| 单词 | 北卡罗来纳 |
| 释义 | 〔Teach〕English pirate who established a base on the North Carolina coast after 1713 and conducted acts of piracy off the coast of the American colonies and in the Caribbean. He was killed by British naval forces.蒂奇，爱德华：(卒于 1718) 英国海盗，1713年后在北卡罗来纳海岸建立基地，并在北美殖民地沿岸和加勒比海进行海盗活动。被英国海军剿灭〔Nottoway〕A river of southern Virginia flowing about 282 km (175 mi) southeast to the North Carolina border.诺大维河：维吉尼亚州南部的河，长约282公里(175英里），向东南流至北卡罗来纳边界〔Neuse〕A river of east-central North Carolina flowing about 442 km (275 mi) generally southeast to Pamlico Sound.纽斯河：美国北卡罗来纳中东部一条河流，流程约442公里(275英里），总体向东南注入帕姆里科海峡〔Raleigh〕The capital of North Carolina, in the east-central part of the state southeast of Durham. Selected as the capital in 1788, the city was laid out in 1792. Population, 207,951.罗利：美国北卡罗来纳州的首府，位于该州的中东部，达勒姆市的东南。1788年被定为首府，1792年开始规划。人口207,951〔Wright〕American aviation pioneer who with his brotherWilbur (1867-1912) invented the airplane. On December 17, 1903, near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, they made the first controlled, sustained flights in a powered heavier-than-air vehicle. 莱特，奥威勒：(1871-1948) 美国航空先驱，和他的兄弟威尔伯 (1867-1912年）发明了飞机。1903年12月17日，在北卡罗来纳的凯第霍克附近，作了第一次可操纵的、由有动力的重于空气飞行器支撑的飞行 〔Carolina〕[kăr'ə-līʹnə] An English colony of southeastern North America, first settled in 1653 and divided into North Carolina and South Carolina in 1729.[kăr'ə-līʹnə] 卡罗来纳：北美洲东南部一英属殖民地，于1653年首次有人定居，1729年分为北卡罗来纳和南卡罗来纳〔agin〕The spelling ofagin reflects both the raised vowel before a nasal consonant, typical of Southern dialects, and a reduced final consonant cluster, typical of several regional varieties.Agin has a wide spectrum of senses in the regional speech of those who pronounce it this way. Indeed, these regional senses are tied to the pronunciation,for standard Englishagainst does not quite capture the full implication of the assertion "I'm agin him" — that is, "opposed to him and all that he stands for.”Another regional sense recalls the original literal Old English sense of "facing; next to" (see the first four senses ofagainst in the Oxford English Dictionary), where standard English would haveby: Their house is agin the mountain.Agin may be used figuratively with regard to time chiefly in South Midland dialects,meaning "by or before (a specified time)”: "I'll be there agin daylight" (North Carolina informant in DARE).词汇agin 的拼写既反映了典型的南部方言──鼻辅音前的元音的提高， 又反映了压缩的后辅音群──几种典型的地方变体的特征。Agin 在它被如此发音的地方方言有广泛的意思。 确实，这些地域意义是和读音联系在一起的，因为标准英语中against 没有完全表达 "I'm agin him" 所隐含的意义── 即“反对他及他所代表的一切。”另外一个地域意义使人想起古英语中最初的文学用语“面对；紧靠着”（参阅《牛津英语词典》中against 的前四个释义）， 而在标准英语中应该用by： 傍山而建的房屋。Agin 主要在中南部方言中可以比喻地用来表示时间，意思是“到或在…（特定时间）前”： “天亮前我可到达” （美国区域英语词典的北卡罗来纳提供资料者）〔Davis〕American architect noted for his Greek revival edifices, such as the Patent Office in Washington, D.C. (1832), and the state capitols of Indiana (1835) and North Carolina (1837).戴维斯，亚历山大·杰克逊：(1803-1892) 美国建筑家，因其希腊复兴式的大型建筑而闻名，如华盛顿的专利办公室(1832年），印第安纳的州政府(1835年）和北卡罗来纳(1837年）的州政府〔hooker〕In hisPersonal Memoirs Ulysses S. Grant described Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker as "a dangerous man . . . not subordinate to his superiors.” Hooker had his faults, of course.He may indeed have been insubordinate;undoubtedly he was an erratic leader.But there is one thing of which he is often accused that "Fighting Joe" Hooker certainly did not do:he did not give his name to prostitutes.According to a popular story,the men under Hooker's command during the Civil War were a particularly wild bunch.When his troops were on leave,we are told, they spent much of their time in brothels.For this reason, as the story goes,prostitutes came to be known ashookers. It is not difficult to understand how such a theory might have