| 单词 | 包括 |
| 释义 | 〔summer〕The usually warmest season of the year, occurring between spring and autumn and constituting June, July, and August in the Northern Hemisphere, or, as calculated astronomically, extending from the summer solstice to the autumnal equinox.夏天，夏季：通常是一年中气温最高的季节，出现在春季和秋季之间，在北半球包括六月、七月和八月或按天文学的方法计算，自夏至日起到秋分日止〔kedgeree〕A dish consisting of flaked fish, boiled rice, and eggs.奶油鱼蛋饭：包括鱼肉卷、蒸过的米饭和鸡蛋的一道菜〔cortin〕An adrenal cortex extract that contains a mixture of hormones including cortisone.皮质激素：肾上腺皮质的一种提取物，包括几种激素（含皮质酮）的混合物〔scarce〕The phrasescarce excerpt, if it ever should occur to one, is an excellent example of how two intimately related words can diverge from one another in form while passing from one language to another over the centuries.Both words can be traced back to the Latin wordexcerpo (past participle stem excerpt- ), meaning "to pick out,” "to pick out mentally,” and "to select a passage for quotation.”This is clearly the ultimate source of our nounexcerpt (first recorded before 1638) and verb (first recorded around 1536), a past participle usage already being recorded in the 15th century. A more tangled path leads to our wordscarce. It is assumed that side by side with Latinexcerpere existed the Vulgar Latin form .excarpere. .Excarpsus, an adjective formed with the past participle of .excarpere in Vulgar Latin, meant "narrow, cramped,” and from this Vulgar Latin form came the Old French wordéchars, "insufficient, cramped,” and "stingy.” The Old French word, which existed in a variety of forms in Old French,includingscars and the chiefly Old North French form escarse, was borrowed into Middle English asscarse, being first recorded in a manuscript written around 1300.如果人们能够想到scarce excerpt 这个词语， 是一个说明两个关系密切的词语如何历经几个世纪，在一种语言转化到另一种语言的同时从一种形式转化到另一种形式的极佳例子。两个词可追溯到拉丁词excerpo （过去分词词根为 excerpt- )， 意为“选出”、“在思想上进行选择”和“为了引用而选择一个段落”。很清楚，名词excerpt （第一次记录于1638年前）和动词（首次记录于约1536年）及过去分词用法的最终词源，在15世纪时就已经被记录下来。 词语scarce 的变化更为复杂。 据猜测与拉丁文中excerpere 同时存在的有拉丁俗语形式 excarpere。 Excarpsus在拉丁俗语中是由 excarpere 的过去分词形成的，意为“狭窄的、受限制的”， 从这一拉丁俗语形式形成了古法语词echars ，意为“不足的、受限制的”及“吝啬的”。 这些在古法语中以多种形式存在的古法语词，包括scars 和北部古法语的主要形式 escarse ， 被引入中世纪英语中成为scarse ， 在1300年左右第一次被记载在一手稿本中〔Sumy〕A city of western European U.S.S.R. in the Ukraine northwest of Kharkov. Its manufactures include mining equipment and heavy machinery. Population, 256,000.苏梅：苏联欧洲部分西部一城市，位于哈尔科夫西北部、乌克兰境内。该市的工业包括采矿设备和重型机器。人口256,000〔Alexandria〕An independent city of northern Virginia on the Potomac River opposite Washington, D.C. Primarily a residential suburb of the capital, the city has many historic buildings, including Gadsby's Tavern, built in 1752. George Washington helped lay out the streets in 1749. Population, 111,183.亚历山大：美国弗吉尼亚州北部的独立市，隔波托马克河与华盛顿特区相望。基本上是首都的一个郊外居住区，市内有许多具有历史意义的建筑，包括建于1752年的加兹比旅馆。1749年乔治·华盛顿曾帮助设计该市的街道布局。人口111,183〔tact〕Acute sensitivity to what is proper and appropriate in dealing with others, including the ability to speak or act without offending.机敏：对于在与别人交往时如何合适和得体的高度敏感，包括不冒犯他人地说话或行动的能力〔Solomon〕King of Israel famous for his wisdom and his architectural projects, including the Temple in Jerusalem.所罗门：以色列国王，因其智慧和建筑设计著称，后者包括位于耶路撒冷的圣殿〔group〕A stratigraphic unit, especially a unit consisting of two or more formations deposited during a single geologic era.地层学单位：地层学中的一个单位，尤指包括在同一地质时期沉积的两个或两个以上地层的单位〔plectognath〕Any of various tropical marine fishes of the order Tetraodontiformes or Plectognathi, which includes the triggerfishes, puffers, and trunkfishes.