| 单词 | 十字军 |
| 释义 | 〔Tripoli〕A city of northwest Lebanon on the Mediterranean Sea north-northeast of Beirut. Probably founded after the seventh centuryb.c. , it was capital of a Phoenician federation and later flourished under the Seleucid and Roman empires. Tripoli was captured by the Arabs in a.d. 638 and taken by the Crusaders in 1109 after a long siege. Population, 198,000. 的黎波里：黎巴嫩西北部的一个城市，临地中海，位于贝鲁特东北偏北方。很可能建于公元前 7世纪以后，曾是腓尼基联邦的首府，后来在塞琉古王朝和罗马帝国的统治下繁荣一时。 公元 638年，的黎波里被阿拉拍人占领，1109年十字军骑士在对它进行了长时间的包围后终于攻占了它。人口198,000 〔Damascus〕The capital and largest city of Syria, in the southwest part of the country. Inhabited since prehistoric times, the city became a thriving commercial center under the Romans and was a Saracen stronghold during the Crusades. Population, 1,259,000.大马士革：叙利亚的首都和最大城市，位于叙利亚西南部。史前时代就有人居住，在罗马统治时成为繁华的商业中心，在十字军东征期间是穆斯林的大本营。人口1,259,000〔crusade〕To engage in a crusade.参加十字军远征〔Edirne〕A city of northwest Turkey northwest of Istanbul. It was founded c.a.d. 125 by the Roman emperor Hadrian on the site of an earlier Thracian town and was conquered at various times by Visigoths, Bulgarians, Crusaders, Turks, and Russians. Held by Greece after 1920, it was restored to Turkey in 1923. Population, 71,914. 埃迪思，阿德里安堡：土耳其西北部一城市，位于伊斯坦布尔的西北部。它建于公元 125年，创建者为罗马皇帝哈德里安，该城创建之前原是一座色雷斯的小城，在不同时期曾被西哥特人、保加利亚人、十字军、土耳其人和俄国人占领。1920年之后由希腊管理，1923年又归还给土耳其。人口71,914 〔something〕"Something of the Crusades[survives] in the modern traveler" (Anatole Broyard)“现代旅游者身上留存 有某种十字军性质的东西” (阿纳托尔·布鲁瓦亚尔)〔Tasso〕Italian poet who wrote the epicJerusalem Delivered (1581), an account of the capture of the city during the First Crusade. 塔索，托奎托：(1544-1595) 意大利诗人，著作有史诗《被解放的耶路撒冷》 （1581年），记叙了第一次十字军东征中攻占该城的情形 〔Yafo〕A former city of west-central Israel on the Mediterranean Sea. An ancient Phoenician city, it was taken by the Israelites in the 6th centurya.d. and later fell to the Arabs (636), Crusaders (12th century), and Ottoman Turks (16th century). Yafo was inhabited mainly by Arabs until the state of Israel was proclaimed in 1948. Since 1950 the city has been part of Tel Aviv-Yafo. 雅法：以色列中西部以前的城市，临地中海。它是古老的腓尼基人城市，公元 6世纪时被古以色列人占据，随后几易其主，阿拉伯人（636年）、十字军（12世纪）、鄂图曼土耳其（16世纪）。1948年以色列建国前雅法主要居住着阿拉伯人。1950年该市成为特拉维夫-雅法的一部分 〔Gaziantep〕A city of southern Turkey north of Aleppo, Syria. An ancient Hittite center, it was strategically important during the Crusades. The surrounding area is known for its textiles and pistachio nuts. Population, 374,290.加济安泰普，安塔普：土耳其南部一城市，位于叙利亚的阿勒坡北部。一个古老的赫梯族中心，在十字军时期战略地位重要，周围地区以丝织业和开心果出名。人口374,290〔Jaffa〕A former city of west-central Israel on the Mediterranean Sea. An ancient Phoenician city, it was taken by the Israelites in the 6th centurya.d. and later fell to the Arabs (636), Crusaders (12th century), and Ottoman Turks (16th century). Jaffa was inhabited mainly by Arabs until the state of Israel was proclaimed in 1948. Since 1950 the city has been part of Tel Aviv-Jaffa. 