| 单词 | 原先 |
| 释义 | 〔primeval〕Belonging to the first or earliest age or ages; original or ancient:原始的，早期的：属于最初的或最早的年代的；原先的或远古的：〔Ottawa〕A Native American people formerly inhabiting the northern shore of Lake Huron, with later settlements throughout the upper Great Lakes region. Present-day Ottawa populations are located mainly in southern Ontario, northern Michigan, and Oklahoma.奥塔瓦人：美洲土著民族 ，原先居住在休伦湖的北岸 ，后来散布于五大湖北部地区。今天奥塔瓦人主要集中于安大略省南部、密歇根州北部和俄克拉荷马州〔waive〕"The original ban on private trading had long since been waived"(William L. Schurz)“原先禁止私人经商法令已经没有人坚持了”(威廉L.舒尔茨)〔kudos〕Kudos is one of those words like congeries that look like pluralsbut are etymologically singular:correctness requiresKudos is (not are ) due her for her brilliant work on the score. Some writers have tried to defend the use ofkudos with a plural verb, or even the introduction of a new singular form ofkudo, on the grounds that these innovations follow the pattern whereby the English words pea and cherry were re-formed from nouns ending in-s that were thought to be plural. Perhaps the singularkudo would have to be acknowledged as a legitimate formation if it came to be widely adopted in the popular language in the way that cherry and pea have. But at presentkudos is still regarded as a slightly pretentious variant for praise and can scarcely claim to be part of the linguistic folkways of the community.When writers reach for an unfamiliar Greek word for the sake of elegance,it is fair to ask that they get it right.Still, it is worth notingthat even people who are carefulto treat the word syntactically as a singularoften pronounce it as if it were a plural:etymology would require that the final consonant be pronounced as a voiceless (s),rather than as a voiced (z).Kudos 和 congeries 那些词一样， 看上去好象是复数，但从词源上看是单数：因此正确的用法应该是Kudos is （不是 are ） due her for her brilliant work on the score 。 许多作者为kudos 后跟动词复数形式的做法辩护， 他们甚至发明了一个新的词kudo 作为该词的单数形式，他们这样做是以英语单词 pea 和 cherry 的形成模式为依据的， 这些词都是从原先结尾带-s 的复数形式名词演化而来。 kudo 这种单数形式只有在象 cherry 和 pea 这样为大众语言所普遍接受之后才能被认可为一种正确的形式。 但是现在kudos 这个词仍被看作是 praise 这个词稍稍有些做作的变体， 还很难成为社群的习惯用语的一部份。当一个作家为了行文的优雅用一个生僻的希腊词的时候，他应该正确地使用它。但是值得注意的是，即使是那些非常仔细的人，他们在句子中把它用作单数，但在读的时候却读成复数的形式：根据词源来看，这个词最后一个辅音应该发成清辅音（s），而不是浊辅音（z）〔Mescalero〕An Apache tribe formerly inhabiting southern New Mexico, western Texas, and north-central Mexico, with a present-day population in southern New Mexico.梅斯卡勒罗人：阿帕切族印第安人，原先定居于美国新墨西哥州南部、得克萨斯州西部及墨西哥中北部，现今此族人则居于新墨西哥南部〔scale〕scaled down their demands to fit reality; scaled back the scheduled pay increase.缩减需求以符合实际情况；收回原先预定加薪的决定〔Verona〕A city of northern Italy on the Adige River west of Venice. The original settlement on the site was conquered by Rome in 89b.c. and later fell to barbarian invaders. Verona became an independent republic in a.d. 1107 and formed the powerful Veronese League in 1164. It became part of Italy in 1866. Population, 261,208. 维罗纳：意大利北部的一个城市，位于威尼斯以西阿迪杰河畔。该地址原先的定居地在公元前 89年被罗马征服，后来又沦陷入野蛮的入侵者手中。维罗纳在 公元 1107年成为一个独立的共和国并于1164年形成强大的佛罗纳联盟。它在1866年成为意大利的一部分。