| 单词 | 发音 |
| 释义 | 〔jeep〕Probably pronunciation of the letters GP [designation for this vehicle in the manufacturer's parts numbering system] 可能为字母 GP的发音 [制造部门为这种汽车所设的编码系统中的编号] 〔monosyllable〕A word or an utterance of one syllable.单音节词或单音节音：只有一个音节的词或发音〔ax〕Ax, a common nonstandard variant of ask, is often identified as an especially salient feature of African American Vernacular English. While it is true that the form is frequent in the speech of African Americans, it used to be common in the speech of white Americans as well, especially in New England. This should not be surprising since ax is a very old word in English, having been used in England for over 1,000 years. In Old English we find both āscian and ācsian, and in Middle English both asken and axen. Moreover, the forms with cs or x had no stigma associated with them. Chaucer used asken and axen interchangeably, as in the lines "I wol aske, if it hir will be/To be my wyf" and "Men axed hym, what sholde bifalle,” both from The Canterbury Tales. The forms in x arose from the forms in sk by a linguistic process called metathesis, in which two sounds are reversed. The x thus represents (ks), the flipped version of (sk). Metathesis is a common linguistic process around the world and does not arise from a defect in speaking. Nevertheless, ax has become stigmatized as substandard—a fate that has befallen other words, like ain't, that were once perfectly acceptable in literate circles. ask 的一般非标准变体 ax 常被认为是美国黑人英语极为显著的特色。尽管美国黑人在交谈中的确使用ax这种形式，但美国白人也在口语中普遍使用它，尤其是新英格兰的白人。不必对此表示惊奇，因为 ax 是个很古老的英语词汇，在英语中至少使用了1000年以上。古英语中有 āscian 和 ācsian, ，中古英语中有 asken 和 axen 。而且，带 cs 或 x 的形式同不好的含义无关。乔叟在下文中交替使用 asken 和 axen ："I wol aske, if it hir will be/To be my wyf（我问道，这是真是幻/将成为我的妻子）”和"Men axed hym, what sholde bifalle（人们问他，会降临什么）”，这两句话都出自 《坎特伯利故事集》 。带 sk 的形式经由 换位 的语言过程产生带 x 的形式，换位就是将两个音位置颠倒。因此 x 表示(ks)的发音，即(sk)的翻转发音。换位是世界通用的语言过程并且不会造成交谈中的欠缺。但 ax 已被记作非标准用法──同样降临在曾一度被知识界完全接受的其它单词（如 ain't ）的命运 〔accent〕A characteristic pronunciation, especially:口音：有独特之处的发音，特别是：〔orthoepy〕The study of the pronunciation of words.正音学：对于字词发音的研究〔hegemony〕Hegemony may be stressed on either the second or first syllable, though 72 percent of the Usage Panel prefers the first pronunciation. Hegemony 这个词的发音，尽管用法专题使用小组的72%成员认为重音应放在第二个音节上，但实际上重音放在第一个或第二个音节上都是可以的 〔diphthongize〕To pronounce as or become a diphthong.使双元音化：如发双元音那样发音〔diphthong〕A complex speech sound or glide that begins with one vowel and gradually changes to another vowel within the same syllable, as (oi) inboil or (ī) in fine. 双元音：一个滑移的单音节言语项，它在一个元音的发音位置上或其附近开始，并向另一个元音的发音位置移动。如在boil 中的（oi）或在 fine 中的（i） 〔dysarthria〕Difficulty in articulating words, caused by impairment of the muscles used in speech.发音困难，构音障碍：发音肌肉损伤所造成发音困难与不清晰〔vaquero〕Used chiefly in southwest and central Texas to mean a ranch hand or cowboy,the wordvaquero is a direct loan from Spanish; that is, it is spelled and pronounced, even by English speakers, much as it would be in Spanish.In California, however, the same word was Anglicized tobuckaroo. Craig M. Carver, author ofAmerican Regional Dialects, points out that the two words also reflect cultural differences between cattlemen in Texas and California.The Texas vaquero was typically a bachelor who hired on with different outfits,while the California buckaroo usually stayed on the same ranch where he was born or had grown up and raised his own family there.