| 单词 | 历史学家 |
| 释义 | 〔Breasted〕American archaeologist and historian who made important discoveries in Egypt and wrote numerous books, includingDawn of Conscience (1933). 布雷斯特德，詹姆斯·亨利：(1865-1935) 美国考古学家和历史学家，在埃及有重要发现并写有许多书，包括《道德的黎明》 （1933年） 〔Stow〕English historian and antiquarian noted for his collection of medieval manuscripts and for hisSurvey of London (1598), a description of London at the dawn of modern time. 斯托，约翰：(1525-1605) 英国历史学家、文物工作者，以其对中世纪手稿的收集和描写现代初期的伦敦的《伦敦鸟瞰》 （1598年）而闻名 〔Bowers〕American diplomat, writer, and historian whose works includeThe Young Jefferson (1945) and Embassy Windows (1958). 鲍尔斯，克劳德·格纳德：(1878-1958) 美国外交官、作家和历史学家，其作品有《少年杰斐逊》 （1945年）和 《大使馆的窗户》 （1958年） 〔rhubarb〕The wordrhubarb may contain two hidden references to its origins. The first of these is in therhu- part of the word, which can be traced back to the Greek wordrha, meaning "rhubarb.”According to the Late Latin historian Ammianus Marcellinus,rhubarb was namedrha because it grew near the river namedRha, which we know as the Volga. The-barb part of rhubarb was actually added first to Late Latin rha, descended from Greek rha, in the form rhabarbarum, barbarum being the neuter form of barbarus, "foreign.” Another Greek word for rhubarb,rhēon, influenced the Late Latin word rhabarbarum, giving usreubarbarum, which yielded Old Frenchreubarbe. The Old French form gave us Middle Englishrubarbe, first recorded in a work written around 1390.In imitation of the way the Greek wordrha is spelled, anh was added, completing the long journey of this word into English from the banks of the Volga in classical times.单词rhubarb 可能包含两个关于其语源的隐藏的参考信息。 第一个是单词中的rhu- 部分， 它可追溯到希腊单词rha， 意为“大黄。”根据后期拉丁历史学家阿米亚诺斯·马塞勒斯的意见，大黄被命名为rha， 因为它生长在我们称之为伏尔加河的Rha 河附近。 Rhubarb 中的 -barb 实际上最初以 rhabarbarum 的形式加在由希腊语 rha 传下来的后期拉丁语 rha 上， barbarum作为 barbarus （“异族的”）的中性形式。 另一个表大黄的希腊单词rheon 影响了后期拉丁单词 rhabarbarum， 让我们得到单词reubarbarum， 并由此产生了古法语词reubarbe 。 该古法语形式产生了中世纪英语rubarbe， 首次记录在写于1390年左右的一本著作中。模仿希腊单词rha 拼写的方式， 再加上一个h， 从而完成了这个词从古代伏尔加河岸转变到英语的漫长历程〔Barros〕Portuguese historian whose major work,Decades (1552-1615), is a history of the Portuguese in the East Indies. 巴罗斯，若昂·德：(1496-1570) 葡萄牙历史学家，主要著作有《亚洲十年史》 （1552-1615年），是有关葡萄牙人在东印度群岛的历史著作 〔Maitland〕British jurist and historian noted for his many works on the history of English law.梅特兰，弗雷德里克·威廉：(1850-1906) 英国法学家和历史学家，以其众多记述英国法律历史的著作而著称〔Kuhn〕American philosopher and historian best known for his workThe Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962), in which he challenged the view that the history of science is a smooth and cumulative process, arguing instead that scientific change occurs through "revolutions" in which one paradigm of inquiry and explanation is replaced by another. 