| 单词 | 动词 |
| 释义 | 〔punch〕V., from Middle English pouncen, punchen [to prick] 动词，源自 中古英语 pouncen, punchen [刺，戳] 〔indicative〕A verb in the indicative mood.直陈动词：陈述语气中用的动词〔embargo〕Could an embargo on alcoholic beverages be related to a bar other than in the obvious way?The wordsembargo and bar are related, albeit distantly. Embargo comes to us from Spanish,where it was derived from the verbembargar, "to arrest, impede.” This verb came from the Vulgar Latin word.imbarricāre, made up of the Latin prefixin-, "in, into,” and the assumed Vulgar Latin form .barricāre, derived from Vulgar Latin .barrīca, "barrier.” .Barrīca, in turn, was derived from Vulgar Latin.barra, "bar, barrier,” the ultimate source of our wordbar. Imbarricāre meant essentially "to impede with a barrier.”Our wordbar is first recorded in English with the sense "barrier,” eventually developing the sense "a counter for serving drinks.”对酒精饮料的禁运能不与酒吧产生明显的关系吗?Embargo 和 bar 这两个词是相关的， 尽管相差很远。 Embargo 源自西班牙语，它派生于动词embargar， 意为“拘禁，阻止”的意思。 这个动词来自俗拉丁语imbarricare ， 由拉丁前缀in- “在…里，进入”和俗拉丁语 barrica “栅栏”派生的俗拉丁语形式 barricare 组成。 Barrica 又派生自俗拉丁语barra “栅栏，障碍物”， 是bar这个单词的最终起源。 Imbarricare 的中心意思是“用障碍物阻挡。”我们的单词bar 第一次在英语中出现是“障碍物”的意思， 最后发展成“卖饮料的柜台”〔refrain〕The central meaning shared by these verbs is "to keep or prevent oneself from doing or saying something": 这些动词的中心意思是“防止某人做某事或说什么话”： 〔naff〕In the dual tradition of looking to one's betters for models of how to use language and American obeisance to British usage,let us look at two British words spellednaff. One is an adjective,meaning "clichéd, unstylish" (first recorded in 1969),that may be derived from dialectal wordssuch asnaffhead, "simpleton,” or niffy-naffy, "stupid.” The othernaff is a verb, usually used in the imperative in combination withoff (first recorded in 1959). This is the delicate injunction that members of the royal family such as Princess Anne have used in requesting members of the press to beat it.The origin ofnaff is unknown, but it has been suggested thatnaff may be related to an older English slang term naf, meaning "the female sexual organ.” Naf has been derived from a backward spelling offan, from fanny. 在看待如何使用语言的模式和美语遵从于英语那个更好的两个传统上，让我们看两个拼写为naff 的美语单词。 一个是形容词，表示“过时的，老调的”（首次记录于1969年），可能源于方言单词，如naffhead “傻子”或 niffy-naffy “愚蠢的”。 另一个naff 是动词， 通常用于命令语气与off 连用（首次记录于1959年）。 这是王室家族成员如安娜公主在要求报刊成员禁用时所使用的微妙禁令。Naff 不知源自何处， 但它表明naff 有与旧英语俚语 naf 相关的迹象表示“女性生殖器官”。 Naf 源于从fanny 而来的逆序拼写形式 fan 〔apparent〕Used after a form of the verbbe, however, apparent can mean either "seeming" (as in His virtues are only apparent ) or "obvious" (as inThe effects of the drought are apparent to anyone who sees the parched fields ). Writers should take care that the intended meaning is clear from the context.但当其用于动词be 后面时， apparent 则既可表示“貌似，表面上的”意思（如他的美德只是表面上的。）〔lactescent〕Latin lactēscēns lactēscent- [present participle of] lactēscere [inchoative of] lactēre [to be milky] 拉丁语 lactēscēns lactēscent- lactēscere的现在分词 lactēre的起始动词 [成为乳状的] 〔prude〕Being a prude has never been widely considered a good thing,but if we dig further into the history of the wordprude, we will find that it had a noble past.The change for the worse took place in French.Frenchprude first had a good sense, "wise woman,” but apparentlya woman could be too wise or, in the eyes of some,too observant of decorum and propriety,and soprude took on the sense in French that was brought into English along with the word, first recorded in 1704.The French word first