| 单词 | 北卡罗来纳州 |
| 释义 | 〔Jacksonville〕A city of eastern North Carolina near the Atlantic Ocean north-northeast of Wilmington. Camp Lejune, a U.S. Marine Corps training base, is nearby. Population, 30,013.杰克逊维尔：北卡罗来纳州东部一城市，靠近大西洋并处于威尔明顿市的东北偏北。勒热纳军营，一个美国海军陆战队训练基地，就在其附近。人口30,013〔Danville〕An independent city of southern Virginia on the Dan River near the North Carolina border. Founded in 1793, it was the last capital of the Confederacy in 1865. Population, 53,056.丹维尔：美国弗吉尼亚南部一自治城，位于达恩河畔、邻近北卡罗来纳州边界。建于1793年，它是1865年南部联邦的最后一个首府。人口53,056〔Cary〕A town of east-central North Carolina, an industrial suburb of Raleigh. Population, 43,858.卡雷：美国北卡罗来纳州中东部一城镇，拉莱的一个工业区。人口43,858〔Ervin〕American politician who as U.S. senator from North Carolina (1954-1974) led the committee that investigated the Watergate Scandal during the Nixon administration.欧文，小塞缪尔·詹姆斯：(生于 1896) 美国政治家，1954-1974年间曾任来自北卡罗来纳州的美国参议员，其间领导了调查尼克松政府水门丑闻的委员会〔Lookout〕A point on a sandy reef off eastern North Carolina southwest of Cape Hatteras. A lighthouse was built here in 1859.卢考特角：美国北卡罗来纳州东海岸附近一块多沙暗礁上的一个岬，位于哈特勒斯角西南。1859年在那里建了一座灯塔〔Statesville〕A city of west-central North Carolina north of Charlotte. Founded in 1789, it is a trade and processing center. Population, 17,567.斯泰茨维尔：美国北卡罗来纳州中西部一城市，位于夏洛特以北。它建于1789年，是一个贸易和加工业中心。人口17,567〔Macon〕American politician who opposed ratification of the U.S. Constitution, served as U.S. representative (1791-1815) and senator (1815-1828) from North Carolina, and vehemently opposed a strong federal government.梅肯，内森尼尔：(1758-1837) 美国政治家，反对修改美国宪法，曾代表北卡罗来纳州任众议员(1791-1815年）和参议员(1815-1828年），并极力反对联邦政府的强大〔Wilmington〕A city of southeast North Carolina on the Cape Fear River south-southeast of Raleigh. Settled c. 1730, it was used as a port by blockade runners during the Civil War and is now a manufacturing and resort center and the state's largest port. Population, 55,530.威尔明顿：北卡罗来纳州东南部城市，位于开普顿菲尔河上罗利市东南偏南。1730年开始有移民，在美国内战中被偷越封锁线的人用作港口。现在是制造业和旅游业中心，也是北卡罗来纳州的最大港口。人口55,530〔Lumberton〕A city of southern North Carolina south of Fayetteville. It is a tobacco market with lumber and textile mills. Population, 18,601.兰伯顿：美国北卡罗来纳州南部一城市，位于费耶特维尔以南。是烟草市场，有木材加工厂和纺织厂。人口18,601〔hooker〕In hisPersonal Memoirs Ulysses S. Grant described Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker as "a dangerous man . . . not subordinate to his superiors.” Hooker had his faults, of course.He may indeed have been insubordinate;undoubtedly he was an erratic leader.But there is one thing of which he is often accused that "Fighting Joe" Hooker certainly did not do:he did not give his name to prostitutes.According to a popular story,the men under Hooker's command during the Civil War were a particularly wild bunch.When his troops were on leave,we are told, they spent much of their time in brothels.For this reason, as the story goes,prostitutes came to be known ashookers. It