人口261,208 〔reinforcement〕An event, a circumstance, or a condition that increases the likelihood that a given response will recur in a situation like that in which the reinforcing condition originally occurred.强化条件：能增强给定的反应在原先的强化条件下再次发生的可能性的一个事件，环境或条件〔endorsement〕An amendment to a contract, such as an insurance policy, by which the original terms are changed.合同修正条例：合同的修正条例，例如保险政策，通过此条例将原先的条款改变〔polite〕 Genteel, which originally meant well-bred and refined,now usually suggests excessive and affected refinement: Genteel 原先意指有教养的和优雅的，现在通常暗示过分或矫揉造作的文雅： 〔replace〕To put back into a former position or place.把…放回：把…放回原先的位置或地方〔transference〕In psychoanalysis, the process by which emotions and desires originally associated with one person, such as a parent or sibling, are unconsciously shifted to another person, especially to the analyst.移情：在心理分析中，原先与一个人比如父母或子女相关的情感或欲望被无意地转移到另一个人的身上，尤指分析者〔Yanktonai〕A division of the Sioux people formerly inhabiting northern Minnesota, now located mainly in North and South Dakota and eastern Montana.扬克托奈人：苏族人的一支，原先居住在北明尼苏达州，现在主要居住在北达科他州和南达科他州和蒙大纳州的东部〔invaginate〕To infold or become infolded so as to form a hollow space within a previously solid structure, as in the formation of a gastrula from a blastula.套叠：折叠或变成折叠以便在原先实心的结构中形成一个中空的空间，如囊胚形成原肠胚的过程〔resilience〕The property of a material that enables it to resume its original shape or position after being bent, stretched, or compressed; elasticity.弹性：使某物质能在弯曲、伸展或收缩后恢复原先的形状或位置的物体的性能；收缩性〔instead〕Having planned to drive, we walked instead.我们以步行代替原先计划的驾车〔alembic〕An apparatus consisting of two vessels connected by a tube, formerly used for distilling liquids.蒸馏器：被一个管子连结起来的由两个容器组成的用具，原先用来蒸馏液体〔rollback〕A reduction, especially in prices or wages, to a previous lower level by governmental action or direction:回落，削减：尤指物价或工资由于政府采取行动或命令而下降到原先较低的水平：〔predecessor〕The new building is more spacious than its predecessor.这一新建筑比原先的更宽敞〔cyclamate〕A salt of cyclamic acid formerly used as an artificial sweetener, especially:环磺酸盐：原先用来作为人工增甜剂的一种环己基磺酸的盐，尤指：〔Crow〕A Native American people formerly inhabiting an area of the northern Great Plains between the Platte and Yellowstone rivers, now located in southeast Montana. The Crow became nomadic buffalo hunters after migrating west from the Missouri River in North Dakota in the 18th century.克劳族：一个原先居住于大平原北部普拉特河和黄石河之间某个地区的印第安民族，现分布在美国蒙大纳州的东南部。克劳族在18世纪由北达科他州的密苏里河向西迁移以后，成为一个猎捕野牛的游牧民族〔Ponca〕A Native American people formerly inhabiting northeast Nebraska near the Niobrara River, with present-day populations in Oklahoma and Nebraska. The Ponca are closely related to the Omaha in language and history.篷卡人：一支美洲土著人，原先定居在内布拉斯加东北、奈厄布拉勒河附近，现在他们居住在俄克拉荷马州和内布拉斯加州。篷卡人和奥玛哈人在语言和历史沿上都有紧密的联系〔surprint〕To superimpose (a second negative) on a previously printed image of the first negative.叠印，套印：在原先第一张底片已印好的图像上叠印（第二张底片）〔enlargement〕Something that has been enlarged, especially a photographic reproduction or a copy larger than the original print or negative.