| 单词 | 单数 |
| 释义 | 〔kind〕The use of the plural demonstrativesthese and those with kind and sort, as inthese kind (or sort ) of films, has been a traditional bugbear of American grammarians. By and large,British grammarians have been more tolerant,and the construction can be found in the works of British writers from Pope to Dickens to Churchill.Grammatically, the question boils down towhetherkind and sort should be treated as head nouns (analogous to species or variety, for example) or whether they have become semantically weakened to the status of a sort of phrasal quantifierthat functions like an adjective,analogous in some ways tobunch and number in expressions such asa bunch of friends, a number of reasons. Ifkind and sort are unambiguously nouns, one would expect to see only singular demonstratives and singular verbs accompanying them: 复数形式的指示代词these 和 those 与 kind 和 sort 的用法， 如these kind （或 sort ） of films， 成为美国语法专家长期感到头痛的问题。 总的说来，英国语法专家对此更能容忍，这一句法结构可以在从蒲柏到狄更斯以至丘吉尔这些英国作家的著作中找到。在语法上，问题归结起来是，是否kind 和 sort 应当作中心词名词（例如，与 species 或 variety 类似）， 或者是否他们语义上减弱到一种数量词短语的地位，其功能像一个形容词，某些方面类似于bunch 和 number ， 其表述例如一群朋友，一大堆理由。 如果kind 和 sort 是明确的名词， 人们应该希望只看到单数指示代词和与之相伴的单数动词： 〔trine〕from Latin trīnus [sing. of] trīnī [three each] * see trei- 源自 拉丁语 trīnus trīnī的单数 [每三个] * 参见 trei- 〔requiescat〕Latin [third person sing. present subjunctive of] requiēscere [to rest] * see k weiə- 拉丁语 requiēscere的现在虚拟语气动词第三人称单数 [休息] * 参见 k weiə- 〔bot〕bots (used with a sing. or pl. verb)A disease of mammals, especially cattle and horses, caused by infestation of the stomach or intestines with botfly larvae. bots （与单数或复数动词连用）马胃肠蝇蛆，牛胃肠蝇蛆：哺乳动物（尤指牛或马）的疾病，由寄生于胃肠的马蝇卵所引起〔matin〕from Old French [sing. of] matines [matins] * see matins 源自 古法语 matines的单数 [晨祷] * 参见 matins〔tenet〕from Latin [third person sing. present indicative of] tenēre [to hold] * see ten- 源自 拉丁语 tenēre的现在陈述语气动词第三人称单数 [持有] * 参见 ten- 〔insignia〕Insignia in Latin is the plural form of insigne, but it has long been used in English as both a singular and a plural form: Insignia 在拉丁语中是 insigne 的复数形式， 但是在英语中很长时间来一直既被用作单数又被用作复数形式： 〔whence〕-es [genitive sing. suff.] * see -s 3-es [属格单数后缀] * 参见 -s3〔quoth〕from Old English cwǣth [third person sing. past tense of] cwethan [to say] * see g wet- 源自 古英语 cwǣth cwethan的第三人称单数过去时 [说] * 参见 g wet- 〔fair〕sing. of Latin fēriae [holidays] * see dhēs- 拉丁语 fēriae的单数 [假日] * 参见 dhēs- 〔jack〕jacks (used with a sing. or pl. verb)A game played with a set of small six-pointed metal pieces and a small ball, the object being to pick up the pieces in various combinations. jacks （与单数或复数动词连用）抛接子游戏：用一套有六个尖的金属片和一个小球玩的游戏，可以采用不同的组合方式选取这些物品〔venesection〕Latin vēnae [genitive sing. of] vēna [vein] 拉丁语 vēnae vēna的所有格单数 [静脉] 〔aesthetics〕(used with a sing. or pl. verb)An artistically beautiful or pleasing appearance:（与单数或复数动词连用）美观：艺术上有美感且令人愉悦的外观：〔gimmal〕from Middle English [sing. of] gemeles [twins] 源自 中古英语 gemeles的单数 [成对物] 〔videlicet〕licet [it is permitted] [third person sing. present tense of] licēre [to be permitted] licet [允许] licēre的第三人称单数现在时 [被允许] 