is not difficult to understand how such a theory might have originated.The major general's name differs from the wordhooker only in the capital letter that begins it. And it is true that Hooker's men were at times ill-disciplined (although it seems that liquor, not women, was the main source of their difficulties with the provost marshal).However attractive this theory may be,it cannot be true.The wordhooker, with the sense "prostitute,” is in fact older than the Civil War. It appeared in the second edition (although not in the first) of John Russell Bartlett'sDictionary of Americanisms, published in 1859.Bartlett definedhooker as "a strumpet, a sailor's trull.” He also said that the word was derived from Corlear's Hook,a district in New York City,but this was only a guess.There is no evidence that the term originated in New York.Norman Ellsworth Eliason has traced this use ofhooker back to 1845 in North Carolina. He reported the usage inTarheel Talk; an Historical Study of the English Language in North Carolina to 1860, published in 1956. The fact that we have no earlier written evidence does not mean thathooker was never used to mean "prostitute" before 1845. The history ofhooker is, quite simply, murky; we do not know when or where it was first used,but we can be very certain that it did not begin with Joseph Hooker.Also, we have no firm evidence that it came from Corlear's Hook.Scholarly evidence or lack thereof notwithstanding,the late Bruce Catton, the Civil War historian, did not go so far as to exonerate completely the Union general.Although "the term ‘hooker’ did not originate during the Civil War,”wrote Catton, "it certainly became popular then.During these war years, Washington developed a large [red-light district] somewhere south of Constitution Avenue.This became known as Hooker's Division in tribute to the proclivities of General Joseph Hookerand the name has stuck ever since.”If the termhooker was derived neither from Joseph Hooker nor from Corlear's Hook, what is its derivation?It is most likely that thishooker is, etymologically, simply "one who hooks.” The term portrays a prostitute as a person who hooks, or snares, clients.尤利西斯·S·格兰特在他的个人回忆录 中把陆军少将约瑟夫·胡克描写成“一个危险人物…从不服从于他的顶头上司”。 胡克当然有他的缺点。他也许曾是一个难以屈服的人；但他无疑是一个怪癖的军官。但是“好战的乔”，胡克却因为一件他肯定没有干过的事情而屡遭指责；他从不对妓女透露他的姓名。根据一个流行故事，内战中胡克的手下有一伙特别狂野的人们。当他的队伍即将离开时，据说他们总在妓院里消磨时日。故事还说正因为如此，妓女开始被叫做hookers。 我们不难理解这样一个故事的起源的推测。这个将军的名字和hooker 只差开头的一个大写字母。 而且胡克的手下在当时确实纪律涣散（尽管看来是酒而非女人才导致了他们与宪兵司令之间的矛盾）。不管这个故事多么诱人，它不可能是真实的。事实上hooker 一词作为“妓女”的意思比内战的历史还要早。 它出现于约翰·罗素·巴特利特编纂的美国俗语词典 的第二版（尽管第一版中没有）， 出版于1859年。巴特利特把hooker 定义为“一个妓女，水手的妓女”。 他还说这个词来源于科利尔的胡克，纽约市的一个地区，但这只是一个猜想。没有证据证明这一说法源于纽约。诺曼·爱尔斯华斯·艾利森把hooker 的用法追溯到1845年的北卡罗来纳州。 他在1956年出版的北卡罗来纳州闲话； 1860年前北卡罗来纳英语历史研究 中说明了这一用法。 缺乏早期书面证据这一事实并不意味着在1845年之前hooker 没有被用作“妓女”一义。 很简单，hooker 的历史隐晦难知； 我们不知道它在何时何地被首次使用，但我们可以肯定它并不始于约瑟夫·胡克。