| 单词 | 发明者 |
| 释义 | 〔intrapreneur〕The wordentrepreneur is more than 150 years old, having come into English from French in 1828.But it is not until very recently that we find its intracorporate counterpart,intrapreneur, meaning "a person within a large corporation who takes direct responsibility for turning an idea into a profitable finished product through assertive risk-taking and innovation.”This coinage is generally attributed to management consultant Gifford Pinchot,author of the 1985 book entitledIntrapreneuring; others insist its true originator was Norman Macrae, deputy editor of theEconomist, although Macrae himself denies it.Still, whatever its exact source,in the scant number of years since its inception the termintrapreneur has gained currency very quickly. It has also given rise to various derivatives,such as the aforementioned gerundintrapreneuring, the noun intrapreneurship (as in a September 30, 1985, interview with Stephen Jobs inNewsweek : "The Macintosh team was what is commonly known as intrapreneurship—only a few years before the term was coined—a group of people going in essence back to the garage, but in a large company"),the adjectiveintrapreneurial, and another noun, intrapreneurialism ("what has become known as intrapreneurialism, where people within the corporation acquire more adventurous small business outlooks,” by Ian Hamilton-Fazy in "An Uneasy Co-existence,”Financial Times, October 23, 1984). Broad use of a word and the development of numerous derivatives are strong signals predicting staying power within the language.Intrapreneur and its spinoffs are of particular interest to etymologists and lexicographers because they illustrate the constant changes inherent in a living language.entrepreneur 一词已有150多年的历史， 于1828年从法语传入英语。但是直到最近我们才发现其在公司内部的对应人物intrapreneur ， 意为“对通过果断地承担风险和革新使想法变为有利可图的成品这一过程承担直接责任的大公司里的高级成员”。这个新造的词普遍认为应归功于业务顾问吉福德·平肖，1985年出版的名为Intrapreneuring 一书的作者； 其他人坚持其真正的发明者是经济学家 杂志的副编辑诺曼·麦克里， 虽然麦克里本人否认这一点。然而，不管其准确的起源是什么，自它开始出现以来的短短几年中，intrapreneur 一词已很快流行开来。 它同样产生了多个衍生词，例如前面提到的动名词intrapreneuring ，名词 intrapreneurship （例如新闻周刊 于1985年9月30日斯蒂芬·乔布斯的采访中： “马金托什队通常地以出色的企业运作而闻名——仅仅是这个词条被发明的几年前——一群实质上是回到汽车房的人，而现在不过是大公司的汽车房罢了”），形容词intraprenurial 以及另一个名词 intrapreneurialim （以企业运作主义出名的地方，在那儿公司内部的职员获得更为冒险的商业前景”，伊恩·汉密尔顿一费茨的“不稳定的共存”，金融时报 1984年10月23日出版）。 一个词的广泛运用以及无数派生词的产生是预示语言内部持久力的强烈的信号。词源学家以及词典编纂者对intrpreneur 以及它的派生词产生了独特的兴趣， 因为它们说明现用语言所固有的持续不断的变化〔steal〕To use, appropriate, or preempt the use of another's idea, especially to one's own advantage and without consent by the originator.强占：使用、强占或用先买权占有别人想法的使用权，尤指对自己有好处且未得到发明者同意的〔pyrrhic〕perhaps from Purrikhos , supposed inventor of the dance 可能源自 布瑞克豪斯 ，推定的这种舞蹈的发明者 〔Otis〕American inventor of the first passenger elevator (installed 1857).奥蒂斯，以利沙·格雷夫斯：(1811-1861) 美国发明家，第一座载人电梯（安装于1857年）的发明者〔guillotine〕"At half past 12 the guillotine severed her head from her body.”So reads the statementcontaining the first recorded use ofguillotine in English, found in theAnnual Register of 1793. The word occurs in a context clearly illustrating the function of theguillotine, "a machine with a heavy blade that falls freely between upright guides to behead a condemned person.” Ironically, the guillotine, which became the most notable symbol of the excesses of the French Revolution,was named for a humanitarian physician, Joseph Ignace Guillotin.Guillotin, a member of the French Constituent Assembly,recommended