meant "wise woman"becauseprude was a shortened form of prude femme (earlier in Old Frenchprode femme ), a word that was modeled on earlierpreudomme, "a man of experience and integrity.” The second part of this word is, of course,homme, "man.” Old Frenchprod, meaning "wise, prudent,” is from Vulgar Latin prōdis with the same sense. Prōdis in turn comes from Late Latin prōde, "advantageous,” derived from the verbprodesse, "to be good.” We can see that the history ofprude is filled with usefulness, profit, wisdom, and integrity, but in spite of all this,things did not turn out that well.人们从来没有普遍地认为做一个拘守礼仪的人是一件好事，但是如果我们深挖prude 这个词的历史， 我们会发现这个词有一个体面的过去。这个词变成贬义是在法语中发生的。法语词prude 开始时是褒义的，意为“明智或聪明的女人，” 但是很显然，女人可能会过于聪明或者在某些人的眼里，对仪表和行为的得体过分注重，这样法语词prude 就有了这个和词一起被引入英语的意思， 并最早记载于1704年。这个法语词开始时的意思之所以是“聪明的女人”，因为prude 是 prudefemme 的缩写形式 （更早的时候在古法语中为prodefemme )， 这个词模仿更早的一个词preudomme “一个富有经验而又正直的男人”而来。 这个词的第二部分当然是意为“男人”的homme。 意思是“聪明，谨慎”的古法语prod 由一个相同意思的俗拉丁词 prodis 而来。 Prodis 从后期拉丁语 prode 演变而来，意为“有利的”， 该词又从意思为“从善”的动词prudesse 衍生而来。 我们现在明白prude 的历史充满了有利、利益、智慧或忠诚的意思， 但尽管如此，事情并没有变得那么好〔agitate〕The central meaning shared by these verbs is "to cause to move to and fro violently": 这些动词的中心意思是“使剧烈地前后移动”： 〔portmanteau〕porte [imperative of] porter [to carry] from Old French * see port 5porte porter的祈使语气动词 [携带] 源自 古法语 * 参见 port5〔apprehend〕These verbs are compared as they denote perception of the nature and significance of something.在意指对自然及某些事物的感知时，这些动词作比较。〔aorist〕A form of a verb in some languages, such as Classical Greek or Sanskrit, that in the indicative mood expresses past action.不定过去时：某些语言中动词的一种形式，如古希腊语或梵语，以直说法表示过去的动作〔ksun〕Preposition and preverb meaning "with.”意为“和，陪伴.”的介系词和前置动词〔squash〕Latin quassāre [to shatter] [frequentative of] quatere [to shake] * see kwēt- 拉丁语 quassāre [打碎] quatere的重复动词 [摇晃] * 参见 kwēt- 〔pelt〕variant of pulsāre [frequentative of] pellere [to strike] * see pel- 5 pulsāre的变体 pellere的重复动词 [击打] * 参见 pel- 5〔surround〕The central meaning shared by these verbs is "to lie around and bound on all sides": 这些动词共有的中心意义是“四周延伸并限制每边”： 〔praise〕These verbs mean to express approval or admiration.Topraise is to voice approbation, commendation, or esteem: 这些动词意为表达赞同或敬慕。Praise 是指表达赞同、赞扬或敬重： 〔mill〕Tomill, in Western U.S. English, means "to halt a cattle stampede by turning the lead animals.”In theOxford English Dictionary we find this 19th-century example of the verb: "At last the cattle ran with less energy, and it was presently easy to ‘mill’ them into a circle and to turn them where it seemed most desirable" (Munsey's Magazine).This usage ofmill comes from the resemblance of the cattle's circular motion to the action of millstones. A related intransitive sense of the verb is better known in Standard English: A crowd milled around in the street. Originally this sense ofmill also meant "circular motion"; now it means "to move around in churning confusion"with no pattern in particular.Mill 这个词在美国西部所说的英语中， 意为“通过让领头牲畜绕圈子跑来制止牛群的惊跑”。在牛津英语词典 中， 我们可以找到该动词19世纪用法的例子： “最后牛群终于跑得快没劲儿了，这时候可以容易地驱赶头牛，把其它牛绕进圈子里，然后把它们赶到最合适的地方去” （芒西杂志）。Mill 的这种用法来自牛群绕圈跑与磨石运作的相似之处。 该词作不及物动词时所具有的与此相关的意义在标准英语中更为常见： 一群人在大街上兜圈子。 