而且我们没有确凿证据证明它来源于科利尔的胡克。不管有无学术性的证据，已故的内战历史学家布鲁斯·卡通并没有做到为联邦将军彻底开脱的地步。尽管“‘hooker’这一词语并不是来源于内战，”卡通写道，“在那之后它肯定流行了起来。在战争年代，华盛顿在宪法大街南部某个地方发展了很大的［红灯区］。人们把这里称作胡克的辖区，作为对约瑟夫·胡克将军怪癖的献礼，这个名字从此便生根发芽”。如果hooker 这一词语既不是源于约瑟夫·胡克也不来自于科利尔的胡克， 那么它的词源究竟是什么呢?从词源学上来说hooker 很有可能仅仅是“引…上钩的人”。 这一词语把妓女描绘成一个勾引或引诱客人的人〔scuppernong〕After the Scuppernong River in northeast North Carolina 源自 斯卡巴农 ，美国北卡罗来纳州东北的一条河 〔Havelock〕A city of southeast North Carolina east of Fayettesville. It processes cotton and tobacco. Population, 20,268.哈夫洛克：美国北卡罗来纳州东南一城市，位于费依特维尔东部。是加工棉花和烟草的中心。人口20,268〔Carolinas〕The colonies (after 1729) or present-day states of North Carolina and South Carolina.卡罗来纳：北卡罗来纳州和南卡罗来纳州（1729年后）的殖民地或现今北卡罗来纳州和南卡罗来纳州〔Cornwallis〕British military and political leader who commanded forces in North Carolina during the American Revolution. His surrender at Yorktown in 1781 marked the final British defeat.康华里，查尔斯：(1738-1805) 美国革命中指挥北卡罗来纳州士兵的英国军事和政治领导。1781年在约克郡投降标志着英国的最终失败〔bunkum〕After Buncombe , a county of western North Carolina, from a remark made around 1820 by its congressman, who felt obligated to give a dull speech "for Buncombe" 源自 邦康比 ，北卡罗来纳州西部一县，源自1820年国会的短评，他们认为有必要做一次枯燥的“哗众取宠”演说 〔Goldsboro〕A city of east-central North Carolina southeast of Raleigh. It is a manufacturing center and marketplace for a tobacco-growing region. Population, 40,709.戈尔兹伯勒：美国北卡罗来纳州中东部，罗利东南部的城市。制造业中心和烟草区的交易场所。人口40,709〔Asheville〕A city of western North Carolina in the Blue Ridge west-northwest of Charlotte. A popular tourist center, it is the site of Thomas Wolfe's home and of Biltmore, a magnificent mansion with extensive parks and gardens built by George Washington Vanderbilt. Population, 61,607.阿什维尔：美国北卡罗来纳州西部的一座城市，位于夏洛特西北偏西的蓝桥，是一个大众化的旅游中心，托马斯·伍尔夫的和比尔特莫的故居，有着宽阔的公园与花园的豪华宅第，由乔治·华盛顿·范德比尔特所建。人口61,607〔Albemarle〕A city of central North Carolina in the Piedmont east-northeast of Charlotte. It is a trade and processing center. Population, 15,110.阿尔伯马尔：美国北卡罗来纳州中部城市，位于夏洛特东北偏东部的皮埃蒙特山麓高原上。是贸易和制造业中心。人口15,110〔Charlotte〕A city of southern North Carolina near the South Carolina border south-southwest of Winston-Salem. Settled c. 1750 and named for the wife of King George III of England, it is the largest city in the state. Population, 395,934.夏洛特：美国北卡罗来纳州南部一城市，位于南卡罗来纳州边界附近、温斯顿-塞勒姆西南偏南，1750年建立，并以英王乔治三世的妻子之名命名，它该州最大的城市。人口395,934〔Lexington〕A city of central North Carolina south of Winston-Salem. It is a trade and processing center in a farming region. Population, 16,581.莱克星顿：美国北卡罗来纳州中部的一个城市，位于温斯顿塞勒姆南部。是农业区的贸易和加工中心。人口16,581〔Kinston〕A city of east-central North Carolina southeast of Raleigh. It is a tobacco market. Population, 25,295.金斯顿：北卡罗来纳州的中部偏东一城市，位于罗利东南。它是一个烟草市场。人口25,295〔Eden〕A city of northern North Carolina near the Virginia border north of Greensboro. It is a processing and shipping center in an agricultural area. Population, 15,238.伊登：美国北卡罗来纳州北部一城市，位于格林波罗北部，与弗吉尼亚州接近。