| 单词 | 历程 |
| 释义 | 〔Trumbull〕American poet noted for his satirical works, includingThe Progress of Dulness (1772-1773). 特朗布尔，约翰：(1750-1831) 美国诗人，以其讽刺作品而著名，包括《愚钝的历程》 （1772-1773年） 〔orange〕Oranges imported to China from the United States reflect a journey come full circle,for the orange had worked its way westward for centuries, originating in China,then being introduced to India,and traveling on to the Middle East, into Europe,and finally to the New World.The history of the wordorange keeps step with this journey only part of the way. The word is possibly ultimately of Dravidian origin, that is, it comes from a language or languages in a large non-Indo-European family of languages,including Tamil and Telugu, that are spoken in southern India and northern Sri Lanka.The Dravidian word or words were adopted into the Indo-European language Sanskritwith the formnāraṅgaḥ. As the fruit passed westward,so did the word,as evidenced by Persiannārang and Arabic nāranj. Arabs brought the first oranges to Spain,and the fruit rapidly spread throughout Europe.The important word for the development of our term is Old Italianmelarancio, derived from mela, "fruit,” and arancio, "orange tree,” from Arabicnāranj. Old Italianmelarancio was translated into Old French as pume orenge, theo replacing the a because of the influence of the name of the town of Orange, from which oranges reached the northern part of France.The final stage of the odyssey of the word was its borrowing into English from the Old French formorenge. Our word is first recorded in Middle English in a text probably composed around 1380,a time preceding the arrival of the orange in the New World.从美国进口到中国的桔子恰恰反映出兜圈子似的行进里程，因为原产于中国的桔子几个世纪以来不断向西行进，先是被引入印度，之后传播到中东国家、欧洲，最后引进了新大陆，orange 这个词的发展历史只与桔子的发展历程在一部分时段上是有其同步性的， 它最可能是来源于达罗毗荼，也就是说，它来源于非印一欧语系中的一种或多种语言，包括用于印度南部和斯里兰卡北部的泰米尔语和泰卢固语。达罗毗荼语是以梵文形式引入印欧语系的，形式如narangch。 当这种水果向西传播时，这个单词也同样西传，从以下可得到明证，如波斯语中的narang 和阿拉伯语中的 naranj。 阿拉伯人把第一批桔子带到西班牙后，这种水果又迅速传遍整个欧洲。我们现时所用的这个词的发展期中重要的一词便是古意大利语melarancio ，源于 mela， “水果”及 arancio， “桔树”， 来源于阿拉伯语naranj。 古意大利语melarancio 翻译成古法语为 pume orenge， o 变换为 a 是因为受奥伦奇城名的影响， 桔子即由此地进入法国北部。这一单词长途跋涉的最后一站是它由古法语orenge 进入英语词汇。 我们所用的这一词汇最初载入中世纪英语是在大约1380年左右的一份文本当中，早于桔子进入新大陆的时间〔Meredith〕British writer of novels, such asThe Ordeal of Richard Feverel (1859), and poetic works, including Modern Love (1862). 麦勒迪斯，乔治：(1828-1909) 英国小说作家，作品有《理查德·费维莱尔的苦难历程》 （1859年），他也是一位诗作家，作品有 《现代爱情》 （1862年） 〔phase〕"A phase of my life was closing tonight, a new one opening tomorrow" (Charlotte Brontë).“我生命的一段历程于今晚结束，明天将开始新的一程” （夏洛特·勃朗蒂）。〔rhubarb〕The wordrhubarb may contain two hidden references to its origins. The first of these is in therhu- part of the word, which can be traced back to the Greek wordrha, meaning "rhubarb.”According to the Late Latin historian Ammianus Marcellinus,rhubarb was namedrha because it grew near the river namedRha, which we know as the Volga. The-barb part of rhubarb was actually added first to Late Latin rha, descended from Greek rha, in the form rhabarbarum, barbarum being the neuter form of barbarus, "foreign.” Another Greek word for rhubarb,rhēon, influenced the Late Latin word rhabarbarum, giving usreubarbarum, which yielded Old Frenchreubarbe. The Old French form gave us Middle Englishrubarbe, first recorded in a work written around 1390.In imitation of the way the Greek wordrha is spelled, anh was added, completing the long journey of this word into English from the banks of the Volga in classical times.单词rhubarb 可能包含两个关于其语源的隐藏的参考信息。 第一个是单词中的rhu- 部分， 它可追溯到希腊单词rha， 意为“大黄。”根据后期拉丁历史学家阿米亚诺斯·马塞勒斯的意见，大黄被命名为rha， 因为它生长在我们称之为伏尔加河的Rha 河附近。 Rhubarb 中的 -barb 实际上最初以 rhabarbarum 的形式加在由希腊语 rha 传下来的后期拉丁语 rha 上， barbarum作为 barbarus （“异族的”）的中性形式。 