库恩，托马斯·塞缪尔：美国哲学家及历史学家，以其作品《科学革命的结构》 （1962年）著称于世，在书中他质疑科学的历史有着平顺及累积培养过程的观点，取而代之主张科学变化的发生是经过"革命"而来的，一种询问及解释的典范被另外一种所取代 〔Strachey〕British historian and biographer noted for his urbane, witty, and critical biographical works, includingEminent Victorians (1918). 斯特雷奇，（吉尔）利顿：(1880-1932) 英国历史学家，传记学家，以其文雅的、诙谐的、批评的传记作品闻名，包括《卓越的维多利亚时期的人》 （1918年） 〔historian〕"The historian, registering the facts beyond doubt, and in their context, cannot but also judge"(Robert Conquest)“历史学家记录那些不容置疑的事实，但对此也只能在具体情况下作出判断”(罗伯特·康奎斯特)〔black〕"When the history books are written in future generations, the historians will . . . say, ‘There lived a great people—a black people—who injected new meaning and dignity into the veins of civilization’”(Martin Luther King, Jr.)"Despite the exposure, being young, gifted and Black in the corridors of power has its trying moments"(Ebony)“后世在撰写历史书时，历史学家会…说，‘这里有过一个伟大的民族——黑人民族——他们为文明的血脉注入了崭新的意义与尊严’”(小马丁·路德·金)“尽管有成功的机会，在通向权力的道路上，做为年轻、有天份的黑人尚需经历艰难时刻”(艾伯尼)〔Foucault〕French philosopher and historian who explored the role played by power in shaping knowledge. His works includeMadness and Civilization (1961) and the multi-volume History of Sexuality (1976-1986). 傅柯·迈克尔：法国哲学家和历史学家，探索知识塑造能力所扮演的角色。他的作品包括《癫狂与文明》 （1961年）以及 《性史》 （1976-1986年） 〔Parkman〕American historian whose works includeThe California and Oregon Trail (1849) and Pioneers of France in the New World (1865). 派克门，弗朗西斯：(1823-1893) 美国历史学家，其著作有《加利福尼亚和俄勒冈遗迹》 （1849年）和 《新大陆的法国先驱者》 （1865年） 〔Taine〕French philosopher and historian who was a leading exponent of positivism and wrote the six-volumeOrigins of Contemporary France (1875-1893). 泰纳，希波利特·阿道夫：(1828-1893) 法国哲学家和历史学家，是实证主义的一名重要支持者，著有六卷本的《当代法国的起源》 （1875-1893年） 〔Andrews〕American historian who published numerous works on the colonial period.安德鲁，查尔斯·麦克莱恩：(1863-1943) 美国历史学家，发表过许多殖民时期的著作〔Grote〕British historian noted for hisHistory of Greece (1846-1856). 格罗特，乔治：(1794-1871) 英国历史学家，以其《希腊史》 （1846-1856年）而闻名 〔Acton〕British historian who led English Roman Catholics in their opposition to the doctrine of papal infallibility.阿克顿：英国历史学家，领导英国的罗马天主教徒反对教皇的绝对可靠主义〔Williams〕Trinidadian politician and intellectual who led his country to independence from Britain and became its first prime minister (1962-1981). A noted historian, his works include the classicCapitalism and Slavery (1944). 威廉斯，艾力克：特立尼达政治家和知识分子，领导特立尼达从英国独立，并担任第一届总理（1962年-1981年）。是著名的历史学家，作品包括经典之作的《资本主义与奴隶制》 （1944年） 〔Tudjman〕Croatian general and historian who was president of Croatia from 1990 to 1999.图季曼，法兰约：克罗地亚将军和历史学家，1990至1999年为克罗地亚总统.〔Trevelyan〕British historian and politician who was secretary for Ireland (1882-1884) and Scotland (1886 and 1892-1895) and wrote the four-volumeAmerican Revolution (1899-1907). His son George Macaulay Trevelyan (1876-1962) was a historian and biographer whose works include three books on Garibaldi (1907-1911). 特里威廉，乔治·奥托：(1838-1928) 英国历史学家和政治家，曾任爱尔兰大臣(1882－1884年）和苏格兰大臣(1886年和1892－1895年）。他写了四卷本的《美国革命》 （1899－1907年）。