| 单词 | 历史 |
| 释义 | 〔bright〕one of the bright stars of stage and screen; a bright moment in history.舞台和银幕上一颗璀璨的星辰；历史上的辉煌一刻〔genealogy〕The study or investigation of ancestry and family histories.家系学，系谱学：关于祖先和家庭历史的研究或调查〔stalactite〕The wordsstalagmite and stalactite have confused many a person. A look into the history of the Greek sources of these two words may help.Both words can be traced back to the wordstalassein, "to drip,” which is appropriatesince both words denote deposits in caves formed by the dripping of mineral-rich water.The Greek base from whichstalassein was formed was stalak- and to this base were added several endings that concern us,specifically-ma, a noun suffix most frequently denoting the result of an action, -mo-, a suffix denoting the action of a verb as well as a result, and -to-, an adjective suffix forming verbal adjectives. With these suffixes and the addition of the inflectional endings, as well as a sound change from (k) to (g) before (m),we getstalagma, "that which drops, a drop,” stalagmos, "dropping, dripping of stalactites,” and stalaktos, "dropping, dripping.” Using these Greek words,Olaus Wormius formed the Modern Latin wordstalactītēs, the stalac- part meaning "dripping" and the-ītēs part being commonly used to name fossils and minerals when preceded by a form expressing a physical characteristic, in this case "dripping.” Wormius also used the termstalagmītēs, the stalag- portion expressing the notion of what drops, taken either fromstalagma, "that which drops, a drop,” or stalagmos, "dropping of stalactites.” Stalactītēs and stalagmītēs, of course, are the sources of our English words stalactite (first recorded in 1677), the formation on the tops of caves, and stalagmite (first recorded in 1681), the formation on the bottoms of caves. They have been causing trouble ever since.单词stalagmite 和 stalactite 令许多人混淆。 对这两个词的希腊起源历史进行研究可能会帮助理解。这两个字都能追溯到单词stalassein （“滴下”）， 这是很恰当的，因为两个字都表示洞里由富含矿物的水下滴而形成的沉积。形成stalassein 的希腊根源是 stalak- ， 在这个根源上加上几个与我们有关的词尾，特别是-ma （往往用来表示动作结果的名词后缀）， -mo- （用来表示动词的动作和结果的后缀）和 -to- （形成动词性形容词的形容词后缀）。 通过这些后缀和屈折变化词尾的添加以及在(m)前面由(k)到(g)的变音，我们得到了stalagma （“滴下的东西，一滴”）、 stalagmos “滴，滴下钟乳石”和 stalaktos （“落下，滴下的”）。 利用这些希腊字，奥罗斯·沃米斯组成了现代拉丁单词stalactites ， stalac- 意指“滴”。 而-ites 当由一个表示物理特征的形式开头时，通常用来表示化石和矿物，指“滴下”。 沃米斯也使用stalagmites ， stalag- 表示滴下的东西的概念， 源于stalagma （“滴下的东西，一滴”）或 stalagmos （“滴下的钟乳石”）。 stalacitites 和 stalagmites ，当然是我们的英语单词 stalactite （首次出现于1677年）即洞穴顶部的形成物和 stalagmite （最早记载于1681年）即洞穴底部的形成物的源头。 自那以后它们就常造成一些麻烦〔personal〕"Like their personal lives, women's history is fragmented, interrupted"(Elizabeth Janeway)“如同她们的个人生活一样，妇女的历史是支离破碎的且中断的”(伊丽莎白·简维)〔Turkistan〕A historical region of west-central Asia extending east from the Caspian Sea to the border of China and south from the Aral Sea into Afghanistan. It has long been a crossroads for trade and conquest between East and West. Much of the region is now part of the U.S.S.R.土耳其斯坦：亚洲中西部的一个历史上的区域，自里海向东延伸至中国的边境，向南从里海延伸至阿富汗。它很久以来就是东西方贸易和军事交通要道。这个地区的大部分属于今天的俄罗斯〔Tacitus〕Roman public official and historian whose two greatest works,Histories and Annals, concern the period from the death of Augustus ( a.d. 14) to the death of Domitian (96). 