固鳄类：一种属于魨鱼目或固鳄目的热带海洋鱼，包括引金鱼、河豚和箱魨〔Bononcini〕Family of Italian composers, includingGiovanni Maria (1642-1678), a musical theorist who wrote chamber and voice music, and his sons Giovanni Battista (1670-1747), a noted rival of Handel, and Antonio Maria (1677-1726), an operatic composer. 博农奇尼：意大利作曲家族。包括琼瓦里·玛利亚 (1642-1678年），作室内乐和声乐曲的音乐理论家，和他的儿子 琼瓦里·巴提斯塔 (1670-1747年），韩德尔的有名对手，以及 昂托柳·玛丽亚 (1677-1726年），清唱剧作家 〔Nguni〕A member of a group of peoples of southern and southeast Africa, including the Swazi, Ndebele, Xhosa, and Zulu.恩戈尼族人：非洲南部和东南部一民族中的一员，包括斯威士族、恩德贝勒族、科萨族和祖鲁族〔Mozart〕Austrian composer considered among the greatest and most prolific composers in history. Of his more than 600 compositions, the finest works, including his last three symphonies (1788) and the operasDon Giovanni (1787)and The Magic Flute (1791), were written in the last five years of his short life. 莫扎特，乌夫冈·阿马戴乌斯：(1756-1791) 奥地利作曲家，被认为是历史上最伟大、最有成就的作曲家之一。在他的600余篇作品中，最出色的作品，包括他最后三首交响乐(1788年）和歌剧《唐·乔万尼》 （1787年）和 《魔笛》 （1791年），是在他短暂生命的最后五年里写成的 〔orchestra〕A large group of musicians who play together on various instruments, usually including strings, woodwinds, brass instruments, and percussion instruments.管弦乐团：用各种乐器一起演奏的一群音乐家，通常乐器包括弦乐、木管乐器、铜管乐器及打击乐器〔Vonnegut〕American writer whose works show compassion and humor in the midst of the violence and alienation of modern life. His novels includeCat's Cradle (1963) and Slaughterhouse Five (1969). 冯内古特，小库尔特：(生于 1922) 美国作家，作品在现代生活的暴力和变异中显示同情和幽默。他的小说包括《猫的摇篮》 （1963年）和 《五号屠宰场》 （1969年） 〔Kundera〕Czech-born writer best known for his novels, includingThe Joke (1967), The Book of Laughter and Forgetting (1979), and The Unbearable Lightness of Being (1984), all of which exhibit his extreme, though often comical, skepticism. 昆德拉，米兰：捷克裔作家，以其小说闻名，包括《玩笑》 （1967年）、 《笑忘录》 （1979年）和 《生命中不能承受之轻》 （1984年），这些作品体现出常带有喜剧色彩的极端怀疑论 〔coelenterate〕Any of various invertebrate animals of the phylum Coelenterata, characterized by a radially symmetrical body with a saclike internal cavity, and including the jellyfishes, hydras, sea anemones, and corals.腔肠动物：一种腔肠动物门的无脊椎动物，特征是有囊状腔的辐射对称体，包括水母、水螅、海葵和珊瑚〔chine〕A cut of meat containing part of the backbone.脊肉：包括脊骨部分的一块肉〔ode〕A classical Greek poem modeled on the choric ode and usually having a three-part structure consisting of a strophe, an antistrophe, and an epode.诗歌：以便唱歌曲为模式的古希腊诗歌，具有三部分结构，包括向左舞动时唱的诗句，向右舞动时唱的诗句以及抒情诗等三部分〔retrovirus〕Any of a group of viruses, many of which produce tumors, that contain RNA and reverse transcriptase, including the virus that causes AIDS.逆转录酶病毒：一种病毒，大多数会产生含有核糖核酸和逆转录酶的肿瘤，包括引起爱滋病的病毒〔layout〕The overall design of a page, spread, or book, including elements such as page and type size, typeface, and the arrangement of titles and page numbers.设计图：对书页、封面或书的总体设计，包括诸如书页版面和字号、字体、题目及页码设置等因素〔interfaith〕Of, relating to, or involving persons of different religious faiths:不同宗教信仰者间，关于或包括不同的宗教信仰者的：〔polylingual〕Of, including, or expressed in several languages; multilingual:多种语言的：属于、包括或被认为使用多种语言的；讲多种语言的：〔mastectomy〕Surgical removal of all or part of a breast, sometimes including excision of the underlying pectoral muscles and regional lymph nodes, usually performed as a treatment for cancer.乳房切除术：切除乳房或部分乳房的外科手术，包括位于下层的胸部肌肉和局部淋巴节，通常作为治疗乳腺癌而实施的手术〔Dassin〕American-born French film director whose credits includeNever on Sunday (1959). 达辛，朱尔斯：(生于 1911) 美裔法籍电影导演，他的最著名的电影包括《从来不在星期天》 （1959年） 〔disputation〕An academic exercise consisting of a formal debate or an oral defense of a thesis.辩论练习：学术上的辩论练习，包括正式辩论或对一论点的口头辩论〔continent〕Abbr. cont.One of the principal land masses of the earth, usually regarded as including Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America.缩写 cont.