| 单词 | 卑微 |
| 释义 | 〔marshal〕Hard-riding marshals of the Wild West in pursuit of criminalsreemphasize the relationship of the wordmarshal with horses. The Germanic ancestor of our wordmarshal is a compound made up of .marhaz, "horse" (related to the source of our word mare ), and .skalkaz, "servant,” meaning as a whole literally "horse servant,”hence "groom.”The Frankish descendant of this Germanic word,.marahskalk, starting from these humble beginnings, came to designate a high royal official and also a high military commander, not surprisingly so, given the importance of the horse in medieval warfare.The word passed into the period (beginning in 800) in which we speak of Old French, after the Franks and their Germanic language had been fused with the surrounding culture descended from Roman Gaul.When the Normans established a French-speaking official class in England,the Old French word came with them.The Middle English source of our word is first recorded as a surname in 1218 (and the surname Marshal, now spelled Marshall, has been held by some famous people),but it is first recorded as a common noun with the sense "high officer of the royal court" in the first English language proclamation (1258) by an English king, Henry III, after the Norman Conquest.Marshal was applied to this high royal official's deputies, who were officers of courts of law,and the word continued to designate various officials involved with courts of law and law enforcement,including the horseback-riding marshals we are familiar with in the United States.西部荒野骑着马对罪犯紧追不舍的警长形象，再次强调了marshal 这个词与马之间的联系。 我们这个单词marshal 的日耳曼语原形是一个由 marhaz “马”（与 mare 的语源相关）和 skalkaz “仆人，佣人”组成的合成词， 字面意思是“马的仆人”，也就是后来的“马夫”。这个日耳曼词的法兰克语的演变marahskalk 从最初卑微的含义演变到特指高级王室官员及高级军事将领， 不仅如此，在中世纪的战场上马也被提升到了重要地位。在法兰克人和他们所说的日耳曼语一起融入周围的罗马高卢人文化之后，这个词进入了我们讲古法语的时代（开始于800年）。当诺曼底人在英格兰建立了一个讲法语的官员阶层之后，古法语里的这个词便随之而来。该词在中世纪英语中最早于1218年作为一个姓氏被记录下来（一些著名人士的姓马歇尔，现在的拼写法为Marshall)，但作为指“王室的高级官员”的普通名词，它最早出现于英国王亨利三世在诺曼征服之后做的一篇英文公告(1258年）。在此文中Marshal 用于指高级王室官员的代表， 也就是司法官员。该词涉及法律和法律实施的不同官员的含义延续了下来，其中就包括我们所熟悉的美国西部骑在马背上的警长〔scutwork〕Monotonous work or menial tasks that have to be done usually as part of a large, complex job or project.枯燥的粗活：单调的工作或卑微的任务，通常作为某项巨大的、复杂的工作或项目的一部分〔woodwork〕People were coming out of the woodwork to apply for the plummy job.人们正走出卑微的境地去申请上等的工作〔simple〕Humble or lowly in condition or rank:低微的：在状况或职位上卑微或低的：〔obscure〕Of undistinguished or humble station or reputation:身份卑微的：不显赫的或卑微的地位或声望：〔dust〕A debased or despised condition.卑微或受鄙视的状态〔mook〕An insignificant or contemptible person.慕客：卑微或可鄙的人〔little〕Without much power or influence; of minor status.卑微的：没有多少权力或影响的；地位低下的〔obscure〕an obscure poet; an obscure family.不出名的诗人；卑微的家庭〔obedient〕"A State which dwarfs its men, in order that they may be more docile instruments in its hands even for beneficial purposes—will find that with small men no great thing can really be accomplished" (John Stuart Mill).“一个为了使人民成为它手中顺从的工具而阻碍人们发展的国家，即使为了有益处的目的——也会发现卑微的人不会真正办成大事” （约翰·斯图亚特·穆勒）。〔lowly〕In a low manner, condition, or position.卑贱地，低下地：以谦卑的方式，处于卑微的境地或地位 |
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