主要用于得克萨斯西南部和中部，指经营牧场的人或牧童，vaquero 这个词是直接从西班牙语引借过来的； 就是说，即使是说英语的人，拼写和发音这个词也按照西班牙语的方式。然而在加利福尼亚同一个单词被英化成buckaroo。 克雷格·M·卡弗尔，美国区域性方言 的作者， 指出这两个词反应出得克萨斯和加利福尼亚两地牧民之间文化上的差异。得克萨斯的牧童特指在不同牧场上雇佣的单身汉，但是加利福尼亚的牧人通常指呆在他出生或长大并建立自己家园的同一牧场上〔err〕The pronunciation (ûr) for the worderr is traditional, but the pronunciation (ĕr) has gained ground in recent years, perhaps owing to influence fromerrant and error, and must now be regarded as an acceptable variant.The Usage Panel was split on the matter:56 percent preferred (ûr),34 percent preferred (ĕr),and 10 percent accepted both pronunciations.err 的一种读音（ur）是较传统的， 近年来， 也许由于errant 和 error 两个词的影响，另一种发音(er)普及起来， err一词现在一定也被认为是errant和error的变异体用法。用法使用小组在该词发音上也有分歧：56％的人赞成(ur)，34％的人更喜欢(er)，剩下10％的人对两种发音都接受〔derivation〕The process by which words are formed from existing words or bases by adding affixes, assinger from sing or undo from do, by changing the shape of the word or base, as song from sing, or by adding an affix and changing the pronunciation of the word or base, as electricity from electric. 衍生：通过在已存在的词或词根后加上词缀，例如从sing（唱歌） 到 singer（歌唱家） 或从 do（做） 到 undo（解开，不做） ，或通过改变词或词根的形状，例如从 sing（唱歌） 到 song（歌曲） ，或是通过加一词缀并变化该词或词根的发音，例如从 electric（电子） 到 electricity（电，电力） 〔edh〕The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet representing the interdental voiced fricative, as inthe or with. 国际音标：国际音标中一个音标，代表齿间不送气擦音，如在the 或 with 中的发音 〔voiceprint〕An electronically recorded graphic representation of a person's voice, in which the configuration for any given utterance is uniquely characteristic of the individual speaker.声波纹：一种电子记录下来的图纹，表现出一个人的声音，图中每一种发音的轮廓都是这个说话者的单独特征〔homonym〕One of two or more words that have the same sound and often the same spelling but differ in meaning.同音异义字：两个或以上单词发音及经常拼法相同但词义不同〔scuba〕To goscuba diving sounds much more desirable than to go self-contained underwater breathing apparatus diving. In talking about such an apparatus, first successfully tested in 1943, it must have seemed much simpler to sayscuba, taking the first letter of each word in the phrase and putting them together to form one word.Scuba, like other acronyms, as such words are called, has a vowel at a point that allows it to be pronounced like an English word.The word, first recorded in 1952, has been accepted to the extent that people probably rarely think of it as a collection of initials and furthermore have used it in forming other words, such asscuba-dive. In fact, a verbscuba was first recorded in 1973 and is still in use. 用scuba diving 要比用 self-contained underwater breathing apparatus diving 听起来更能令有接受。 当谈及这种首次在1943年试验成功的装置时，能不费力地说scruba ， 把词组中每个单字的第一个字母都集合在一起形成一个单词。Scuba 与其它同样叫法的首字缩略词一样， 在某一点有一元音，这样使它在发音时听起来象一个英语单词。自从这个单词首次在1952年出现后，已经被人们广为使用，大概人们很少会把它看作是首字母的集合体，甚至人们把它还用于其它单词中，例如scuba-dive 。 事实上，动词scuba 是在1973年首次被记录，并一直延用至今 〔kayo〕Pronunciation of K.O. K.O. 的发音 〔enounce〕To pronounce clearly; enunciate.清晰地发音；念字〔laryngeal〕Any of a set ofh -like sounds reconstructed for early Proto-Indo-European and partially preserved in Anatolian. 喉音化发音：再现于古印欧语系并部分保存于小亚细亚的一组近似于h 的发音 〔bellow〕A very loud utterance or other sound.大声的发音或其他声音〔pronounce〕To use the organs of speech to make heard (a word or speech sound); utter.