in a speech to that body on October 10, 1789,that executions be performed by a beheading device rather than by hanging, the method used for commoners, or by the sword, reserved for the nobility.He argued that beheading by machine was quicker and less painful than the work of the rope and the sword.In 1791 the Assembly did indeed adopt beheading by machine as the state's preferred method of execution.A beheading device designed by Dr. Antoine Louis, secretary of the College of Surgeons, was first used on April 25, 1792, to execute a highwayman named Pelletier or Peletier.The device was called alouisette or louison after its inventor's name,but because of Guillotin's famous speech,his name became irrevocably associated with the machine. After Guillotin's death in 1814,his children tried unsuccessfully to get the device's name changed.When their efforts failed,they were allowed to change their name instead.“十二点半，断头台斩落了他的头颅。”这句话如此写道。这是英语文章中第一次使用guillotine 这个词， 它出现在1793年的年度文摘 中。 该文中，该词清楚地体现了guillotine 的功用——“利用垂直向下砍落的重斧斩落犯人头颅的机器。” 令人啼笑皆非的是，这一成为法国大革命中恐怖暴行最显著标志的断头台，竟是因一个人文主义医生，约瑟夫·英格纳斯·吉约坦命名的。吉约坦是法国国民代表大会的成员，在1789年10月的一次发言中向大会提出，在处决犯人时以一种砍头的机器来代替处决普通犯人时所用的绞刑或是处决贵族时使用的宝剑。他认为用机器砍头比用绳子或宝剑快而且痛苦小。1791年，国民大会确实将用机器砍头定为国家处决犯人的方法。由外科医生院秘书长安东尼·路易医生设计的砍头装置在1792年4月25日处决拦路强盗佩尔蒂或佩尔捷时第一次使用。这个装置被称为路易塞特 或 路易森 ， 因由其发明者而得名。但是由于吉约坦那次著名的发言，他的名字不可避免地与这种机器联系在一起。1814年吉约坦死后，他的子孙试图为这种机器换个名字,但没有成功。当他们的努力失败后，他们得到允许，改换了自己的名字〔Bell〕Scottish-born American inventor of the telephone. The first demonstration of electrical transmission of speech by his apparatus took place in 1876. Bell also invented the audiometer, an early hearing aid, and improved the phonograph.贝尔，亚历山大·格雷姆：(1847-1922) 苏格兰裔美籍电话发明者。1876年他用他的装置第一次进行了电传导讲话声音的表演。贝尔还发明了一种早期助听器听力计，并改进了留声机〔artificer〕One that contrives, devises, or constructs something:发明者：发明，设计，或建造某物的人：〔Milne〕British mining engineer and inventor (1880) of the seismograph.米尔恩，约翰：(1850-1913) 英国采矿工程师及地震仪的发明者（1880年）〔Babbage〕British mathematician and inventor of an analytical machine based on principles similar to those used in modern digital computers.巴比奇，查尔斯：(1792-1871) 英国数学家和分析仪发明者，他依据的原理与现代数字计算器的原理相似〔Morton〕American musician and composer who recorded seminal jazz works during the 1920's and claimed to have invented jazz.莫顿，费迪南德·约瑟夫·拉·蒙瑟：(1885-1941) 美国音乐家和作曲家，在20世纪20年代创作了具有开创性的爵士乐作品，被认为是爵士乐的发明者〔Gatling〕American firearms inventor remembered for inventing the first rapid-firing gun (patented 1862).加特林，理查德·约旦：(1818-1903) 美国火器发明者，因其发明第一快速开火枪而为后人铭记（1862年获得专利）〔Jacquard〕French inventor of the jacquard loom (1801), the first automatic loom able to weave complex patterns.雅卡尔，约瑟夫·玛丽：(1752-1834) 法国提花机的发明者(1801年），第一台能织出复杂图案的自动织布机〔Cartwright〕British cleric and inventor of the power loom (1785-1790).卡特赖特，埃德蒙：(1743-1823) 英国神职人员，动力织机的发明者（1785-1790年）〔Rumsey〕American engineer and inventor of a practical steamboat (1787) and steam boiler.拉姆齐，詹姆斯：(1743-1792) 美国工程师，实用汽船(1787年）和蒸汽锅炉的发明者〔nylon〕[Coined by its inventors, E.I. Du Pont de Nemours and Co., Inc.] [由其发明者E.I Du Pont Nemours有限公司创造] 〔royalty〕A share in the proceeds paid to an inventor or a proprietor for the right to use his or her invention or services.专利权税：为使用发明或服务而付给发明者或业主的一部分收益〔patent〕A grant made by a government that confers upon the creator of an invention the sole right to make, use, and sell that invention for a set period of time.专利权：政府授予发明者在一定时期内制造、使用和销售其发明品的唯一的权力 |
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