塔西佗，普布留斯·科内利乌斯：() 古罗官员和历史学家，他的两部最伟大的著作，《历史》 和 《编年史》 ，记述了从奥古斯都之死( 公元 14年）到多米西安之死（96年）这期间的史实 〔ahistorical〕Unconcerned with or unrelated to history, historical development, or tradition:非历史的：与历史、历史发展和传统无关的：〔Maitland〕British jurist and historian noted for his many works on the history of English law.梅特兰，弗雷德里克·威廉：(1850-1906) 英国法学家和历史学家，以其众多记述英国法律历史的著作而著称〔Fars〕A historical region of southern Iran along the Persian Gulf. It was more or less identical with the ancient province of Pars, which formed the nucleus of the Persian Empire. The Arabs changed the name after they conquered the region in the seventh century.法尔斯：波斯湾沿岸南部伊朗一个历史上著名的地区。大约与波斯帝国的核心，古代珀斯省处于同一位置，7世纪阿拉伯人征服了这一地区之后更改了它的名字〔perspective〕a perspective of history; a need to view the problem in the proper perspective.历史的整体观；需以恰当的整体观点来看待问题〔domain〕the domain of history.See Synonyms at field 历史领域 参见 field〔Brandenburg〕A historical region and former duchy of north-central Germany around which the kingdom of Prussia developed. The region is now divided between Poland and Germany.勃兰登堡：历史上的宗教领地和原公爵领地，位于德国中北部，普鲁士王国在其周围发展起来。该地区现被波兰和德国分占〔Leinster〕A historical region of southeast Ireland. Its wealth and accessibility made it an early prey to Danish and Anglo-Saxon invasions.伦斯特省：位于爱尔兰东南部的一个历史地区。因其财富和易得而很早就成为丹麦人和盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵的掠夺对象〔day〕A period of time in history; an era:历史上的一段时期；时代：〔Kingsley〕British cleric and writer whose works include novels of social criticism, notablyAlton Locke (1850), historical romances, such as Westward Ho! (1855), and a fairy tale, The Water Babies (1863). 金斯利，查尔斯：(1819-1875) 英国牧师、作家。其作品包括社会批评小说，著名的有《阿尔顿·洛克》 （1850年），历史传奇小说，例如 《向西方》 （1855年），和神话故事， 《水孩儿》 （1863年） 〔Bach〕German composer and organist of the late baroque period. Among the greatest composers in history, he wrote more than 200 cantatas, theSaint Matthew Passion (1729), the Mass in B minor (1733-1738), orchestral works such as the the six Brandenburg Concertos, and numerous works for organ, harpsichord, other solo instruments, and chamber ensembles. Four of his children became noted musicians: Wilhelm Friedemann Bach (1710-1784); Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (1714-1788), an important figure in the development of the symphony; Johann Christoph Friedrich Bach (1732-1795); and Johann Christian Bach (1735-1782). 巴赫，约翰·塞巴斯蒂安：(1685-1750) 巴洛克时代晚期的德国作曲家和管风琴家。是历史上最伟大的作曲家之一。他写了200多首大清唱剧《马太受难曲》 （1729年），B小调弥撒曲（1733-1738年），管弦乐作品如六首 《勃兰登堡协奏曲》 和大量管风琴、拨弦古钢琴以及其它独奏乐器作品。他的四个孩子也成了著名的音乐家： 韦尔海姆·弗莱德曼·巴赫 （1710-1784年）； 卡尔·菲利浦·伊曼纽·巴赫 （1714-1788年），交响乐发展中的重要人物； 约翰·克里斯朵夫·弗雷德里奇·巴赫 （1732-1795年）；以及 约翰·克里斯蒂安·巴赫 （1735-1782年） 〔Dalmatia〕A historical region of western Yugoslavia on the Adriatic Sea. Subdued by the Romans in the 1st centuryb.c. , it was divided between the kingdoms of Serbia and Croatia in the 10th century and held by numerous powers after the 15th century. Dalmatia became part of the kingdom that formed the nucleus of Yugoslavia in 1918. 达尔马提亚：南斯拉夫西部一历史地区，濒临亚得里亚海。公元前 1世纪时被罗马征服，10世纪时，被塞尔维亚王国和克罗地亚王国分成两半，15世纪后又被众多势力控制，达尔马提亚在1918年成为南斯拉夫中心王国的一部分 〔stream〕A trend, course, or drift, as of opinion, thought, or history.趋势：意见，思想或历史的倾向，过程或分流〔griot〕A storyteller in western Africa who perpetuates the oral tradition and history of a village or family.