| 单词 | 动名词 |
| 释义 | 〔gerundive〕from gerundium [gerund] * see gerund 源自 gerundium [动名词] * 参见 gerund〔sforzando〕Italian [gerund of] sforzare [to use force] 意大利语 sforzare的动名词 [用力] 〔scherzando〕Italian [gerund of] scherzare [to joke] 意大利语 scherzare的动名词 [开玩笑] 〔intrapreneur〕The wordentrepreneur is more than 150 years old, having come into English from French in 1828.But it is not until very recently that we find its intracorporate counterpart,intrapreneur, meaning "a person within a large corporation who takes direct responsibility for turning an idea into a profitable finished product through assertive risk-taking and innovation.”This coinage is generally attributed to management consultant Gifford Pinchot,author of the 1985 book entitledIntrapreneuring; others insist its true originator was Norman Macrae, deputy editor of theEconomist, although Macrae himself denies it.Still, whatever its exact source,in the scant number of years since its inception the termintrapreneur has gained currency very quickly. It has also given rise to various derivatives,such as the aforementioned gerundintrapreneuring, the noun intrapreneurship (as in a September 30, 1985, interview with Stephen Jobs inNewsweek : "The Macintosh team was what is commonly known as intrapreneurship—only a few years before the term was coined—a group of people going in essence back to the garage, but in a large company"),the adjectiveintrapreneurial, and another noun, intrapreneurialism ("what has become known as intrapreneurialism, where people within the corporation acquire more adventurous small business outlooks,” by Ian Hamilton-Fazy in "An Uneasy Co-existence,”Financial Times, October 23, 1984). Broad use of a word and the development of numerous derivatives are strong signals predicting staying power within the language.Intrapreneur and its spinoffs are of particular interest to etymologists and lexicographers because they illustrate the constant changes inherent in a living language.entrepreneur 一词已有150多年的历史， 于1828年从法语传入英语。但是直到最近我们才发现其在公司内部的对应人物intrapreneur ， 意为“对通过果断地承担风险和革新使想法变为有利可图的成品这一过程承担直接责任的大公司里的高级成员”。这个新造的词普遍认为应归功于业务顾问吉福德·平肖，1985年出版的名为Intrapreneuring 一书的作者； 其他人坚持其真正的发明者是经济学家 杂志的副编辑诺曼·麦克里， 虽然麦克里本人否认这一点。然而，不管其准确的起源是什么，自它开始出现以来的短短几年中，intrapreneur 一词已很快流行开来。 它同样产生了多个衍生词，例如前面提到的动名词intrapreneuring ，名词 intrapreneurship （例如新闻周刊 于1985年9月30日斯蒂芬·乔布斯的采访中： “马金托什队通常地以出色的企业运作而闻名——仅仅是这个词条被发明的几年前——一群实质上是回到汽车房的人，而现在不过是大公司的汽车房罢了”），形容词intraprenurial 以及另一个名词 intrapreneurialim （以企业运作主义出名的地方，在那儿公司内部的职员获得更为冒险的商业前景”，伊恩·汉密尔顿一费茨的“不稳定的共存”，金融时报 1984年10月23日出版）。 一个词的广泛运用以及无数派生词的产生是预示语言内部持久力的强烈的信号。词源学家以及词典编纂者对intrpreneur 以及它的派生词产生了独特的兴趣， 因为它们说明现用语言所固有的持续不断的变化〔gerund〕In other languages, a verbal noun analogous to the Latin gerund, such as the English form ending in-ing when used as a noun, as in singing in We admired the choir's singing. 动名词：拉丁语以外的语言中类似拉丁动名词的动名词，如以-ing 结尾的用于名词的英语形式，象 singing 在 We admired the choir's singing 中（我们敬慕唱诗班的演唱） 〔supine〕A defective Latin verbal noun of the fourth declension, having very limited syntax and only two cases, an accusative in-tum or -sum and an ablative in -tū or -sū. The accusative form is sometimes considered to be the fourth principal part of the Latin verb. 动名词：第四词形变化的不完全变形拉丁动名词，其句法结构十分有限，只有两种格，宾格形式为-tum 或 -sum ，独立离格形式为 -tu 或 -su 。其宾格形式有时被认为是这个拉丁动词的第四主要部分 〔decrescendo〕Italian [gerund of] decrescere [to decrease] 意大利语 decrescere的动名词 [减小，减少] 〔father〕The verbfather has come to be used widely to mean specifically to "perform the child-rearing functions of a father,”particularly in the gerundfathering, as inFathering a step-child takes considerable tact and understanding. This usage reflects the same social changes that have led to the analogous use of the verbparent and has met with the same kinds of critical resistance.In the most recent surveythe example cited was rejected by 64 percent of the Usage Panel.A problem particular to this use offather is that it may occasion opportunities for humorous misconstruction,since it is in direct competition with the older sense of "beget.” ·It is notablethat the analogous use ofmother as a verb meaning specifically "to perform the child-rearing functions of a mother" is encountered only rarely.It is likely that the discrepancy in the frequency of these new uses ofmother and father reflects the fact that recent writers on family life have tended to place more emphasis on a reconceptualization of the traditional paternal role in child-rearing.See Usage Note at parent 动词father 被广泛应用， 尤指“履行一个父亲养育孩子的职责”，特别是动名词fathering， 如在抚育养子得花费巨大的心智和理解 。 这种用法反应了引起动词parent 相似用法的同样社会变化， 并遭到了同样的批评反对。在最近的调查中，引用的例子被用法专题使用小组64%的成员反对。特别对于father 这种用法的一个问题是， 它可能会引起幽默的误解，因为它直接与旧观念的“生育”冲突。值得注意的是，mother 作为动词的相似用法意思特指“履行一个母亲生养孩子的职责”， 这种用法很少见。看起来mother 和 father 这些新用法出现频率的不一致反映了一个事实， 那就是近期家庭生活题材的作者们倾向于将更多的重点放在重新定义父母在抚养孩子上所充任的传统角色 参见 parent〔verbid〕A verbal noun or adjective.动名词，动词性形容词〔inning〕from Old English innung [gerund of] innian [to put in] 源自 古英语 innung innian的动名词 [放入] 〔tiffin〕Short for tiffing [gerund of] tiff [to sip] tiffing的简写 tiff的动名词 [啜饮] 〔innuendo〕From Latin innuendō [by hinting] [ablative of] innuendum [gerund of] innuere [to nod to] 源自 拉丁语 innuendō [通过暗释] innuendum的夺格 innuere的动名词 [点头] 〔lightning〕Middle English [gerund of] lightnen [to illuminate,] 中古英语 lightnen的动名词 [照亮] 〔stringendo〕Italian [gerund of] stringere [to draw tight] 意大利语 stringere的动名词 [拉紧] 〔supine〕Middle English supin [Latin verbal noun] 中古英语 supin [拉丁动名词] 〔gerund〕In Latin, a noun derived from a verb and having all case forms except the nominative.动名词：拉丁语中的动名词，有除主格外的所有格的形式 |
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