它是农业区中的加工中心与船运中心。人口15,238〔Wilson〕A city of east-central North Carolina east of Raleigh. It is a trade and processing center. Population, 36,930.威尔逊市：美国北卡罗来纳州中东部城市，位于罗利市以东。是贸易和加工业中心。人口36,930〔Greenville〕A city of eastern North Carolina southeast of Rocky Mount. Founded in 1786, the city grew as a tobacco market. Population, 44,972.格林维尔：美国北卡罗来纳州东部一城市，位于落基山城东南。始建于1786年，因烟草市场而发达。人口44,972〔Lumbee〕A Native American people of southeast North Carolina.蓝毕族：北卡罗来纳州东南的美国原住民〔Fear〕A promontory on Smith Island off the coast of southeast North Carolina at the mouth of the Cape Fear River.菲尔角：开普菲尔河的入海口，是离开北卡罗来纳州东南海岸的史密斯岛上的一个岬〔Wateree〕A river, about 233 km (145 mi) long, of central South Carolina flowing southward to form the Santee River. Its upper course, in North Carolina, is called the Catawba River.沃特里河：长约233公里(145英里）的一条河流，从美国南卡罗来纳州中部向南形成桑蒂河。它的上段位于美国北卡罗来纳州，被称作卡托巴河〔Cherokee〕A Native American people formerly inhabiting the southern Appalachian Mountains from the western Carolinas and eastern Tennessee to northern Georgia, with present-day populations in northeast Oklahoma and western North Carolina. The Cherokee were removed to Indian Territory in the 1830's after conflict with American settlers over rights to traditional lands.切罗基人：美洲土著人，原居住在美国卡罗来纳州西部和田纳西州东部到乔治亚州北部的阿巴拉契亚山脉南部，现在人口分布在俄克拉荷马州东北部以及北卡罗来纳州西部。在19世纪30年代因对传统土地的所有权与美洲殖民者发生冲突后曾被迁入印第安准州〔Fayetteville〕A city of south-central North Carolina south-southwest of Raleigh. Founded by Scottish colonists in 1739, it was a Tory center during the American Revolution. Population, 75,695.费耶特维尔：美国北卡罗来纳州中南部的一个城市，位于罗利西南部偏南。1739年由苏格兰殖民者建成，在美国独立战争期间为亲英分子的中心。人口75,695〔Catawba〕A Native American people formerly inhabiting territory along the Catawba River in North and South Carolina and now located in western South Carolina.卡吐巴部族人：曾居住于沿卡托巴河的南卡罗来纳和北卡罗来纳州地区的美洲土著居民，今位于南卡罗来纳州西部〔Burlington〕A city of north-central North Carolina east of Greensboro. It is a textile center in an industrialized area. Population, 39,498.伯灵顿：美国北卡罗来纳州中北部一城市，位于格林斯伯勒东部，是一个工业化地区的纺织中心。人口39,498〔Greensboro〕A city of north-central North Carolina east of Winston-Salem. Settled in 1749, it is a textile center. Population, 183,521.格林斯博罗：美国北卡罗来纳州中北部一城市，位于温斯顿-塞勒姆以东。始建于1749年，为纺织业中心。人口183,521〔Tuscarora〕A Native American people formerly inhabiting parts of North Carolina, with present-day populations in western New York and southeast Ontario, Canada. The Tuscarora migrated northward in the 18th century, joining the Iroquois confederacy in 1722 and adopting aspects of the Iroquois culture.塔斯卡洛拉：一支美洲印第安人，曾居住于北卡罗来纳州，今天居住在纽约州西部和加拿大的安大略省的东南部。塔斯卡洛拉人在18世纪向北适移，于1722年加入了易洛魁联盟并接受了易洛魁文化的许多方面〔Vanderbilt〕American transportation promoter and financier who amassed a great fortune through railroad and shipping interests. His heirs included his sonWilliam Henry (1821-1885), a financier and philanthropist, and William Henry's sons Cornelius (1843-1899), a railroad director; William Kissam (1849-1920), a railroad executive and philanthropist; Frederick William (1856-1938), a railroad manager; and George Washington (1862-1914), who commissioned Biltmore, located in Asheville, North Carolina, the largest private home in America. 