Mill 的这一含义本来亦指“旋转运动”； 现在它指“在旋涡般的混乱中到处移动”，不再有其它特指〔premise〕Why do we call a single buildingthe premises ? To answer this question,we must go back to the Middle Ages.But first, let it be noted thatpremises comes from the past participle praemissa, which is both a feminine singular and a neuter plural form of the Latin verbpraemittere, "to send in advance, utter by way of preface, place in front, prefix.” In Medieval Latin the feminine formpraemissa was used as a term in logic, for which we still use the termpremise descended from the Medieval Latin word (first recorded in a work composed before 1380).Medieval Latinpraemissa in the plural meant "things mentioned before" and was used in legal documents, almost always in the plural,a use that was followed in Old French and Middle English, both of which borrowed the word from Latin.A more specific legal sense in Middle English,"that property, collectively, which is specified in the beginning of a legal document and which is conveyed, as by grant,”was also always in the plural in Middle English and later Modern English.And so it remained when this sense was extended to mean "a house or building with its grounds or appurtenances,”a usage first recorded before 1730.为什么我们把单独的一幢建筑称为the premises ？ 为了回答这个问题，我们必须回到中世纪。但首先必须注意的是premises 是从过去式 praemissa 而来的， 这是意思为“预先发送,以前言的方式说出，放在前边，前缀”的拉丁动词praemittere 的阴性单数形式及中性复数形式。 在中世纪拉丁语中，praemissa 作为阴性形式被用作逻辑状语， 因此我们仍然使用这个来源于中世纪拉丁语的术语premise （第一次记载于1380年前编纂的作品中）。中世纪拉丁语praemissa 的复数形式意为“前面提到的事物”， 用于法律文件并总是以复数形式出现，古法语和中古英语中都从拉丁语中借用了这个词及其用法。中古英语中有一种更特殊的法律方面的意义，“法律文件开头指明并根据转让的财产，如通过赠送”,在中世纪英语和后来的现代英语中也是以复数形式使用。因此当它的意思被扩展为“连同其土地及设施一所房子或一幢建筑”时仍保留这一用法，该用法最初记载于1730年前。〔ditty〕from Latin dictātum [thing dictated] [from past participle of] dictāre [to dictate] [frequentative of] dīcere [to say] * see deik- 源自 拉丁语 dictātum [口授（口述）的事情] 源自dictāre的过去分词 [口授，口述] dīcere的重复动词 [说] * 参见 deik- 〔objective〕Of, relating to, or being the case of a noun or pronoun that serves as the object of a verb.宾格的：作动词的宾语使用的名词的或代词的宾格的〔explain〕These verbs mean to make understandable the nature or meaning of something.这些动词都意味着使某事的性质或意思变得可理解。〔abolish〕These verbs mean to get rid of.这些动词都表示除去，消除的意思。〔condemn〕The central meaning shared by these verbs is "to fix the punishment or destiny of one found to be guilty or undeserving": 这些动词都有“对一个发现有罪或不配的人或事物施以惩罚或命中注定”的意思： 〔argue〕These verbs denote verbal exchange expressing conflict of positions or opinions. To这些动词都是指用语言互换来表达立场或观点的冲突。〔represent〕The central meaning shared by these verbs is "to render or present a realistic image or likeness of": 这些动词共有的中心意思是“提供或呈现…逼真的肖像或画像”： 〔cease〕from Latin cessāre [to stop] [frequentative of] cēdere [to yield] * see ked- 源自 拉丁语 cessāre [停止] cēdere的重复动词 [放弃] * 参见 ked- 〔proform〕An item in a sentence, typically a pronoun, verb, or adverb, that substitutes for a constituent phrase or clause, as the wordshe and so in the sentence He said so, with the pronoun he replacing a noun phrase such as the president and the adverb so replacing a clause such as that he would leave today. 代词形式：句子中的一项，典型上是一个代词、动词或是副词，以取代成分词组或从句，像是句子he said so 中 he 和 so 两个单词，以代词 he 代替一个名词词组，例如 the president（总统） ，而副词 so 则取代一个从句，例如 he would leave today（他今天将会离开） 〔stickle〕Variant of Middle English stightlen [to contend] [frequentative of] stighten [to arrange] 中古英语 stightlen的变体 [辩论] stighten的重复动词 [安排] 〔nicker〕Perhaps alteration of neigher, nicher [frequentative of] neigh 可能为 neigher, nicher的变化 neigh的重复动词〔quibble〕The central meaning shared by these verbs is "to raise petty or frivolous objections or complaints": 这些动词所共有的中心意思是“提出无关紧要或琐屑的异议或埋怨”： 〔swing〕These verbs mean to move in a back-and-forth, up-and-down, or to-and-fro pattern.这些动词表示前后、上下或往复运动。〔deverbative〕Formed from a verb, such as the nounworker derived from the verb work. 