他的儿子 乔治·麦考莱·特里威廉 (1876-1962年）是历史学家和传记作家，他的著作包括三本关于加里波第的著作(1907-1911年） 〔James〕Trinidadian author and historian noted for his Marxist writings and his novelMinty Alley (1936). 詹姆斯，西里尔·利奥内尔·罗伯特：特立尼达作家及历史学家，以马克斯主义著作及小说《薄荷巷》 （1936年）著称 〔noted〕a notable historian;著名历史学家；〔Thiers〕French politician and historian who was the first president (1871-1873) of the republic formed after the fall of Napoleon III.席尔，路易斯·阿道尔夫：(1797-1877) 法国政治家和历史学家，是拿破仑三世下台后建立的共和国第一任总统（1871-1873年）〔paradise〕Perhaps the supreme example of the semantic process known as melioration is the wordparadise. In tracing this word from its origins to its present status,we see an elevation, or melioration, of meaning that raises the word to new heights.The history begins with the Avestan (the eastern dialect of Old Iranian) wordpairi-daēza-, "enclosure,” made up ofpairi, "around,” and daēza-, "wall.” The Greek military leader and historian Xenophon, who served with Greek mercenaries in Persia,first used the Greek wordparadeisos adopted from the Avestan wordto refer to the Persian kings' and nobles' parks or pleasure grounds.This Greek word extended to mean "garden" or "orchard" was an obvious choice for translators of the Bible into Greekto use both for the Garden of Eden and the Abode of the Blessed, or heaven.The Greek word was adopted into Late Latin and was used much as we might expect in its biblical senses in ecclesiastical Latin (Late Latinparadīsus ). The Old English wordparadis taken from Latin is found, but our word probably really established itself in Middle English (first recorded before 1200),derived both from Latin and from Old French, which had adopted the word from Latin.paradise. 这个词也许能作为词义进化最典型的例子， 从它的起源到现在的地位，我们可以看到词义的进化或改进把这个词带到了一个新的高度。这个历史过程从意为“领地，圈地”的阿维斯陀语（古伊朗人西部方言）pairi-daeza-, 开始， 由意为“环形的”pairi, 和意为“墙”的 daeza-, 组成。 曾随希腊雇佣军到波斯服役的希腊军事将领和历史学家色诺芬，首先使用了希腊语词paradeisos, ， 该词采用了阿维斯陀词，指波斯国王和贵族们的花园或游乐场，这个希腊词衍生到表示“花园”或“果园”，显然是译者在把《圣经》翻译成希腊文时所做出的选择，以用来表明伊甸园和天国或天堂，有这两种含义的希腊词被引入后期的拉丁语中且当它们在教会拉丁文（后期拉丁语paradisus )中意为《圣经》方面的意义时被更广泛地使用， 古英语paradis 一词来自拉丁文， 但我们用的这个词可能在中古英语（首次记录在1200年前）中真正确立了起来，人们发现它源于拉丁文和从拉丁文中采纳了这个词的古法语〔Treitschke〕German historian who wrote the seven-volumeHistory of Germany in the 19th Century (1879-1894). 特赖奇克，亨利希·戈特哈尔德·冯：(1834-1896) 德国历史学家，著有七卷本的《19世纪德国史》 （1879-1894年） 〔Brogan〕British political scientist and historian known for his books on America as well as other general works, such asThe English People (1943) and The French Nation (1957). 布罗根，丹尼斯·威廉：(1900-1974) 英国政治科学家和历史学家，因所写美国论著和其它一般性著作而闻名，如《英国人民》 （1943年）和 《法兰西民族》 （1957年） 〔Thucydides〕Greek historian. Considered the greatest historian of antiquity, he wrote a critical history of the Peloponnesian War that contains the funeral oration of Pericles.修希德狄斯：希腊历史学家，曾被认为是远古时代最伟大的历史学家，著有一部关于伯罗奔尼撒战争的批评史，其中有伯里克利的葬礼演讲〔Stubbs〕British historian and prelate known for his study of the constitutional history of medieval England.