西非歌舞艺人：在西非地区保持村落或家族口头传统和历史的讲故事者〔northwest〕A historical region of the north-central United States west of the Mississippi River and north of the Missouri River.西北区：美国中北部的一个历史上的地区，在密西西比河西，密苏里河北〔Mostar〕A city of southern Bosnia and Herzegovina. The chief Turkish administrative and commercial center of Herzegovina from the 16th century, it passed to Austria in 1878 and to Yugoslavia after World War II. In 1993 ethnic Croats proclaimed the city the capital of the breakaway Croat republic Herzeg-Bosna, and many structures, including a historic 16th-century bridge, were destroyed as a result of fighting between Muslims, Croats, and Serbs. Population, 90,800莫斯塔尔：波黑南部城市。自16世纪起就是黑塞哥维那重要的土耳其人行政和商业中心，1878年割让给奥地利，第二次世界大战后归属南斯拉夫。1993年克罗埃西亚民族宣布莫斯塔尔是分离后的克罗埃西亚人共和国黑塞哥-波斯纳的首都，在穆斯林、克罗埃西亚人和塞尔维亚人的冲突中许多莫斯塔尔的建筑物被毁，包括历史上重要的16世纪大桥。人口90,800〔valorize〕"The prophets valorized history"(Mircea Eliade)“预言家们评估历史”(米尔西亚·埃利亚代)〔footnote〕a political scandal that was but a footnote to modern history.一件对现代历史无足轻重的政治丑闻〔martyrology〕The branch of ecclesiastical history or hagiography that deals with martyrs.圣徒传记，殉教史：有关处理殉教（道）者的宗教历史或传记的分支〔bibliography〕a bibliography of Latin American history.拉丁美洲历史的书目〔Americana〕(used with a pl. verb)Materials relating to American history, folklore, or geography or considered to be typical of American culture:（与复数动词连用）美国史料，美洲史料：有关美国（或美洲）的历史、民俗、地理或被认为典型代表美国（或美洲）文化的资料：〔long〕Of, relating to, or being a vowel sound in English, such as the vowel sound inmate or feet, that is historically descended from a long vowel. 长母音的：属于、关于或作为英语元音的，如mate 或 feet 中的元音按历史源于长元音 〔Mahan〕American naval officer and historian whose written works, such asThe Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783 (1890), prompted a worldwide buildup of naval strength prior to World War I. 马汉，阿尔弗烈德·萨耶尔：(1840-1914) 美国海军军官和历史学家，他的作品，如《海上力量对1660-1783历史的影响》 （1890年）引发了第一次世界大战前夕世界范围内海军军备竞赛 〔Most〕A city of northwest Czechoslovakia near the German border northwest of Prague. It dates to at least the 11th century. Population, 63,634.莫斯特：捷克斯洛伐克西北部一城市，位于布拉格西北部，靠近德国边境。其历史至少可追溯到11世纪。人口63,634〔Draper〕British-born American chemist and historian noted for contributions to the fields of photography and telegraphy. His historical works includeHistory of the Conflict between Religion and Science (1874). 德雷珀，约翰·威廉：(1811-1882) 英裔美籍化学家与历史学家，因其在摄影技术及电报技术领域的贡献而著名。其历史著作包括《宗教与科学冲突的历史》 （1874年） 〔Noyes〕British poet whose works, traditional in style, concern nature and science, English history, and his conversion to Catholicism.诺伊斯，艾尔弗雷德：(1880-1958) 英国诗人，其作品具有传统风格，内容涉及自然与科学，英国历史和他的对天主教的皈依〔synchronic〕Relating to or being the study of events of a particular time or era without reference to historical context.共时的：有关或属于不考虑其历史环境的某一特定时期或时代的事件的研究的〔Colden〕Irish-born colonial administrator, scientist, and philosopher noted particularly for hisHistory of Five Indian Nations (1727). 科尔登，卡德沃拉德：(1688-1776) 爱尔兰裔的殖民地行政官、科学家和哲学家，尤以他的《印度五民族的历史》 （1727年）而著名 〔history〕A narrative of events; a story.历史：事件的记叙；故事〔Bede〕Anglo-Saxon theologian and historian whose major work,Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation (731), written in Latin, remains an important source of ancient English history. He introduced the method of dating events from the birth of Christ. 