| 单词 | 卑贱 |
| 释义 | 〔low〕Humble in status or character.卑贱的：在地位或性格上比较低级的〔menial〕A person who has a servile or low nature.卑贱的人：奴性或卑下的人〔franklin〕A medieval English freeholder of nonnoble birth holding extensive property.富兰克林：中世纪出身卑贱的地产所有者，拥有巨大的财富〔cad〕An unprincipled, ungentlemanly man.卑贱的人：不道德的，无教养的人〔scrubby〕Paltry or shabby; wretched.褴褛的，破旧的；卑贱的〔base〕Having or showing a contemptible, mean-spirited, or selfish lack of human decency.See Synonyms at mean 2卑贱的：具有或表现出可鄙的，卑贱的，卑鄙的自私的而没有人的可敬的行为标准。 参见 mean2〔drudgery〕Tedious, menial, or unpleasant work.See Synonyms at work 苦工：单调、卑贱或无趣的工作 参见 work〔contempt〕Disparaging or haughty disdain, as for something base or unworthy; scorn.轻蔑：贬抑性的或傲慢的轻视，如对卑贱或低劣的东西；鄙视〔drudge〕To do tedious, unpleasant, or menial work.苦工：做单调无味或卑贱的工作〔offscouring〕A person regarded as fallen from society; an outcast. Often used in the plural.卑贱的人，堕落的人，被社会排斥的人：被认为在社会上无立足之地的人；社会斥儿。常用于复数〔abject〕Brought low in condition or status.See Synonyms at mean 2下贱的，卑贱的：状况或地位卑贱的 参见 mean2〔drudge〕"Out here on the Chesapeake,they call it ‘drudging for arsters,’”says Charles Kuralt in his bookOn the Road with Charles Kuralt. The standard English verbdredge is pronounced with a centralized vowel by Chesapeake Bay oyster fishermen, yielding drudge. Drudge in turn has been picked up by city dwellers on the Delmarva Peninsula;a survey of some young people from Baltimore revealed thatthey did not even know that there was a standard English verbdredge. Kuralt gives the regional pronunciation a whimsical folk etymology with the standard meaning ofdrudge, "to do tedious, menial, or unpleasant work,” observing, "Whatever you do for a living, it's not as hard as ‘drudging for arsters.’”在切萨皮克湾那边，他们把它称之为“为捕虾做苦工，”查尔斯·库洛特在他的与查尔斯·库洛特同游 一书中谈及。 标准英语动词dredge ，在发音时其元音被切萨皮克湾捕虾渔民发成中元音，随后产生 drudge。 Drudge 又被德尔马瓦半岛一城市居民吸收；对来自巴尔的摩的一部分年轻人的调查表明，他们甚至不知道有一个标准英语动词dredge 。 对具有标准含义的drudge “做单调、卑贱或无趣工作”，库洛特给出了一个稀奇古怪的民俗语源， 他说道，“无论你以何谋生，再没有比捕虾做的工更苦的了”〔jackal〕One who performs menial tasks for another.仆人：替别人做卑贱工作的人〔drudge〕A person who does tedious, menial, or unpleasant work.做苦工的人：做单调、卑贱或不愉快工作的人〔surly〕The fact that the wordsurly means "churlish" nicely indicates its fall in status. Churlish derives from the word churl, which in its Old English form ceorl meant "a man without rank, a member of the lowest rank of freemen,” as well as "peasant" in general. In Old Englishceorl may have been a term of contempt; it certainly became one in Middle English,wherecherl meant "base fellow, boor,” with churlish descending in meaning accordingly. Surly, on the other hand, started its life at the top of the scale but fell just as far. Looking at instances of this word in Middle English and Early Modern English,we see thatsurly was only one spelling for this word, another spelling beingsirly, which makes it clear that it came from the word sir, the term of honor for a knight or for a person of rank or importance in general. Thussirly, the form under which the early spellings of the word are entered in the Oxford English Dictionary, first meant "lordly.” Surly, entered as a separate word in the OED and first recorded in 1566, meant perhaps "lordly, majestic,” in its earliest use,subsequently being used in the sense "masterful, imperious, arrogant.” As the gloss "arrogant" makes clear, the wordsirly could have a negative sense, and it is this area of meaning that is responsible for the current "churlish" sense of the word.surly 意为“粗野的”事实生动地说明了这个词的地位下降。 Churlish 是 churl 的派生词，其古英文形式 ceorl 的意思是“没有爵位的男人，或者是自由民中最低等级的男人”，大概象“农民”一样。 古英语中ceorl 可能含有贬意； 中古英语中肯定是贬意，其cherl 的意思是“卑贱的人，粗野的人”，相应地 churlish 的意思也下降了。 另一方面，Surly 开始是个高尚的字，后来地位同样下降。 从中古英语和早期现代英语中的实例，我们可以看到，surly 的拼法只有一个， 另一个是sirly ，它清楚地表明这个字来自 sir （给于骑士或有等级或有身份的人的尊称）。 因此，sirly 这个字的最初形式记载在 牛津英语词典 中，开始的意思为（有威严的，高傲的）。 Surly 作为另一个字最初于1566年记录在 OED 中， 最初的意思是“老爷的、尊贵的”，以后的意思为“老爷般的、命令式的、傲慢的”。“傲慢”这个字条清楚地说明sirly 可能有过否定的意思， 也正是在这层意义上，它和目前“粗野的”意义有关〔slave〕One who is abjectly subservient to a specified person or influence:奴隶般受控的人：卑贱地屈从于某个特定的人或某种特定影响的人：〔crouch〕To bend servilely or timidly; cringe.卑躬屈膝，献媚奉承：卑贱地或胆怯地弯腰；卑躬屈膝〔scut〕Routine or tedious work often viewed as menial.枯燥的粗活：通常被视为卑贱的日常工作或乏味劳动〔lowly〕In a low manner, condition, or position.卑贱地，低下地：以谦卑的方式，处于卑微的境地或地位 |
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