发音：使用发音器官使词或语音被听到；发出〔plosion〕The sudden release of occluded air characteristically occurring in the articulation of certain stop consonants. Also called explosion 破裂：阻塞空气的突然释放，出现在某些闭塞性辅音的特征性发音中 也作 explosion〔avocado〕The history ofavocado takes us back to the Nahuatl (the language of the Aztecs) word ahuacatl, "fruit of the avocado tree" or "testicle.”The wordahuacatl was compounded with others, as inahuacamolli, meaning "avocado soup or sauce,” from which the Spanish-Mexican wordguacamole derives. In trying to pronounceahuacatl, the Spanish who found the fruit and its Nahuatl name in Mexico came up with aguacate, but other Spanish speakers substituted the formavocado for the Nahuatl word becauseahuacatl sounded like the early Spanish word avocado (now abogado ), meaning "lawyer.” In borrowing the Spanishavocado, first recorded in English in 1697 in the compound avogato pear ( with a spelling that probably reflects Spanish pronunciation),we have lost many of the traces of the more interesting Nahuatl word.词avocado 的历史将我们带回那瓦特尔语（阿兹特克人的语言）单词 ahuacatl， “鳄梨树的果实”或“睾丸”。单词ahuacatl 与其它词结合， 如ahuacamolli 表示“鳄梨汤或调味汁，” 西班牙-墨西哥语单词guacamole 即源于此。 当试图读出ahuacatl 时，西班牙人发现了鳄梨果实及其在墨西哥的那瓦特尔语名称并提出了 aguacate ， 但另一些讲西班牙语的人以avocado 替代了这个那瓦特尔语单词， 因为ahuacatl 的发音听起来象早期西班牙单词 avocado， （现在的 abogado ），表示“律师。” 英语中首次借用这个西班牙单词avocado， 记录于1697年，在复合词 鳄梨 （ 其拼写可能反映了西班牙语发音），我们已经失落了很多更有趣的那瓦特尔语单词的踪迹〔throaty〕Uttered or sounding as if uttered deep in the throat; guttural, hoarse, or husky.沙哑的：像是在咽喉深处发音的；发喉音的、哑的或沙哑的〔octave〕The consonance that results when two tones eight diatonic degrees apart are sounded.出两个相距八度的音发音时所产生的和音〔subvocalize〕To articulate or engage in articulation by moving the lips or other speech organs without making audible sounds, as in reading to oneself.默读，不出声地谈话：通过移动嘴唇或其他语言器官但不出声地说出或进行发音，如对自己默读〔articulate〕Latin articulātus [past participle of] articulāre [to divide into joints, utter distinctly] 拉丁语 articulātus articulāre的过去分词 [分成小节，清楚地发音] 〔oyez〕Hearing the cry "Oyez, oyez, oyez,” in a courtroommay have puzzled more than one auditor,especially if pronounced "O yes.” (Many people have thought that in fact it is likeO yes. ) This cry serves to remind us that up until the 18th century,speaking English in a British court of law was not requiredand one could instead use Law French,a form of French that evolved after the Norman Conquest, when Anglo-Norman became the language of the official class in England.Oyez descends from the Anglo-Norman oyez, the plural imperative form ofoyer, "to hear"; thusoyez means "hear ye" and was used as a call for silence and attention. Although it would have been much heard in Medieval England,it is first recorded as an English word fairly late in the Middle English period,in a work composed around 1425.在审判室里听到"Oyez，oyez，oyez"的声音，被迷惑的不仅仅是一个听者，尤其是当它的发音为"O yes"时。（许多人本认为事实上它象Oyes。 ) 这叫声用来提醒我们一直用到18世纪，当时不要求在英国法庭上讲英语，且人们可用法国法律，这是在诺曼底征服之后，当盎格鲁-诺曼语言成为英格兰官方阶级语言时发展起来的一种法语形式。Oyez 源于盎格鲁-诺曼语言 oyez， 是oyer 的复数祈使动词，意思是“听”； oyez 并被用来作为要求安静和注意的号令。 虽然这个词在中世纪的英格兰听得较多，但它第一次作为英语单词被记录下来是在中古英语时期的后期 ，出现于1425年左右创作的一本作品上〔plosion〕The articulation of a plosive sound.破裂发音：一个爆发音的发音〔intonation〕A manner of producing or uttering tones, especially with regard to accuracy of pitch.吟咏：产生或发出音调的方式，特指注意音高准确性的发音方式〔sandhi〕Modification of the sound of a morpheme in certain phonetic contexts, as the difference between the pronunciation ofdon't in don't you and in don't we. 词素变音：据上下文产生的一个词素发音变异，如don't 在 don't you 和 don't we 中发音的差异 〔schwa〕The symbol (ə) used to represent an unstressed neutral vowel and, in some systems of phonetic transcription, a stressed mid-central vowel, as inbut. 