由动词构成的：由动词构成的，如名词“工人”worker 就是由动词“工作” work 派生的 〔highfalutin〕H.L. Mencken, in his famous bookThe American Language, mentions highfalutin as an example of the many native U.S. words coined during the 19th-century period of vigorous growth. Althoughhighfalutin is characteristic of American folk speech, it is not a true regionalismbecause it has always occurred in all regions of the country,with its use and popularity spurred by its appearance in print.The origin ofhighfalutin, like that of many folk expressions, is obscure. It has been suggested that the second element,-falutin, comes from the verbflute —hence high-fluting, a comical indictment of one who thinks too highly of oneself. H.L.曼肯，在其名著美国的语言 一书中指出， highfalutin 一词是众多的创造于19世纪迅速成长时期的美国本土的词汇的一个例子。 尽管highfalutin 一词是典型的美国民间用语， 但它不是方言土语，因为它总是出现在国家的各个地区。出现在印刷品上更促进了它的使用。highfalutin 一词的起源，象许多民间表达方式一样不为人所知， 曾有人说该词的第二词素-falutin， 来源于动词flute ——由此 high-fluting， 特指太自高自大的人 〔afflict〕The central meaning shared by these verbs is "to bring great harm or suffering to someone": 这些动词所共有的意思是“给人带来巨大的伤害或打击”： 〔minestrone〕The thick vegetable soup known asminestrone did not come by its name because of its ingredients or their shape but rather because of service,something highly valued by many restaurant patrons.Minestrone is from the Italian word of the same form and sense, which in turn is derived fromminestra, meaning "a dish generally consisting of pasta, rice, beans, or vegetables cooked in water.”Minestra has been borrowed into English as well, being first recorded in 1750,whileminestrone is first found in 1891. The Italian wordminestra is from the verb minestrare, meaning "to serve this type of soup" or "dish up,”which goes back to the Latin verbministrāre, "to serve food,” from Latinminister, "servant.” 这种叫作minestrone 的蔬菜浓汤不是由其成分或形状而得名， 而是由其上菜方式而得名的，这一点得到很多饭店主顾的称道。Minestrone 源于同形同义的意大利语词， 这个词由minestra 而来， 意为“通常用面团、大米、豆子或蔬菜加水煮成的菜”。英语中也引入了minestra 这个词， 该词第一次出现于1750年，而minestrone 则首次于出现在1891年。 意大利语词minestra 由动词 minestrare 而来， 意为“上这种汤”或“把…装盘上菜”，这个词可追溯到拉丁语动词ministrare 意为“上菜”， 又由拉丁语词minister “仆人”而来 〔argue〕from Latin argūtāre [to babble, chatter] [frequentative of] arguere [to make clear] * see arg- 源自 拉丁语 argūtāre [唠叨，闲谈] arguere的重复动词 [弄清楚] * 参见 arg- 〔discover〕The central meaning shared by these verbs is "to gain knowledge or awareness of something not known before": 这些动词的中心意思均为“获得知识或明白以前所不知的事情”； 〔but〕Traditional grammarians have worried over what form the pronoun ought to take whenbut is used to indicate an exception in sentences such as No one but I (or No one but me ) has read it. Some have argued thatbut is a conjunction in these sentences and therefore should be followed by the nominative formI. However, many of these grammarians have gone on to argue somewhat inconsistentlythat the accusative formme is appropriate when the but phrase occurs at the end of a sentence, as inNo one has read it but me. While this treatment of the construction has a considerable weight of precedent on its sideand cannot be regarded as incorrect,a strong case can be made on grammatical grounds for treating this use ofbut as a preposition. For one thing, ifbut were truly a conjunction here, we would expect the verb to agree in person and number with the noun or pronoun followingbut; we would then sayNo one but the students have read it. What is more, ifbut were a true conjunction here we would not expect that it could be moved to the end of a clause, as inNo one has read it but the students. Note that we cannot use the conjunctionand in a