另一个表大黄的希腊单词rheon 影响了后期拉丁单词 rhabarbarum， 让我们得到单词reubarbarum， 并由此产生了古法语词reubarbe 。 该古法语形式产生了中世纪英语rubarbe， 首次记录在写于1390年左右的一本著作中。模仿希腊单词rha 拼写的方式， 再加上一个h， 从而完成了这个词从古代伏尔加河岸转变到英语的漫长历程〔chronobiology〕The study of the effects of time and rhythmical phenomena on life processes.时间生物学：对生命历程中时间现象和周期现象的影响的研究〔period〕"How many a man has dated a new era in his life from the reading of a book" (Henry David Thoreau).Anage is usually a period marked by a particular distinctive characteristic: 有多少人由于读一本书而开始一个新生活的历程 （亨利·戴维·梭罗）。Age 是以特别突出的特点为标志的时期： 〔Graves〕British writer and critic whose works include poetic delineations of his tour of service in World War I, love poems, and the critical workThe White Goddess (1948). 格雷夫斯，罗伯特·兰克：(1895-1985) 英国作家和评论家，其作品包括描绘他参加第一次世界大战历程的诗作、爱情诗和评论《苍白的女神》 （1948年） 〔Stravinsky〕Russian-born composer of ballets, includingThe Rite of Spring (1913), symphonies, operas, such as The Rake's Progress (1951), and other works. He is considered one of the most innovative composers of the 20th century. 斯特拉文斯基，伊戈尔·费多尔洛维奇：(1882-1971) 俄裔芭蕾舞作曲家，包括《春之祭》 (1913年），交响乐，歌剧如 《浪子的历程》 (1951年）和其它的作品。他被认为是20世纪最有创造性的作曲家之一 〔organism〕An individual form of life, such as a plant, an animal, a bacterium, a protist, or a fungus; a body made up of organs, organelles, or other parts that work together to carry on the various processes of life.有机生物：一种个体生命形式，如植物、动物、细菌、原生生物或者真菌；一个由有机器官、细胞器或其它部件组成的并在一起共同运作以进行生命历程的整体〔construction〕Something fashioned or devised systematically:历程：有步骤地形成或设计出的事物：〔Lawrence〕American merchant and politician who was a central figure in the development of the textile industry in New England and the incorporation of Lawrence, Massachusetts (1853).劳伦斯，艾博特：(1792-1855) 美国商人和政治家，他是新英格兰纺织工业和马萨诸塞州劳伦斯公司（1853年）发展历程中的核心人物〔journey〕A process or course likened to traveling; a passage:历程，过程：被比作旅行的过程或经历：〔telephone〕When one telephones someone else,one never gives a second thought to the linguistic and etymological processes illustrated by the wordtelephone. To begin with,the nountelephone is one of a class of technological and scientific words that are made up of combining forms, in this casetele- and -phone. These forms are derived from classical languages:tele- is from the Greek combining form tēle- or tēl-, a form of tēle, meaning "afar, far off,” while-phone is from Greek phōnē, "sound, voice.” Such words derived from classical languages can be put together in French or German,for example, as well as in English.Which language actually gave birth to them cannot always be determined.In this case Frenchtelephone (about 1830) seems to have priority. The word was used for an acoustic apparatus, as it originally was in English (1844).Alexander Graham Bell appropriated the word for his invention in 1876,and in 1877 we have the first instance of the verbtelephone meaning "to speak to by telephone.” The verb is an example of a linguistic process called functional shift.This occurs when we use a noun as a verb,an adjective as a noun, or a noun as an adjective.Thus, we are changing the syntactic function of the word,just as we do when wetelephone a friend. 当某人打电话给别人时，他决不会再想一想单词Telephone 所说明的语言学的和词源学的发展历程。 开始时，名词telephone 是由复合形式构成的一类技术和科学术语中的一个， 在这个例子中是tele- 和 -phone 。 这些形式来自于古典语言：tele- 来自于希腊语的复合形式 tele- 或 tel- （ tele 的形式，意为“在远处，遥远地”）， 而-phone 则来自希腊语 phone （“声音，嗓音”）。 这些来自古典语言的词可以在法语或德语中放在一起，例如，同英语一样。这些词到底诞生于哪一种语言通常无法确认。在这个例子中，法语telephone （大约于1830年）看起来出现较早。 这个单词正如它最初出现在英语中(1844年）的意思一样，在法语中它用于指声音设备。亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔在1876年用这个词指代他的发明物，1877年我们有了第一个意为“用电话与…交谈”的动词telephone 的实例。 这个动词是称为功能转移的语言学进程的一个例子。这种情况在我们将名词作为动词，将形容词作为名词或将名词作为形容词使用时就发生。这样，我们正在改变单词的句法功能，正如在我们打电话给 一位朋友时所做的一样 |
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