非中央元音：符号(ə)过去用于表示非重读性元音及在某些发音标注系统中的一个重读的非中央元音，如but 〔dirge〕The history of the worddirge illustrates how a word with neutral connotations, such asdirect, can become emotionally charged because of a specialized use. The Latin worddīrige is a form of the verb dīrigere, "to direct, guide,” that is used in uttering commands.In the Office for the Deaddīrige is the first word in the antiphon for the first nocturn of matins. The complete opening words of this antiphon are"Dirige, Domine, Deus meus, in conspectu tuo viam meam,” "Direct, O Lord, my God, my way in thy sight.” The part of the Office for the Dead that begins with this antiphon was namedDīrige in Ecclesiastical Latin, a use ofdirige as an English word that is first recorded in a work possibly written before 1200. Dirige was then extendedto refer to the chanting or reading of the Office for the Deadas part of a funeral or memorial service.In Middle Englishthe word was shortened todirge, although it was pronounced as two syllables.After the Middle Agesthe word took on its more general senses of "a funeral hymn or lament" and "a mournful poem or musical composition"and developed its one-syllable pronunciation.dirge 一词的历史表明一个中性词， 如direct 如何因特殊用法而带上了感情色彩。 拉丁词dirige 是动词 dirigere, “指示，指导”的一种形式， 用于发布命令。在为死者每日七次的祈祷中，dirige 是为第一次宵祷而启应轮流吟唱颂歌的首词。 这个颂歌完整开始语是"Dirige, Domine, Deus meus, in conspectu tuo viam meam,” “指引吧，我的主，我的上帝，您可看到我的行为” 。 以这首颂歌开始的为死者的祈祷部分过去用教会拉丁文被命名为Dirige , dirige 作为英语单词的一种用法， 此词可能第一次被记录在1200年前的作品中。 Dirge 是那时词义的延伸，用来指为死者的祈祷时的唱歌或读经，作为葬礼或纪念的一部分。在中古英语中，该词缩写为dirge ， 尽管它作为两个音节发音。中世纪后，该词有了更广的意义，指“哀乐，挽歌”和“悼念性的诗或其他音乐作品”，并且发展了它的单音节发音〔diction〕Degree of clarity and distinctness of pronunciation in speech or singing; enunciation.发音：讲话或唱歌中发音的清楚和明晰程度；清晰的发音〔dysphonia〕Greek -phōnia [-phony] 希腊语 -phōnia [后缀，表“发音”] 〔pronouncing〕Relating to, designed for, or showing pronunciation:有关发音的：与发音有关的、为发音而设计的，或是显示发音：〔spoonerism〕A transposition of sounds of two or more words, especially a ludicrous one, such asLet me sew you to your sheet for Let me show you to your seat. 首音调换：两个或更多单词发音的转换，特别是较为滑稽的转换，例如Let me show you to you 换成 Let me sew you to your sheet 〔articulation〕The act or manner of producing a speech sound.发音：发出说话声音的行为或方式〔possum〕Since English is a language that stresses some syllables and not others, weakly stressed syllables,especially those preceding strong stresses, are dropped at times.This process, called aphesis when it occurs at the beginning of a word,is more common in regional American dialects than in the more conservative Standard English,which tends to retain in pronunciation anything reflected in spelling.Although many American dialects feature aphesis,it is most famous in the dialects of the South,where it yields pronunciationssuch ascount of for (on) account of, tater for potato, possum for opossum, and skeeter for mosquito. 由于英语是一种强调某些音节而不强调另一些音节的语言，所以弱音音节，特别是那些在重音音节之前的弱音音节就常常被省掉了。这个过程，如发生于一个字的开头就叫做词首非重读短元音省略。这种现象在美国地方方言中比在更为保守的标准英语中要常见得多，因为标准英语趋向于将拼写中的每一个字母都在发音中加以保存。虽然许多美国方言具有词首非重读短元音省略的特征，但这一现象在南方的方言中最为显著，并产生了许多新发音，如(on) account of 被读成 count of，potato 被读成 tater，opossum 被读成 possum 以及 mosquito 则被读成 skeeter 〔umlaut〕A vowel sound changed in this manner. Also called vowel mutation 变元音：由这种方式改变的元音发音 也作 vowel mutation |
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