| 单词 | 半部分 |
| 释义 | 〔saddle〕The lower part of a male fowl's back.后半背部：雄禽的背部的下半部分〔crayfish〕The crayfish, also known as the crawfish, owes its name to a misunderstanding.The actual source of the word may be the Old High German wordkrebiz, "edible crustacean,” or a word related to it.From this Germanic source came Old Frenchcrevice, which when taken into English becamecrevise (first recorded in a document written in 1311-1312). In Old French and Middle English these words designated the crayfish.People began to pronounce and spell the last part of this word as if it werefish, the firstfish spelling (actually fysshes ) being recorded in 1555. Because of a variation in Anglo-Norman pronunciation,two forms of the word have come down to Modern English:crayfish and crawfish. 螯虾又名crawfish，正是出于误解才有现在这个名字。该词的真正来源可能是古高地德语中krebiz 一词， 意为“可食用的甲壳类动物”，或与之相关的一词。从这个日耳曼语词源中出现了古法语crevice 一词， 该词被借用入英语中变成了crevise （初次记录在1311-1312年间所写的一个文件中）。 在古法语和中世纪英语中这一词被称为crayfish。人们开始用fish 来发音和拼写这个词的后半部分， 而第一个fish 拼写法（实际上是 fysshes )被记录于1555年。 由于英国法语发音的差异，这个词的两种变体，即crayfish 和 crawfish 就共同延续到了现代英语中 〔mayday〕"Mayday, mayday!” comes the international distress signal over the radio,and nobody stops to ask why the first of May is being mentioned at a time of crisis.Mayday, in fact, has nothing to do with the first of May. Instead, it is a spelling that represents the pronunciation of Frenchm'aidez, "help me,” or the latter part of the phrase venez m'aider, "come help me,” either of which are quite appropriate at such a critical juncture.“救命，救命!”无线电接收机中传来国际遇险呼救信号，总有人询问为何在危急时刻使用五月的第一天作为信号。实际上，Mayday 和五月份的第一天没有任何关系。 相反，它只是和法语中m'aidez “帮助我”或短语 venez m'aider “来帮助我”的后半部分的读音相同的一种拼写， 均适用于指紧要关头〔half〕One part approximately equal to the remaining part.半部分：与余下的部分大致相当的部分〔medal〕from Late Latin mediālia [little halves] [from neuter pl. of] mediālis [of the middle, medial] * see medial 源自 后期拉丁语 mediālia [小半部分] 源自mediālis的中性复数 [中间的，居中的] * 参见 medial〔apprehension〕"The second half of the book builds a steadily escalating sense of foreboding" (Sven Birkerts).“这本书的后半部分建立了一种逐渐增强的不幸的预感" （斯文·伯基特）。〔submaxilla〕The lower jaw or mandible, especially in human beings.下颌（骨）：尤指人类之颌或颌骨的下半部分〔threshold〕Perhaps the tradition of carrying the bride over the threshold is dying out,but knowledge of the custom persists,leading one to wonder about the-hold or the thresh- in the word threshold. Scholars are still wondering about the last part of the word,but thethresh- can be explained. It is related to the wordthresh, which refers to an agricultural process. This process of beating the stems and husks of grain or cereal plants to separate the grain or seeds from the straw was at one time done with the feet of oxen or human beings.Thus, the Germanic word.therskan, or by the switching of sounds called metathesis, .threskan, meant "thresh" and "tread.” This association with the feet is probably retained in Old Englishtherscold or threscold (Modern English threshold ), "sill of a door (over which one treads).”或许抱新娘过门槛的传统已过时，但这种习俗仍为人所知，使人想到threshold 中的 -hlod 或 thresh- 。 学者们仍不清楚这个词的后半部分，但thresh- 已可作解释。 它与指一种农业加工的thresh 一词有关。 这种通过打谷子或谷类植物的茎壳以使各粒与茎管分开的作业曾一度是用牛或人的脚来做的。因此，德语词therskan 或经音位转换后的 threskan 表示“打”和“踩踏”。 这种和脚的联系可能在古英语therscold 或 threscold （现代英语 threshold ）中仍保留着， “门槛（踏过的地方）”〔posthumous〕The wordposthumous is associated with death, both in meaning and in form. Our word goes back to the Latin wordpostumus, meaning "last born, born after the death of one's father, born after the making of a will,” and "last, final.”Postumus was largely used with respect to events occurring after death but not exclusively so,since the word was simply one of the superlative forms of the adverbpost, "subsequently, afterward.” Because of its use in connection with death,however, later Latin writers decided that the last part of the word must have to do withhumus, "earth,” or humāre, "to bury,” and began spelling the wordposthumus. This form of the Latin word was borrowed into English,being first recorded in a work composed before 1464.Perhaps the most telling use of the word appears in the poet Robert Southey's comment on the rewards of an author:"It was well we should be contented with posthumous fame, but impossible to be so with posthumous bread and cheese.”Posthumous 这个词在意义和形式上都与死亡有关。 英语中这个词可追溯到拉丁语postumus ， 意为“最后生的，父亲死后生的，立遗嘱之后出生的”和“最后的，最终的。”Postumus 绝大多数情况下用来指死后所发生的事情， 但也并非仅此一种用法，因为这个词只是意为“随后地，后来地”副词post 的最高级形式之一。 由于其用法与死亡有关，因此后来的拉丁语作者们决定该词的后半部分应与humus “土地”或 humare “埋葬”有关， 并开始将这个词拼写成posthumus。 这个拉丁词的拼写形式后来被借用到英语中，在英语中首次记录于1464年前所著的一部作品中。也许这个词最显著的使用出现在诗人罗伯特·骚塞对一个作者所得奖励的评论中：“我们满足于死后得到的声名，而不可能满足于死后所得到面包与奶酪，这样很好”〔ventail〕The lower movable part of the front of a medieval helmet, fitting over the mouth or neck.护面具：中世纪头盔前部的可移动的下半部分，覆盖嘴或脖子〔smart〕Smart is a word that has digressed considerably from its original meaning of "stinging, sharp,”as in a smart blow. The standard meaning of "clever, intelligent,”probably picks up on the original semantic element of vigor or quick movement.Smart has taken on other senses as a regionalism. In New England and in the Southsmart can mean "accomplished, talented.” The phraseright smart can even be used as a noun meaning "a considerable number or amount": "We have read right smart of that book" (Catherine C. Hopley).smart 这个词的原意是 “刺痛的，剧烈的”，就象在词组 一次强烈的打击中一样，后来这个词的意思有了很大的转变。 它的标准意思“聪明的，智慧的”，也许是从原来的词素“活力或快速运动”中来的。Smart 有地区性的其它意思。 在新英格兰和南方，smart 可以译为“有才能的，有天赋的”。 词组right smart 还可以用作一个名词， 意为“数量大的”： “我们读过了那本书的大半部分” （凯瑟琳·C·霍普雷）〔drumstick〕The lower part of the leg of a cooked fowl.熟鸡腿的下半部分〔worry〕"But not to worry: it all . . . falls into place in the book's second half, where the language is plainer"(Hallowell Bowser)“但别担心：它全都在书的后半部分，那儿的语言浅显一些”(哈洛韦尔·鲍瑟) |
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