〔man〕Traditionally,man and words derived from it have been used generically to designate any or all of the human race irrespective of sex.In Old Englishthis was the principal sense ofman, which meant "a human being" regardless of sex;the wordswer and wyf (or w÷pman and wifman ) were used to refer to "a male human being" and "a female human being" respectively. But in Middle Englishman displaced wer as the term for "a male human being,”whilewyfman (which evolved into present-day woman ) was retained for "a female human being.” The result of these changes was an assymetrical arrangement that many criticize as sexist.Many writers have revised some of their practices accordingly.But the precise implications of the usage vary according to the context and the particular use ofman or its derivatives. · Man sometimes appears to have the sense of "person" or "people" when it is used as a count noun, as inA man is known by the company he keeps and Men have long yearned to unlock the secrets of the atom, and in phrases likethe common man and the man in the street. Here the generic interpretation arises indirectly:if a man is known by the company he keeps,then so, by implication, is a woman.For this reasonthe generic interpretation of these uses ofman is not possible where the applicability of the predicate varies according to the sex of the individual. Thus it would be inappropriate to say thatMen are the only animals that can conceive at any time, since the sentence literally asserts that the ability to conceive applies to male human beings.This usage presumes that males can be taken as representatives of the species.In almost all cases,however, the wordsperson and people can be substituted for man and men, often with a gain in clarity. · By contrast,man functions more as a generic when it is used without an article in the singular to refer to the human race, as in sentences likeThe capacity for language is unique to man or in phrases like man's inhumanity to man. But this use ofman is also ambiguous, since it can refer exclusively to male members of the human race.In most contexts wordssuch ashumanity or humankind will convey the generic sense of this use of man. · On the whole,the Usage Panel accepts the generic use ofman, the women members significantly less than the men. The sentenceIf early man suffered from a lack of information, modern man is tyrannized by an excess of it was acceptable to 81 percent of the Panel (including 58 percent of the women and 92 percent of the men).The Panel also accepted compound words derived from genericman. The sentenceThe Great Wall is the only man-made structure visible from space was acceptable to 86 percent (including 76 percent of the women and 91 percent of the men).The sentence"The history of language is the history of mankind" (James Bradstreet Greenough and George Lyman Kittredge) was acceptable to 76 percent (including 63 percent of the women and 82 percent of the men). Such compounds were acceptable even when the context required that they be applied