斯塔布斯，威廉：(1825-1901) 英国历史学家和高级教士，以他对中世纪英格兰的宪法历史研究著名〔Arnold〕British educator and historian who as headmaster of Rugby School (1827-1842) introduced classes in mathematics, modern languages, and modern history into the classical curriculum.阿诺德，托马斯：(1795-1842) 英国教育家和历史学家，在他担任卢格比公学校长（1827-1842年）时，在文科课程中引进了数学，现代语言和现代历史课程〔register〕"It is for the historian to discover and register what actually happened"(Robert Conquest)“发现和记下发生的真实事件是历史学家的任务”(罗伯特·康奎斯特)〔Catton〕American historian and editor who wrote extensively on the Civil War and edited (1954-1959)American Heritage magazine. 凯通，（查尔斯）布鲁斯：(1899-1978) 美国历史学家及编辑，著有大量关于美国内战的作品，主编（1954-1959年）《美国遗产》 杂志 〔Josephus〕Jewish general and historian who took part in the Jewish revolt against the Romans. HisHistory of the Jewish War is the major source of information about the siege of Masada (72-73). 约瑟夫斯，弗莱维厄斯：() 犹太将领、历史学家，曾参加犹太人反对罗马人的起义。他的《犹太战争史》 是关于马萨达围困(72-73年）的重要史料来源 〔Fiske〕American historian and philosopher known for his writings on religion and science, especiallyExcursions of an Evolutionist (1884). 菲斯克，约翰：(1842-1901) 美国历史学家和哲学家，因在宗教和科学方面的著作闻名，尤其是《一个进化论者的远足》 （1884年） 〔McCullough〕American historian who was awarded a Pulitzer Prize for his biography of Harry Truman,Truman (1992). 麦卡洛夫，戴维：美国历史学家，他因撰写哈里·杜鲁门的传记《杜鲁门》 （1992年）获普利策奖 〔Suetonius〕Roman historian whose major work,Lives of the Caesars, is an account of the lives of the first 12 Roman emperors. 苏埃托尼乌斯：罗马历史学家，主要著作《恺撒生平》 ,记述了前12个罗马皇帝的生平 〔Tuchman〕American historian who won a Pulitzer Prize forThe Guns of August (1962) and for Stilwell and the American Experience in China (1971). 图克曼，芭芭拉·韦尔特海默：(1912-1989) 美国历史学家，因其作品《八月枪口》 （1962年）和 《史迪威和美国人在中国的经历》 （1971年）而荣获普利策奖 〔Carlyle〕British historian and essayist whose works, such asThe French Revolution (1837), are characterized by his trenchant social and political criticism and his complex literary style. 卡莱尔，托马斯：(1795-1881) 英国历史学家和散文作家，其著作，如《法国革命》 （1837年），以对社会和政治的犀利批评和复杂的文风为特色 〔Adams〕American historian noted for his nine-volumeHistory of the United States during the Administrations of Jefferson and Madison (1889-1891). He also wrote a famous autobiography, The Education of Henry Adams (1918). 亚当斯，亨利·布鲁克斯：(1838-1918) 美国历史学家，以其九卷本《杰斐逊和麦迪逊统治时期的美国历史》 （1889-1891年）而闻名。写有著名的自传 《亨利·亚当斯的教育》 （1918年） 〔Livy〕Roman historian. His history of Rome originally consisted of 142 volumes, of which only 35 survive.利维：罗马历史学家。他所著的罗马历史共有142卷组成，现存仅35卷〔glean〕"records from which historians glean their knowledge"(Kemp Malone)See Synonyms at reap “历史学家们从记录资料中收集信息”(肯普·马隆) 参见 reap〔Allen〕American editor and historian noted for his editorship ofHarper's (1941-1953) and his books of social history, including The Big Change (1952). 艾伦，弗雷德里克·刘易斯：(1890-1954) 美国编辑、历史学家，闻名于他所编辑的《哈珀一家》 （1941-1953年）和其社会历史学著作，包括 《巨大的变化》 （1952年） |
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