雅法：以色列中西部的古城，位于地中海沿岸。是一座腓尼基古城，公元 6世纪被以色列人占领，后来先后受阿拉伯人(636年）、十字军(12世纪）和奥斯曼土耳其人(16世纪）统治中。雅法主要居住的曾是阿拉伯人，直到1948年以色列宣告成立。自从1950年起，该城成为特拉维夫-雅法的一部分 〔assassin〕Assassin A member of a secret order of Moslem fanatics who terrorized and killed Christian Crusaders and others. Assassin 暗杀基督教十字军成员的穆斯林狂热派：威胁和暗杀基督教十字军成员或其他人的穆斯林狂热派的秘密团体成员〔Tancred〕Norman soldier. A leader in the First Crusade (1096-1099), he served as regent of the principality of Antioch (1101-1112).坦克雷德：诺曼军人，他是第一次十字军的首领之一(1096-1099年），曾担任安条克公国的摄政〔Brindisi〕A city of southern Italy on the Adriatic Sea southeast of Bari. It was an ancient center of trade with the eastern Mediterranean and an embarkation point for the Crusaders during the Middle Ages. Population, 88,947.布林迪西：意大利南部一城市，位于巴里东南的亚得里亚海岸。是古代贸易中心，与地中海东部地区有贸易往来，中世纪时是十字军登陆的地方。人口88,947〔Jerusalem〕The capital of Israel, in the east-central part of the country in the West Bank. Of immense religious and historical importance, the city was occupied as far back as the fourth millenniumb.c. and became the capital of King David c. 1000 b.c. Destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar in the sixth century b.c. , it was later ruled by Greeks, Romans, Persians, Arabs, Crusaders, and Turks and by Great Britain under a League of Nations mandate. Israeli forces took control of the city in 1967. Jerusalem is considered a holy city to Jews, Moslems, and Christians. Population, 446,500. 耶路撒冷：以色列的首都，位于西岸上该国中东部。该城在宗教上和历史上极大的重要性可以追溯到公元前 4000年， 公元前 1000年成为大卫王国的首都。于 公元前 6世纪被尼布甲尼撒毁灭。后被希腊人、罗马人、波斯人、阿拉伯人、十字军和土耳其统治过，最后受国际联盟的托管国英国控制。以色列军队在1967年控制该城。耶路撒冷是犹太教、穆斯林和基督教的圣地。人口446,500 〔Hospitaler〕A member of a military religious order founded among European crusaders in 12th-century Jerusalem to care for sick and needy pilgrims.十字军宗教团成员：在12世纪的耶路撒冷的欧洲十字军中成立的军事宗教团的一员，这类宗教团旨在为生病的或需要帮助的朝圣者提供照顾〔Petra〕An ancient ruined city of Edom in present-day southwest Jordan. It flourished as a trade center from the 4th centuryb.c. until its capture by the Romans in a.d. 106. The city was taken by Moslems in the 7th century and by Crusaders in the 12th century. The ruins of the "rose-red city" were discovered in 1812. 佩特拉：埃多姆王国的一个古代城市废墟，位于现在的约旦西南。从公元前 4世纪直到 公元 106年被罗马人占领，它一直是一个繁华的贸易中心。7世纪被穆斯林人统治，12世纪又被十字军统治。这座“紫红色的城市”的废墟于1812年被发现 〔Saladin〕Sultan of Egypt and Syria who captured (1187) Jerusalem and defended it during the Third Crusade (1189-1192).萨拉丁：埃及和叙利亚的苏丹，1187年占领耶路撒冷，抗击第三次十字军东征期间(1189-1192年）保卫此城〔Damietta〕A city of northeast Egypt on the Nile River delta north-northeast of Cairo. It was conquered by Crusaders in 1219. Population, 118,100.达米埃塔：埃及东北部一城市，位于在尼罗河三角洲上、开罗东北偏北。1219年被十字军征服。人口118,100〔Genoa〕A city of northwest Italy on theGulf of Genoa, an arm of the Ligurian Sea. An ancient settlement, Genoa flourished under the Romans and also enjoyed great prosperity during the Crusades. Today, it is Italy's chief port and a major commercial and industrial center. Population, 760,300. 