chiefly to women.Thus, 66 percent of the Panel (including 57 percent of the women and 71 percent of the men) accepts the wordmanpower in the sentence Countries that do not permit women to participate in the work force are at a disadvantage in competing with those that do avail themselves of that extra source of manpower. · A related set of problems is raised by the use ofman in forming the names of occupational and social rolessuch asbusinessman, chairman, spokesman, layman, and freshman, as well as in analogous formationssuch asunsportsmanlike and showmanship. Some condemn this use categorically;however, these words remained acceptable to a majority of the Usage Panel when they were used to refer to a role or class in the abstractbut were rejected when they were used to refer to a woman.Thus the general use ofchairman was acceptable to 67 percent of the Panel (including 52 percent of the women and 76 percent of the men) in the sentence The chairman will be appointed by the Faculty Senate. But only 48 percent (including 43 percent of the women and 50 percent of the men) accepted the use of the word inEmily Owen, chairman of the Mayor's Task Force, issued a statement assuring residents that their views would be solicited, where it is applied to a woman. · Several strategies have been suggested for replacing the categorical use of compounds formed withman. Parallel terms likebusinesswoman, spokeswoman and chairwoman are increasingly used to refer to women. Also in use are common-gender terms coined withperson, such asbusinessperson, spokesperson, and chairperson. For occupational titles ending inman, new standards of official usage have been established by the U.S. Department of Labor and other government agencies.In official contexts termssuch asfirefighter and police officer are now generally used in place of fireman and policeman. · A majority of the Panelists rejected the verbman when it was used to refer to an activity performed by women. The sentenceMembers of the League of Women Voters will be manning the registration desk was unacceptable to 56 percent of the Panel (including 61 percent of the women and 54 percent of the men). See Usage Note at -ess ,people 传统上，man 以及它的衍生字一般是用来指任何人或整个人类， 不考虑性别。在古英语中，这就是man 这个字主要的意思， 即“人” 而不分性别；单词wer 和 wyf （或 woepman 和 wifman )则分别用以指“男人”和“女人”。 但在中古英语时man 取代了 wer 这个词， 也具有“男人”的意义了；而wyfman （这个字发展演变成了今天的 woman 这个字）作为“女人”这个意思被保留了下来。 这些变化的结果是，作为性别歧视者所批评的匀称排列。为此，许多作家相应地修订了他们部分的创作活动。但是这用法的准确含义取决于它的上下文以及man 的具体用途或它的衍生字。 当man 这个字被当作一个可数名词来用时，它有时似乎具有“一个人”或“人们”的意思， 如在被他所在的那个公司熟悉了解的人 和 很久以来，人们都期盼着解开原子的秘密 ， 以及如下短语中普通的人 和 街上的人 。 这里，一般的理解源于间接地推理：如果一个男人是被他所在的公司了解的话，其言下之意是，一个女人也是被他所在的公司熟悉了解的。正是这个原因，使得man 当此一般理解之义用时，其谓语随着个人性别的改变而变化是不可能的。 所以，说人是唯一能在任何时候思考的动物 是不适当的， 因为这句话字面之义是指男人的思考能力。这种用法是假定男人可以作为人类的代表。几乎毫无例外的是，词person 和 people 可以用 man 和 men 来取代，且后两字意思更清楚。 相反，当man 以单数不带冠词出现用以指人类时，它更是指一类、一属， 如在象句子只有人才有语言能力 或象短语 人类对人类的不人道 中。 但man 若以这种形式出现，其意思也会模糊不清， 因为其可只指人类中的男性成员。在大多数的行文中，例如humanity 或 humankind 这样的字也传达了 man 这种用法的一般意义。 总的说来，在用法专题使用小组成员中接受man 这种一般用法的女性比男性明显少得多。 