放大的照片：被扩大了的事物，尤指照片、复制品或比原先版或底片大的复制版〔Cree〕A Native American people inhabiting a large area from eastern Canada west to Alberta and the Great Slave Lake. Formerly located in central Canada, the Cree expanded westward and eastward in the 17th and 18th centuries, the western Cree adopting the Plains Indian life and the eastern Cree retaining their woodland culture.克里族：一个居住在从加拿大东部西至亚伯达省直至大斯累伏湖之间广大地区的印第安族。克里族原先分布在加拿大中部地区，在17世纪和18世纪向西和向东扩展。西克里族采纳了大平原印第安人的生活，而东克里族则保留了他们的林区文化〔rehearing〕A new hearing of a case by the same court or other administrative tribunal in which it was originally heard.再次听证：在原先听证过的同一法庭或其他的行政法庭对一个案件再次听证〔demodulation〕The conversion of a modulated carrier wave into a current equivalent to the original signal. Also called detection 解调，检波：从调制后的载波中得到原先信号的转换方法 也作 detection〔greenroom〕[So called because such rooms were originally painted green] [因原先剧场演员休息室被刷成绿色，故得名] 〔replant〕To reattach (an organ or limbs, for example) surgically to the original site.移植：动手术把（如某器官或四肢）重新置于原先的位置〔Vedda〕A member of the earliest people of Sri Lanka, originally forest-dwelling hunters but now almost completely assimilated into the modern Singhalese population.维达人：斯里兰卡最古老的民族的一员，原先是居住在森林中的猎人，但现在已几乎全部被现代的僧伽罗人所同化〔dislodge〕To move or go from a dwelling or former position.移走，离开：从住所或原先的位置移动或离开〔overcast〕A cast made in fishing that falls beyond the point intended.过远的一撒：捕鱼时远于原先想投的一次抛掷〔Wyandot〕A Native American people formed of groups displaced by the destruction of the Huron confederacy in the mid-17th century, formerly located in Ohio and the upper Midwest and now living in northeast Oklahoma.怀恩多特族：一支美洲土著民族，17世纪中叶被休伦联盟消灭后所替代，原先居住在俄亥俄州和中西部北部地区，现居住在俄克拉荷马州东北部地区〔condition〕To replace moisture or oils in (hair, for example) by use of a therapeutic product.保养：用药物来促进原先湿度或油份（例如头发中）的代谢〔Venlo〕A town of southeast Netherlands near the German border. Formerly a fortress city, it is now an agricultural trade center. Population, 62,935.芬络：荷兰东南部的一个城镇，位于德国边界附近。它原先是一个堡垒城市，现在则是一个农贸中心。人口62,935〔rollback〕A turning back or retreat, as from a previously held position or policy:退后：如从原先占据的位置或政策中退却：〔Cremona〕A city of northern Italy on the Po River east-southeast of Milan. Originally a Roman colony, it was an independent commune in the Middle Ages until its surrender to Milan in 1334. Population, 80,758.克雷默那：意大利北部的一个城市，位于波河沿岸，米兰市的东南偏东方。它原先是罗马的一个殖民地，在中世纪时期是一个独立的行政区，直至1334年它被米兰兼并。人口80,758〔Yankton〕A division of the Sioux people formerly inhabiting northern Minnesota, now located mainly in the eastern Dakotas. The Yankton and Yanktonai occupy a middle position between the Santee and Teton divisions of the Sioux.扬克顿族：苏族人的一支，原先居住在明尼苏达州北部，现在主要居住在达科他州东部，扬克顿人和扬克托奈人处于苏族的分支桑蒂和提顿之间的位置〔if〕Note also that the presence of the modal verbwould in the main clause should not be taken as a sign that the verb in the if clause must be in the subjunctive, if the content of that clause is not presupposed to be false: 另须注意，在主句中使用情态动词would 并不表明 if 从句中一定使用虚拟语气，因为从句的内容并不一定原先就认为是错误的： 〔daylight〕Understanding or insight into what was formerly obscure:理解：对原先模糊事物的理解或洞察： |
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