热那亚：意大利西北的一座城市，濒临利古里亚海的一个港湾热那亚湾 。作为一个古老的聚居地，热那亚在罗马人统治下繁盛起来，并在十字军东征期间聚敛了大量财富。今天，它是意大利的主要港口和重要的商业、工业中心。人口760,300 〔Acre〕A port of northern Israel on the Bay of Haifa. During the Crusades it changed hands many times between Christians and Moslems. Acre was ceded to the Arabs in the United Nations partition of Palestine in 1948 but was captured by Israel shortly thereafter. Population, 37,700.艾可：以色列北部海法湾上一港口，在十字军东征时期被基督徒和伊斯兰教徒轮番控制。艾可港在1948年被在联合国的巴勒斯坦人的代表割让给了阿拉伯人，但不久之后即被以色列人占领。人口37,700〔crusade〕Often Crusade Any of the military expeditions undertaken by European Christians in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries to recover the Holy Land from the Moslems. 常作 Crusade 十字军远征：在11、12或13世纪欧洲的基督教徒为了从穆斯林手中收复圣地而发动的军事远征〔Edessa〕An ancient city of Mesopotamia on the site of present-day Urfa in southeast Turkey. A major Christian center after the third centurya.d. , it fell to the Arabs in 639 and was captured by Crusaders in 1097. 伊德沙：美索不达米亚的一座古代城市，位于今天土耳其东南部乌尔发一带。它是公元前 3世纪之后的一个重要基督教圣地，639年被阿拉伯人攻陷，1097年又被十字军占领 〔mattress〕The history of the wordmattress is a small lesson in the way amenities have come to Europe from the Middle East. During the earlier part of the Middle Ages,Arabic culture was more advanced than that of Europe.One of the amenities of life enjoyed by the Arabs was sleeping on cushions thrown on the floor.Derived from the Arabic wordṭaraḥa, "to throw,” the word maṭraḥ meant "place where something is thrown" and "mat, cushion.”This kind of sleeping surface was adopted by the Europeans during the Crusades,and the Arabic word was taken into Italian (materasso ) and then into Old French ( materas ), from which comes the Middle English wordmateras , first recorded in a work written around 1300. The Arabic word also became Medieval Latinmatracium, another source of our word.mattress 这个词的由来是康乐设施从中东传到英国的一个小小见证。 中世纪早期，阿拉伯人的文化要比欧洲文化进步。阿拉伯人生活中享受的一个康乐设施就是睡在铺在地上的垫子上。由阿拉伯语中的词taraha “扔”派生出来的词 matrah ， 意思是“铺着东西的地方”和“垫子，沙发”。这种睡觉方式被十字军东征时期的欧洲人采用，这个阿拉伯词因此进入意大利语(materasso )和古法语( materas )。 从这两个词又引出最早出现于1300年左右的一部著作中的中古英语词汇materas 。 这个阿拉伯词同时也被收入中世纪拉丁语，即matracium ， 这也是我们这个单词的另一个来源〔Istanbul〕The largest city of Turkey, in the northwest part of the country on both sides of the Bosporus at its entrance into the Sea of Marmara. Founded c. 660b.c. as Byzantium, it was renamed Constantinople in a.d. 330 by Constantine the Great, who made it the capital of the Eastern Roman, or Byzantine, Empire. The city was sacked by Crusaders in 1204 and taken by the Turks in 1453. Istanbul was chosen as the official name in 1930. Population, 2,772,708. 伊斯坦布尔，君士坦丁堡：土耳其最大的城市，位于该国的西北部、博斯普鲁斯海峡的两岸、马尔马拉海的入口处。于公元前 660年建时称作拜占庭， 公元 330年由君士坦丁大帝改名为君士坦丁堡，他把它定为东罗马帝国的首都，或君士坦丁帝国。1204年，该城被十字军掠夺，1453年被土耳其人占领。1930年，“伊斯坦布尔”被指定为官方名称。人口2,772,708 |
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