| 单词 | 反而 |
| 释义 | 〔bite〕To repay generosity or kindness with ingratitude and injury.忘恩负义：对别人的慷慨和善良不但不感激，反而伤害别人〔sign〕"the gale having rather increased than shown any symptoms of abating" (Frederick Marryat).“大风不但没有显示出任何变小的迹象，反而越刮越大” （弗雷德里克·马里亚特）。〔dynatron〕A tetrode with grid and plate potentials so arranged that plate current decreases when plate potential increases.负耗阻性管：由栅极和极板电势组成的四极管，其中当极板电流降低时极板电势反而增加〔edge〕"His simplicity sets off the satire, and gives it a finer edge"(William Hazlitt)“他的淳朴反而具有讽刺意味且令人印象深刻”(威廉·黑兹利特)〔detract〕a decorating scheme that detracts but does not enhance.一个不但没增色反而减色的装修方案〔get〕got nothing but trouble for her efforts.她的努力不但徒劳无功，反而惹来一身麻烦〔scheme〕"Your scheme yields no revenue; it yields nothing but discontent, disorder, disobedience"(Edmund Burke)“你的计划不切实际；反而带来不满、混乱和反抗”(埃德蒙·伯克)〔stay〕"She was not anxious but puzzled that her husband tarried" (Eden Phillpotts). “对于丈夫的磨蹭她不感到焦虑，反而感到迷惑” （伊登·菲尔波茨）。 〔effete〕The fact thateffete has come to mean "effeminate" marks a return to its etymological roots. Effete came into English from the Latin wordeffētus, made up ofex-, "out,” and the adjective fētus, "having recently given birth,” which is related to the nounfētus, "offspring,” a word we have borrowed as well. Latineffētus was used of plants that had borne fruit or of animals that had borne young, buteffētus could also mean "worn out with bearing young, exhausted, feeble.” The English wordeffete, whose earliest appearance is recorded in 1621, was first used in senses similar or identical to senses of Latineffētus ; however, in the last two centuries or so the senses "characterized by weakness or decadence" and "overrefined, effeminate,” have appeared.Botheffeminate and effete go back to the same Indo-European root, dhē(i)-, meaning "to suck.” Ineffeminate we see the development from a form of the root meaning literally "she who suckles"; ineffete, the development from a form of the root that refers to the baby who sucks milk from the mother. 事实上，effete 这个词表示“女人气的”意义反而表明其意义更接近于其词根的意义。 Effete 是从拉丁语effetus 传入英语的， 这个拉丁语词是由ex- 表“出”和形容词 fetus 表“刚刚生产”组成的， 该词与我们借用来的名词fetus 表示“后代”有关。 拉丁语effetus 用于指植物刚刚结出果实或动物刚产幼仔， 但effetus 可能也表示“刚出生而精疲力竭、无力、柔弱”。 英语词语effete 第一次记载于1621年， 当时的意义与拉丁语effetus 的意义基本相同或相似， 但从以后近两个世纪以来，表示“柔弱或堕落”和“娇柔或女人气”的意义相继出现。effeminate 和 effete 都源于同一印欧语系的词根 dhe(i-) 意为“吸”。 在effeminate 中，我们看到从词根形式拓展来的意义大体上是“喂奶的女人”； effete 从词根形式发展而来的意义是指从母体身上汲取乳汁的幼儿 〔Lucifer〕The archangel cast from heaven for leading the revolt of the angels; Satan.撒旦：由于领导众天使造反而被从天堂打下的，撒旦〔choke〕"The only top official to choke up was the Secretary of State. . . . he created a problem by insisting on solving a problem that was not acute"(William Safire)“国务卿是唯一的举止失措的高级官员…他坚持要解决一个并不严重的问题反而造成了问题”(威廉·萨菲尔)〔hopefully〕And though this use ofhopefully may have been a vogue word when it first gained currency 30 years ago, it has long since lost any taint of jargon or pretentiousness for the general reader.The well-attested acceptance of the usage reflects an implicit popular recognition of its usefulness;there is no precise substitute.Someone who saysHopefully, the treaty will be ratified makes a hopeful prediction about the fate of the treaty,whereas someone who saysI hope (or We hope or It is hoped ) the treaty will be ratified expresses a bald statement about what is desired. Only the latter could be continued with a clause such asbut it isn't likely. · It might have been expected, then, that the initial flurry of objections tohopefully would have subsided once the usage became well established. Instead, increased currency of the usage appears only to have made the critics more adamant.In the 1969 Usage Panel survey the usage was acceptable to 44 percent of the Panel;in the most recent survey it was acceptable to only 27 percent.