下面这句话如果说古代人受信息不足之苦的话，那么现代人则是受信息过量之虐待了 在小组中有81的成员可接受 （其中女性成员中的接受率为58，男性中则为92)。专题小组会还接受作为一般意义的man 构成的复合词。 长城是太空中的唯一可见的人造物 这句话有86的成员接受 （其中女性成员的接受率为76，而男性中为91)。“语言史就是一部人类史” （詹姆士·布拉斯瑞特·格里诺和乔治·莱曼·基特里奇）这句话的接受率为76（基中在女性成员中有63接受，而男性中为82)。 即使是上下行文所需的字主要指的是女人，这种复合词仍然被接受。因此小组中的66（其中女性委员的57，男性的71)接受了manpower 这个词在下句的用法： 那些不允许女人加入生产力大军的国家和那些允许女人加入生产力大军的国家相比，在处理剩余劳动力这一点上明显处于竞争的劣势 。 由于man 的使用所引起的一系列相关问题产生了， 在构成职业或社会角色类别的名称，如商人、主席、发言人、外行 和 渔夫 ， 以及将这个字用于类似的构词法中，如违反运动精神的 和 善于表演的才能 。 有些人谴责这种类别的用法；然而，当它们抽象地指某种角色或阶层时，这些词仍能得到用法专题使用小组大多数人的接受；但当它们用由于指女性时，这些词就被拒绝了。因此在句子主席由职工委员会指定 中 主席 的这种一般用法就得到了67小组成员的接受（其中在女性成员中为52，而男性中为76)。 但是，在句子艾米莉·欧文，市长任务小组的主席，发表了一个声明，向市长保证将考虑他们的观点 中这个字的用法，由于是指女性，只有48的成员接受（其中在女性成员中的接受率为43，而男性中为50)。 对于如何替换用man 构成的类别复合词，几种构思被提了出来。 与之相对的复合词如女商人、女发言人 和 女主席 越来越多地被用来指女性。 另外，用person 构成的中性词也创造了出来， 如商人、发言人 和 主席 。 对于用man 结尾的职业名称， 美国政府劳工部和其它政府机构已建立起了新的官方运用标准。在官方行文，现在一般用如firefighter 和 police officer 代替 fireman 和 policeman 。 大多数的小组成员反对将动词man 用于指那些女性从事的活动。 句子登记处将配备女性选民联盟的成员 在用法专题使用小组中的反对率是56（其中在女性成员中的反对率是61，而男性中为54) 参见 -ess,people〔are〕Second person singular and plural and first and third person plural present indicative of be be的第二人称单数和复数以及第一和第三人称复数现在陈述语气词〔wouldst〕Second person singular past tense of will 2 will的第二人称单数过去式2〔vide〕Latin [sing. imperative of] vidēre [to see] * see weid- 拉丁语 vidēre的单数祈使语气动词 [看] * 参见 weid- 〔nim〕Perhaps from German nimm [third person sing. imperative of] nehmen [to take] 可能源自 德语 nimm nehmen的祈使语气动词第三人称单数 [拿] 〔espousal〕from sing. of Old French espousailles [betrothal] 源自 古法语 espousailles的单数 [订婚] 〔dele〕Latin dēle [third person sing. imperative of] dēlēre [to delete] 拉丁语 dēle dēlēre的祈使语气动词第三人称单数 [删除] 〔is〕Third person singular present indicative of be be的第三人称单数现在陈述语气词〔shies〕Third person singular present tense of shy 2 shy的第三人称单数现在时2〔Celt〕French Celte [sing. of] Celtes 法语 Celte Celtes的单数 〔stet〕Latin [third person sing. present subjunctive of] stāre [to stand] * see stā- 拉丁语 stāre的现在虚拟语气动词第三人称单数 [保留] * 参见 stā- 〔Esquimau〕French [sing. of] Esquimaux [Eskimo] * see Eskimo 法语 Esquimaux的单数 [爱斯基摩人（的），爱斯基摩语] * 参见 Eskimo〔bot〕bots (used with a sing. or pl. verb)A disease of mammals, especially cattle and horses, caused by infestation of the stomach or intestines with botfly larvae. bots （与单数或复数动词连用）蝇蛆病：由马蝇幼虫寄生于胃肠中而引起的哺乳动物，尤其是牛和马的一种疾病〔spandex〕By alteration of expands [third person sing. present tense of] expand expands的变化 expand的第三人称单数现在时〔ninepin〕ninepins (used with a sing. or pl. verb)A bowling game in which nine wooden pins are the target. ninepins （与单数或复数动词连用）九柱地滚球：一种滚球游戏，用九根木柱做靶子〔plus〕Philosophers of mathematics have long debated the proper analysis of the relation denoted by the + sign in equations such as 2 + 2 = 4,so it is not surprising that the syntactic status of its natural language equivalent, the wordplus, should be similarly problematic— though to be sure, the questions are primarily of theoretical interest.When mathematical equations are pronounced as English sentences,the verb is usually in the singular:Two plus two is (or equals ) four. By the same token,subjects containing two noun phrases joined byplus are usually construed as singular: 数学哲学家们已就诸如2+2=4这类等式中的“+”号所表示的关系的正确分析进行了长期的辩论，所以这一符号的自然语言对应物——即单词plus 的语法地位应同样不确定也就不足为奇了—— 纵然可以确定，这些问题也主要是理论上的兴趣。