originated.The major general's name differs from the wordhooker only in the capital letter that begins it. And it is true that Hooker's men were at times ill-disciplined (although it seems that liquor, not women, was the main source of their difficulties with the provost marshal).However attractive this theory may be,it cannot be true.The wordhooker, with the sense "prostitute,” is in fact older than the Civil War. It appeared in the second edition (although not in the first) of John Russell Bartlett'sDictionary of Americanisms, published in 1859.Bartlett definedhooker as "a strumpet, a sailor's trull.” He also said that the word was derived from Corlear's Hook,a district in New York City,but this was only a guess.There is no evidence that the term originated in New York.Norman Ellsworth Eliason has traced this use ofhooker back to 1845 in North Carolina. He reported the usage inTarheel Talk; an Historical Study of the English Language in North Carolina to 1860, published in 1956. The fact that we have no earlier written evidence does not mean thathooker was never used to mean "prostitute" before 1845. The history ofhooker is, quite simply, murky; we do not know when or where it was first used,but we can be very certain that it did not begin with Joseph Hooker.Also, we have no firm evidence that it came from Corlear's Hook.Scholarly evidence or lack thereof notwithstanding,the late Bruce Catton, the Civil War historian, did not go so far as to exonerate completely the Union general.Although "the term ‘hooker’ did not originate during the Civil War,”wrote Catton, "it certainly became popular then.During these war years, Washington developed a large [red-light district] somewhere south of Constitution Avenue.This became known as Hooker's Division in tribute to the proclivities of General Joseph Hookerand the name has stuck ever since.”If the termhooker was derived neither from Joseph Hooker nor from Corlear's Hook, what is its derivation?It is most likely that thishooker is, etymologically, simply "one who hooks.” The term portrays a prostitute as a person who hooks, or snares, clients.尤利西斯·S·格兰特在他的个人回忆录 中把陆军少将约瑟夫·胡克描写成“一个危险人物…从不服从于他的顶头上司”。 胡克当然有他的缺点。他也许曾是一个难以屈服的人；但他无疑是一个怪癖的军官。但是“好战的乔”，胡克却因为一件他肯定没有干过的事情而屡遭指责；他从不对妓女透露他的姓名。根据一个流行故事，内战中胡克的手下有一伙特别狂野的人们。当他的队伍即将离开时，据说他们总在妓院里消磨时日。故事还说正因为如此，妓女开始被叫做hookers。 我们不难理解这样一个故事的起源的推测。这个将军的名字和hooker 只差开头的一个大写字母。 而且胡克的手下在当时确实纪律涣散（尽管看来是酒而非女人才导致了他们与宪兵司令之间的矛盾）。不管这个故事多么诱人，它不可能是真实的。事实上hooker 一词作为“妓女”的意思比内战的历史还要早。 它出现于约翰·罗素·巴特利特编纂的美国俗语词典 的第二版（尽管第一版中没有）， 出版于1859年。巴特利特把hooker 定义为“一个妓女，水手的妓女”。 他还说这个词来源于科利尔的胡克，纽约市的一个地区，但这只是一个猜想。没有证据证明这一说法源于纽约。诺曼·爱尔斯华斯·艾利森把hooker 的用法追溯到1845年的北卡罗来纳州。 他在1956年出版的北卡罗来纳州闲话； 1860年前北卡罗来纳英语历史研究 中说明了这一用法。 缺乏早期书面证据这一事实并不意味着在1845年之前hooker 没有被用作“妓女”一义。 很简单，hooker 的历史隐晦难知； 我们不知道它在何时何地被首次使用，但我们可以肯定它并不始于约瑟夫·胡克。而且我们没有确凿证据证明它来源于科利尔的胡克。不管有无学术性的证据，已故的内战历史学家布鲁斯·卡通并没有做到为联邦将军彻底开脱的地步。尽管“‘hooker’这一词语并不是来源于内战，”卡通写道，“在那之后它肯定流行了起来。在战争年代，华盛顿在宪法大街南部某个地方发展了很大的［红灯区］。人们把这里称作胡克的辖区，作为对约瑟夫·胡克将军怪癖的献礼，这个名字从此便生根发芽”。如果hooker 这一词语既不是源于约瑟夫·胡克也不来自于科利尔的胡克， 那么它的词源究竟是什么呢?从词源学上来说hooker 很有可能仅仅是“引…上钩的人”。 这一词语把妓女描绘成一个勾引或引诱客人的人〔Nolichucky〕A river, about 241 km (150 mi) long, rising in the Blue Ridge of western North Carolina and flowing northwest and west to the French Broad River in eastern Tennessee.诺利查基河：流程约241公里(150英里），发源于北卡罗来纳西部的蓝山脉，向西北和西流向东部田纳西州的佛伦奇布罗德河〔Asheboro〕A city of central North Carolina in the Piedmont south of Greensboro. It is a manufacturing center. Population, 15,252.阿什伯勒：北卡罗来纳中部的一座城市，位于格陵斯堡南部的佩得蒙高原。是一个制造业中心。人口15,252〔Gastonia〕A city of southern North Carolina near the South Carolina border west of Charlotte. It is a textile center. Population, 54,732.加斯托尼亚：美国北卡罗来纳南部一城市，靠近南卡罗来纳与夏洛特的西部边境，是一个纺织业中心。人口54,732 |
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