(By contrast, 60 percent accepted the analogous use ofmercifully in the sentence Mercifully, the game ended before the opponents could add another touchdown to the lopsided score. ) Yet the Panel has not shown any signs of becoming generally more conservative:in the very same survey panelists were disposed to accept once-vilified usagessuch as the employment ofcontact and host as verbs. · It seems that this use ofhopefully has been made a litmus test, which distinguishes writers who take an active interest in questions of grammar or usage from the great mass of people who keep their own linguistic counsel.No one can be blamed who useshopefully in blithe ignorance of the critics' disdain for it, since the rule could not be derived from any general concern for clarity or precision.But writers who are aware of the critical controversy face a more delicate decision.Some will simply flout the rule,seeing no reason that they should be deprived of a useful construction.Others may choose to avoid the usage,whether they are motivated by discretion or civility. ·Like other sentence adverbs such asbluntly and happily, hopefully may occasionally be ambiguous. In the sentenceHopefully, the company has launched a new venture, the word hopefully might be construed as describing the point of view of either the speaker or the subject. Such ambiguities can be resolved either by repositioning the adverb (as inThe company has launched the new venture hopefully ) or by choosing a paraphrase ( One may hope that the company has launched the new venture ). 尽管hopefully 的这一用法在30年前首次通用的时候曾是个时兴词， 但对于广大读者来说它早已失去了俚语或矫饰的色彩。屡经证实的对这一用法的接受反映了对其实用性的普遍默认；而且并不存在其他精确的代用词。有人如果说但愿条约能被批准 ， 便是对条约的命运作了充满希望的预测，反之如果有人说我希望 （或 我们希望 或 希望 ) 条约将会被批准 则表达了对其期望之物的大胆声明。 只有后者可以接从句象但这不大可能 。 也许我们本可以期待当这一用法已变得根深蒂固之后， 对hopefully 的一片反对声可稍事平息。 然而，这一用法的流行似乎反而使批评家们更为坚定。在1969年用法调查使用小组的调查中44%的成员接受这一用法；在最近一次的调查中却只有27%的成员接受。（相比之下，60%的人接受mercifully 在句子 幸好，在对手能够给这一边倒的比分再加上一分之前，比赛就结束了 中的类似用法） 但是并没有任何迹象表明调查小组成员正在普遍变得更保守：在同一次调查中小组成员们倾向于接受被一度废除的某些用法，如把contact 和 host 用作动词看来。 似乎hopefully 的用法已经成了一块试金石， 它把对语法和用法怀有浓厚兴趣的作家和保留着他们自己的语言学顾问的广大民众区分开来。那些全然忽视批评家们的蔑视使用hopefully 的人不该受到指责， 因为规则并不来源于任何对清晰和精确的关注。但是意识到了批评界争议的作者们面对着一个更为微妙的决定。有些人干脆违反规则，他们认为没有理由要失去这么一个实用的结构。另外一些人则选择避免这一用法，无论其动机是出于谨慎还是出于礼貌。象许多其它句中副词如bluntly 和 happily一样，hopefully 经常出现歧义。 在下句 Hopefully, the company has launched a new venture 中， hopefully 一词可以解释为记述说话者的观点或者句中主语的观点。 这种歧义可以通过调换副词位置（如公司已经满怀希望地到办了一个新企业 )或选择另一种说法( 有人希望这个公司已经创办了一个新企业 )来消除 〔Regulus〕Roman general and politician who was captured by the Carthaginians (255). Giving his word to return to Carthage, he was sent to Rome to negotiate a peace treaty but instead convinced the Romans to reject the Carthaginian terms. He subsequently returned to Carthage, where he died in prison.雷古卢斯，马库斯·阿蒂留斯：(卒于 250) 罗马将军和政治家，被迦太基人俘虏（公元前255年）许诺重新回到迦太基后，他被送到罗马去谈判一个和平条约。但他反而说服罗马人拒绝了迦太基人的条款。