大陆：地球上主要的大块陆地之一，一般认为包括非洲、南极洲、亚洲、澳洲、欧洲、北美洲及南美洲〔galaxy〕Any of numerous large-scale aggregates of stars, gas, and dust that constitute the universe, containing an average of 100 billion (1011) solar masses and ranging in diameter from 1,500 to 300,000 light-years. Also called nebula 星系，星群：组成天体的大量大规模的星、气或尘埃的聚集物，包括平均100(1011)亿的太阳质量，直径从1,500到300,000光年 也作 nebula〔catalog〕A list or itemized display, as of titles, course offerings, or articles for exhibition or sale, usually including descriptive information or illustrations.一览表：名单或逐条列记的陈列，如题目、课程或者供展览或出售的物品，通常包括描述性的信息或插图〔karyotype〕The characterization of the chromosomal complement of an individual or a species, including number, form, and size of the chromosomes.染色体组型：单个的或一个物种的染色体配对物的特征，包括染色体的数目、形状和大小〔interstate〕Involving, existing between, or connecting two or more states.州际的：包括、存在于，或连续两个或多个州的〔swine〕Any of various omnivorous, even-toed ungulates of the family Suidae, including pigs, hogs, and boars, having a stout body with thick skin, a short neck, and a movable snout.猪：一种猪科杂食性平趾有蹄的哺乳动物，包括猪、大食用猪和野猪，具有带厚皮的短粗身体、短颈和可活动的鼻子〔Carboniferous〕Of, belonging to, or denoting a geologic division of the Paleozoic Era following the Devonian and preceding the Permian, including the Mississippian Period and the Pennsylvanian Period and characterized, especially in the Pennsylvanian, by swamp formation and deposition of plant remains later hardened into coal.石炭纪的，石炭系的：属于或表示地质上的一个分段，即紧跟着泥盆纪而早于二叠纪的古生代，包括密西西比纪和宾夕法尼亚纪。古生代的特征，尤其在宾夕法尼亚纪的特征为，沼泽的形成以及后来变硬而成为煤的植物遗骸沉积〔Bloch〕Swiss-born American composer noted for his chamber music, such asQuintet for Piano and Strings (1923), and for works with Jewish themes, including Israel Symphony (1916). 布洛克，欧内斯特：(1880-1959) 瑞士裔美籍作曲家，以其室内乐而著名，如《钢琴和弦乐五重奏》 （1923年），和反映犹太人主题的作品，包括 《以色列交响曲》 （1916年） 〔spot〕Involving random or selective instances or actions:抽样的：包括随机选择事件或行为：〔brochure〕A small booklet or pamphlet, often containing promotional material or product information.小册子：一种小书或册子，常包括推销材料或产品信息〔King〕American cleric whose eloquence and commitment to nonviolent tactics formed the foundation of the civil rights movement of the 1950's and 1960's. Among the many peaceful demonstrations he led was the 1963 March on Washington, at which he delivered his "I have a dream" speech. He won the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize, four years before he was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee.金，小马丁·路德：(1929-1968) 美国牧师。他对非暴力策略的雄辩和信奉导致了20世纪50年代和60年代民权运动的形成。在他领导的众多和平示威中包括1963年的向华盛顿进军，此中他发布了“我有一个梦想”的演说。1964年他获诺贝尔和平奖，四年后被暗杀于田纳西州的孟菲斯〔Moldavia〕Also Mol.da.vi.an Soviet Socialist Republic [-dāʹvē-ən, -dāvʹyən] A constituent republic of southwest European U.S.S.R. bordering on Romania. Comprised of lands acquired by Russia from the Romanian region of Moldavia in 1791, 1793, and 1812 and (after 1940) part of Bessarabia, it was established as an autonomous republic in 1924 and became a constituent republic in 1940. Kishinev is the capital. Population, 4,111,000. 也作 Mol.da.vi.an Soviet Socialist Republic [-dāʹvē-ən, -dāvʹyən] 摩尔达维亚苏维埃社会主义共和国：苏联欧洲部分西南部的一个有制宪权的共和国，与罗马尼亚接壤。包括俄国于1791年，1995年和1812年从罗马尼压亚夺取的摩尔达维亚地区和(1940年后）一部分比萨拉比亚，1924年建立成为一个自治共和国并于1940年成为一个有制宪权的共和国。基什尼奥夫是首都。人口4,111,000〔scyphistoma〕A larva of a scyphozoan, consisting of an elongated and deeply constricted polyp that successively splits off minute, free-swimming medusas.钵口幼虫，螅状幼体：钵水母的幼虫，包括一只伸长的、深深收紧的水螅虫，它能够非常成功地分割开微小的，自由游荡的水母〔thesaurus〕A book of synonyms, often including related and contrasting words and antonyms.同类词汇编：常包括相关和相对应的词及反义词的同义词书 |
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