“装点门面这种做法并不改变社会制度的模式，反而可以巩固这种制度，因为它可以磨灭革命的冲动”(玛丽·戴利)〔itinerancy〕A state or system of itinerating, especially in the role or office of public speaker, minister, or judge.巡回：巡回的状态或制度，特指在发言人、神职人员或法官的职位或任务中〔system〕A social, economic, or political organizational form.制度：社会、经济或政治组织形式〔overthrow〕overturn existing institutions;废除了现存的制度；〔capitalism〕An economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately or corporately owned and development is proportionate to the accumulation and reinvestment of profits gained in a free market.资本主义：一种经济制度，在该制度中，生产资料和分配为私人或企业所有，生产的发展与从自由市场中所获利润的聚集和再投入成比例〔labyrinth〕a labyrinth of rules and regulations.错综复杂的规章和制度〔institution〕the institutions of marriage and the family.婚姻和家庭制度〔helotism〕A system under which a nominally free social class or a religious, national, or racial minority is permanently oppressed and degraded.农奴制，奴隶制：一种制度，在这种制度中，名义自由的社会阶级、少数宗教派、少数民族或少数种族受到永恒的压迫和羞辱〔ideology〕A set of doctrines or beliefs that form the basis of a political, economic, or other system.意识形态：作为政治、经济或其它制度基础的一系列主义或信仰〔mood〕"All which had been done . . . was the effect not of humor, but of system" (Edmund Burke).“所有已经做过的…不是情绪而是制度的结果” （爱德蒙·伯克）。〔systematism〕Adherence to a system or systems.对制度或方法的恪守〔gamy〕"those considerable forces in America that appear to be tired of the old politics (particularly the gamy municipal variety)”(Tom Wicker)“那些显示出厌烦旧政治制度的美国重要的力量（尤指堕落的市政中的种种制度）”(汤姆·威克)〔order〕The prescribed form or customary procedure:规则，制度：既定形式和常规程序：〔history〕A chronological record of events, as of the life or development of a people or an institution, often including an explanation of or commentary on those events:历史记事：按时间顺序记录生命、民族和制度等事件的发展，通常包含对这些事件的解释或评价：〔Huss〕Czechoslovakian religious reformer who was excommunicated (1409) for attacking the corruption of the clergy. HisDe Ecclesia questioned the authority and infallibility of the Catholic Church. 胡斯，约翰：(1372?-1415) 捷克斯洛伐克宗教改革者，1409年由于攻击牧师制度的堕落而被开除教籍。他在著作《教会》 中对天主教会的权威和正确性提出了质疑 〔antiapartheid〕antiapartheid activism.反南非种族隔离制度的积极精神 |
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