similar way, saying John left and everyone else in the class in place of John and everyone else in the class left. These observations suggest thatbut is best considered as a preposition here and followed by accusative forms such asme and them in all positions: No one but me has read it. No one has read it but me. These recommendations are supported by 73 percent of the Usage Panel when thebut phrase precedes the verb and by 93 percent when thebut phrase follows the verb. · But is redundant when used together with however, as in But the army, however, went on with its plans; one or the other word should be eliminated. ·But is generally not followed by a comma. Correct written style requiresKim wanted to go, but we stayed, not Kim wanted to go, but, we stayed. · But may be used to begin a sentence at all levels of style. See Usage Note at and ,cannot ,doubt ,however ,I 1传统的语法学家考虑当but 用于表示例外的意思时应该用什么形式的代词，比如 No one but I （或者 No one but me ) has read it 。 有人认为but 在这种句子中是个连词， 因此应该使用主格I。 然而许多语法学家接下来的讨论有些不一致，即当but 短语出现在句子末尾时用宾格 me 比较合适， 如No one has read it but me（除我以外没有人读过它）。 同时这种结构前置处理的重要性是值得考虑的，并且不会被认为是不正确的，一个有力的例子在语法范畴内，认为but 在这里作介词使用。 首先如果but 在此真是一个连词的话， 我们会期望同名词或代词在人称和数上保持一致的动词跟在but 后面； 我们会说No one but the students have read it（除学生以外没有人读过它）。 再者，如果but 在此真是连词的话，我们不希望它被放在句子末尾， 如在句子No one has read it but the students 中。 注意我们不以类似的方式来使用连词and ，说 John left and everyone else in the class 来代替 John and everyone else in the class left。 这些发现表明but 在此最好被当作介词， 在任何位置后面都应跟宾格形式如me 和 them ： No one but me has read it. No one has read it but me（除了我没人读过它）。 当but 短语放在动词之前时，有百分之七十三的用法专题使用小组成员支持这些提议； 而当but 短语放在动词之后时，得到百分之九十三的小组成员的支持。 But 在同 however 一起使用时是多余的，如 But the army, however, went on with its plans； 这两个词必须去掉其中一个。But 通常后面不加逗号。 正确的写法是Kim wanted to go, but we stayed, 而不是 Kim wanted to go, but, we stayed 。 But 可以放在所有文体标准的句子开头 参见 and,cannot,doubt,however,I1〔scribble〕It is not easy to think simultaneously of the carefully crafted writings of a trained scribe and the hastily scrawled jottings referred to by the wordscribble, but the two words are related.Scribe goes back to the Latin scrība, meaning "one who has charge of things such as public records or accounts,” scrība, in turn, coming from scrībere, "to write.” The Latin word was borrowed into English directly as well as by way of Old French (scribe ), giving us Middle English scribe, first recorded in a work written probably around 1200.People do not always write with great care,especially when pressed for time,as is shown by an early use of the verbscribble in a Middle English text: "Scribled in hast with mine owne hand in default of other helpe.”Hence it is easy to see why the verbscribble came into existence. From Latinscrībere English had formed its own verb scriben, "to write,” and probably from this verb with the addition of the suffix-el, denoting diminutive, repetitive, or intensive actions, came the Middle English word scriblen (first recorded around 1456), the ancestor of our wordscribble. 不容易同时想到由经过训练的抄写员细心写出来的字体和单词scribble 所指的匆忙中胡乱的涂写， 但是这两个字是有关联的。Scribe 可追溯到拉丁文 scriba 意思是“管理公众记录或记事的人”。 scriba 反过来，来自于 scribere, 即“写”。 这个拉丁文字通过古法语(scribe )被直接借入英语，这样我们就有了中世纪英语 scribe, 大概在1200年左右第一次被写入作品中。人们不是总能非常细心地写字，尤指当时间紧凑时，就如同在一个中世纪英语文章中scribble 的早期用法似的： “缺少其它帮助时用我自己的手匆匆地乱写”。因此很容易理解为什么动词scribble 出现了。 源于拉丁文scribere ，英语也形成了它自己的动词 scriben, “写”。 并用加上后缀-el, 表示小的、反复的或者强调的行为的单词，可能衍生了那个中世纪英语单词 scriblen （最早被记录于1456年左右）， 即我们现在的单词scribble 的前身 |
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