范德比尔特，科尔内留斯：(1794-1877) 美国运输促进者和投资者，从铁路运输和航运中积累了大量资金。他的后代， 包括其子金融家和慈善家威廉·亨利 (1821-1885年），以及威廉·亨利的儿子们，铁路局长 科尼利厄斯 (1843-1899年），铁路行政长官和慈善家 威廉·基萨姆 (1849-1920年）；铁路经济人 弗里德里克·威廉 (1856-1938年）；以及 乔治·华盛顿 (1862-1914年），他在北卡罗来纳州的阿什维尔建起比尔特摩，美国最大的私宅 〔debunk〕One can readily see thatdebunk is constructed from the prefix de-, meaning "to remove,” and the wordbunk. But what is the origin of the wordbunk, denoting the nonsense that is to be removed? Bunk came from a place where much bunk has originated, the United States Congress.During the 16th Congress (1819-1821) Felix Walker, a representative from western North Carolina whose district included Buncombe County, continued on with a dull speech in the face of protests by his colleagues.Walker replied he had felt obligated "to make a speech for Buncombe.”Such a masterful symbol for empty talk could not be ignored by the speakers of the language,andBuncombe, actually spelled Bunkum in its first recorded appearance in 1828 and later shortened tobunk, became synonymous with claptrap. The response to all this bunk seems to have been delayed,fordebunk is not recorded until 1923. 可以很容易地看出debunk 是由前缀 de-， 表“去掉”和单词bunk 构成的。 可是单词bunk 表示“要除去的无稽之谈”的含意的起源是什么呢? Bunk 来自美国国会，一个产生大量空话、假话的地方。在第16届国会期间(1819-1821年），一个来自北卡罗来纳州西部（其区域包括邦克姆县）的代表费列克斯·沃尔克面对其同僚们的抗议，而进行持续冗长枯燥的演讲，沃尔克说他有责任“为邦克姆发表演说”。这种说空话的杰作是不会被说英语的人忽视的。Buncombe 实际上在1828年第一次被记载时拼作 Bunkum ， 后来缩写成Bunk 并成为 claptrap 的同义词。 对这空话的反应似乎被耽搁了，因为debunk 直到1923年才被记录下来 〔Concord〕[kŏnʹkôrd'] A city of south-central North Carolina northeast of Charlotte. Gold was discovered in the area in 1799. Population, 27,347.[kŏnʹkôrd'] 康科德城：美国北卡罗来纳州中南部一城市，位于夏洛特东北部。1799年，该地区发现黄金。人口27,347〔Salisbury〕A city of central North Carolina south-southwest of Winston-Salem. During the Civil War the city was the site of one of the largest Confederate prisons. Population, 23,087.索尔兹伯：美国北卡罗来纳州中部一城市，位于温斯顿——塞勒姆西南偏南，内战时期此城市是南方邦联最大的监狱所在地。人口23,087〔Hickory〕A city of west-central North Carolina northwest of Charlotte. Located at the foot of the Blue Ridge, it is a manufacturing center. Population, 28,301.希柯利：美国北卡罗来纳州中西部的一个城市，位于夏洛特西北部，布鲁山脉脚下，为一制造业中心。人口28,301〔Mitchell〕A peak, 2,038.6 m (6,684 ft) high, in the Appalachian Mountains of western North Carolina. It is the highest point east of the Mississippi River.米切尔山：一座山峰，海拔2,038.6米(6,684英尺），位于北卡罗来纳州西部的阿巴拉契亚山上。它是密西西比河东部的最高点〔Shelby〕A city of southwest North Carolina west of Charlotte. It is a textile and processing center in an agricultural region. Population, 15,310.谢尔比：美国北卡罗来纳州西南部的一个城市，位于夏洛特以西，它是-个农业区内的纺织和加工中心。人口15,310 |
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