他随后回到了迦太基，死于狱中〔Cumae〕An ancient city and Greek colony of south-central Italy near present-day Naples. Founded c. 750b.c. , it is the earliest-known Greek settlement in Italy. Cumae adopted Roman culture after the second century b.c. and gradually declined as neighboring cities rose to power. 库迈：意大利中南部的一座古城和希腊殖民地，位于现在的那不勒斯附近。该城创建于公元前 750年，是意大利境内最早的希腊殖民地。在 公元前 2世纪以后库迈采用了罗马文化并随着邻近城市的兴起反而逐渐衰落 〔tokenism〕"Tokenism does not change stereotypes of social systems but works to preserve them, since it dulls the revolutionary impulse"(Mary Daly)“装点门面这种做法并不改变社会制度的模式，反而可以巩固这种制度，因为它可以磨灭革命的冲动”(玛丽·戴利)〔press〕"Far from backing down, he pressed the attack"(Justin Kaplan)“他非但不打退堂鼓，反而竭力推行这次行动”(查士丁·卡普兰)〔glom〕"The country has glommed onto the spectacle of a wizard showman turning the tables on his inquisitors"(Mary McGrory)“政府占用了一个魔术艺人的场地，反而到法庭告他”(玛丽·麦格罗里)〔like〕"All his faults are such that one loves him still the better for them" (Oliver Goldsmith).“爱他的人反而因他的错误更爱” （奥利弗·戈德史密斯）。〔be〕Traditional grammar requires the nominative form of the pronoun in the predicate of the verbbe : It is I (not me ); That must be they (not them ), and so forth. Even literate speakers of Modern English have found the rule difficult to conform to,but the stigmatization ofIt is me is by now so deeply lodged among the canons of correctness that there is little likelihood that the construction will ever be entirely acceptable in formal writing.Adherence to the traditional rule in informal speech, however, has come to sound increasingly pedantic,and begins to sound absurd when the verb is contracted, as inIt's we. · The traditional rule creates particular problems when the pronoun followingbe also functions as the object of a verb or preposition in a relative clause, as in It is not them/they that we have in mind when we talk about "crime in the streets" nowadays, where the plural pronoun serves as both the predicate ofis and the object of have. In this example, 57 percent of the Usage Panel preferred the nominative formthey, 33 percent preferred the accusativethem, and 10 percent accepted both versions.But H.W. Fowler, like other authorities, argued that the use of the nominative here is an error caused by "the temptation . . . to assume, perhaps from hearingIt is me corrected to It is I, that a subjective [nominative] case cannot be wrong after the verb to be. ” Writers can usually find a way to avoid this problem: They are not the ones we have in mind, We have someone else in mind, and so on. See Usage Note at I 1we 传统语法要求系动词谓语中的代词用主格形式be ： It is I （而不是 me ）； That must be they （而不是 them ），等等。 即使现代英语有文化的人也发现很难遵守这个规则，而It is me 的烙印现在已深刻地印入了判断是否正确的准则之中， 以致很少有可能使这种用法在正式书面语中被完全接受。但是在非正式讲话中奉行传统规则已经日益变得象在卖弄学问。并且当系动词被缩减时，就象在It's we 中一样，听起来反而象是不合语法的。 当代词跟在be 后面做动词宾语或做关系从句中的介语宾语时，传统的规则就象在 当我们谈到当今“街上的犯罪”时，他们不是我们心中所想的那些人， 句中复数代词同时充当is 的宾语和 have 的宾语。 在这个例子中57%的用法使用小组更喜欢用主格形式they， 33%更喜欢用宾格形式them， 而10%则两种都接受。但是象其他的权威一样，H.W.福勒争论道，在这里用主格是一个错误，它之所以错是因为“多半听到了It is me 都被改正成 It is I 而拿不定主意，以为主格的情况在动词 to be 后面不可能错。” 作家们常常能够找到一个办法来避免这个问题： 他们不是我们所想的人，我们脑子里想的是另一些人等等 参见 I1we〔confuse〕"The old labels . . . confuse debate instead of clarifying it"(Christopher Lasch)“旧的标签…不但无法澄清议题，反而使它更加模糊了”(克里斯托夫·拉希)〔swell〕The governor's full public disclosure only swelled the chorus of protests.州长对公众的详尽透露反而激起一片更强烈的抗议 |
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