当数学等式被转化为英语句子，动词通常用单数形式：Two plus two is（或 equals ） four。 通过同样的记号，包含两个由plus 联结的名词短语的主语通常被视为单数： 〔tovarich〕from Old Russian tovarishchĭ [sing. of] tovarishchi [business associates] 源自 古普鲁士语 tovarishchĭ tovarishchi的单数 [商业伙伴] 〔capias〕from Latin [second person sing. present subjunctive of] capere [to seize (from the first word of the writ)] * see kap- 源自 拉丁语 capere的虚拟语气动词第二人称单数 [逮捕（得名于逮捕令的第一个字）] * 参见 kap- 〔ascarid〕[Sing. of] ascarides [intestinal worms] ascarides的单数 [蛔虫] 〔kudos〕Kudos is one of those words like congeries that look like pluralsbut are etymologically singular:correctness requiresKudos is (not are ) due her for her brilliant work on the score. Some writers have tried to defend the use ofkudos with a plural verb, or even the introduction of a new singular form ofkudo, on the grounds that these innovations follow the pattern whereby the English words pea and cherry were re-formed from nouns ending in-s that were thought to be plural. Perhaps the singularkudo would have to be acknowledged as a legitimate formation if it came to be widely adopted in the popular language in the way that cherry and pea have. But at presentkudos is still regarded as a slightly pretentious variant for praise and can scarcely claim to be part of the linguistic folkways of the community.When writers reach for an unfamiliar Greek word for the sake of elegance,it is fair to ask that they get it right.Still, it is worth notingthat even people who are carefulto treat the word syntactically as a singularoften pronounce it as if it were a plural:etymology would require that the final consonant be pronounced as a voiceless (s),rather than as a voiced (z).Kudos 和 congeries 那些词一样， 看上去好象是复数，但从词源上看是单数：因此正确的用法应该是Kudos is （不是 are ） due her for her brilliant work on the score 。 许多作者为kudos 后跟动词复数形式的做法辩护， 他们甚至发明了一个新的词kudo 作为该词的单数形式，他们这样做是以英语单词 pea 和 cherry 的形成模式为依据的， 这些词都是从原先结尾带-s 的复数形式名词演化而来。 kudo 这种单数形式只有在象 cherry 和 pea 这样为大众语言所普遍接受之后才能被认可为一种正确的形式。 但是现在kudos 这个词仍被看作是 praise 这个词稍稍有些做作的变体， 还很难成为社群的习惯用语的一部份。当一个作家为了行文的优雅用一个生僻的希腊词的时候，他应该正确地使用它。但是值得注意的是，即使是那些非常仔细的人，他们在句子中把它用作单数，但在读的时候却读成复数的形式：根据词源来看，这个词最后一个辅音应该发成清辅音（s），而不是浊辅音（z）〔mean〕means (used with a sing. or pl. verb)A method, a course of action, or an instrument by which an act can be accomplished or an end achieved. means （与单数或复数动词连用）方法，手段：用于完成一个行动或取得一个结果的方法、手段或工具〔hosey〕Perhaps from French (je) choisis [(I) choose] [first person sing. present of] choisir [to choose] 可能源自 法语 (je) choisis [（我）选择] choisir的第一人称单数现在时 [选择] 〔wilt〕A second person singular present tense of will 2 will的第二人称单数现在时2〔middling〕middlings (used with a sing. or pl. verb)Coarsely ground wheat mixed with bran. middlings （与单数或复数动词连用）粗面粉：混有麸子的粗制面粉〔screening〕screenings (used with a sing. or pl. verb)Refuse, such as waste coal, separated by a screen. screenings （与单数或复数动词连用）废物：用粗筛分离开的残渣，例如废煤 |
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