比德：盎格鲁-撒克逊神学家和历史学家，他以拉丁文写的主要著作《英格兰民族教会的历史》 （731年），一直是英国古代历史的一个重要原始资料。他引进了以基督诞生之日来确定历史事件年代的方法 〔Dumas〕French writer of swashbuckling historical romances, such asThe Count of Monte Cristo and The Three Musketeers (both 1844). His son Alexandre (1824-1895), known as "Dumas fils, ” was a dramatist whose works include La Dame aux Camélias (1852). 仲马，亚历山大：(1802-1870) 法国作家，写作离奇的历史浪漫小说，如《基度山伯爵》 与 《三个火枪手》 （都作在1844年）。其子 亚历山大 (1824-1895年），被称为“ 《小》 仲马”是剧作家，作品包括 《茶花女》 （1852年） 〔Angers〕A city of western France east-northeast of Nantes. Of pre-Roman origin, Angers was the historical capital of Anjou. Population, 136,038.翁热：法国西部一城市，位于南次东北偏东。建立在罗马时代以前，曾是安茹的历史都城。人口136,038〔crocodile〕The crocodile may owe its name to its resemblance to a much smaller creature, a lizard that lived in the stone walls of Ionia.This lizard's name,krokodilos, is thought to be a compound of krokē, "pebble, gravel,” and drilos, which is only attested as meaning "circumcised man" but is assumed to mean "worm" as well. According to Herodotus, Ionians in Egypt noted the resemblance, probably humorously, between basking crocodiles and their own "worm of the stones.”The modern form of Englishcrocodile represents a return to the Classical Latin spelling crocodīlus, Latin having borrowed the word from Greek.But other spellings occurred in Classical Greek and Latin, and one of these Latin spellings,cocodrillus, passed into Medieval Latin and Old French (cocodril ) and then into English, so that our earliest possible use of the word, in a work perhaps composed before 1300, is spelledcokedrille. It was not until the 16th century that the word came to have its present spelling.The various spellings met with in the history ofcrocodile reflect the same sort of variations that occurred in the history of alligator. 鳄鱼可能是因为与一种比它小得多的生物，即生长在爱奥尼亚的石墙中的蜥蜴外表相似而得名。这种蜥蜴的名字krokodilos 被认为是由 kroke （意为“卵石，砾石”）一词和 drilos 这一（只被证明有“受割的人”的意思但又被假定有“蠕虫”的意思的）词组成的复合词。 希罗多德认为，埃及境内的爱奥尼亚人可能出于幽默而记下了晒太阳的鳄鱼和他们本地的“石头中的蠕虫”之间的类似点。英语的crocodile 的现代形式反映了古拉丁语拼法 crocodilus 的回归， 拉丁语中的这个词是从希腊语中引入的。但是出现在古希腊语和古拉丁语中的其它拼法以及其中一种拉丁语拼法，cocodrillus ， 却进入到中世纪拉丁语和古法语(cocodril )中，然后又进入到英语中， 所以出现在可能写于1300年以前的一篇文章中的我们最早有可能使用该词时的拼法是cokedrille 。 直到16世纪，这个词才变成现在这种拼法。在crocodile 一词的演变历史中的多种拼法也反映了在 alligator 一词的演变历史中的相似变化 〔Westphalia〕A historical region and former duchy of west-central Germany east of the Rhine River. The duchy was created in the 12th century and was administered for many centuries by ecclesiastical princes, especially the archbishop of Cologne. The Peace of Westphalia (1648) marked the end of the Thirty Years' War. Napoleon seized the area in 1807 and designated a portion of it as the kingdom of Westphalia, to be ruled by his brother Jérôme. The region became part of Prussia after 1815.威斯特法利亚：德国中西部一历史地区和前公国，位于莱茵河以东。公国建于12世纪，在以后的许多世纪中由教会贵族统治，尤其是指科隆大主教。威斯特法利亚和平协议(1648年）标志着“三十年战争”的结束。在1807年拿破仑攫取了该地区，并把其中的一部分定为威斯特法利亚王国，由他的兄弟圣哲罗姆统治。此地区在1815年后成为普鲁士的一部分〔Piedmont〕A historical region of northwest Italy bordering on France and Switzerland. Occupied by Rome in the 1st centuryb.c. , it passed to Savoy in the 11th century and was the center of the Italian Risorgimento after 1814. 皮埃蒙特区：意大利西北一历史地区，与法国和瑞士接壤。公元前 1世纪时，被罗马人占领，11世纪被萨伏伊王室统治，1814年后成为意大利复兴运动的中心 |
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