| 单词 | 取代 |
| 释义 | 〔lieutenant〕What is the connection between a lieutenant governor and a lieutenant in the army?In the etymology of the wordlieutenant, at least, the connection lies in their holding a place;that is, the wordlieutenant is from an Old French compound made up of lieu, "place,” and tenant, "holding,” the present participle of the verb tenir, "to hold.” The word in Old French and the borrowed Middle English wordlieutenant, first recorded near the end of the 14th century, referred to a person who acted for another as a deputy.This usage has survived,for example, in our termlieutenant governor, the deputy of the governor and the one who replaces the governor if need be. In military parlancelieutenant appears by itself as well as in compounds such asfirst lieutenant and second lieutenant, which muddy the water a bit,but the original notion of the word in military usage was that the officer it referred to ranked below the next one upand could replace him if need be.A lieutenant in the U.S. Army could thus step into the shoes of a captain.副州长和陆军中尉之间有什么联系?就lieutenant 这个单词的词源来说， 至少，联系在于他们都拥有一个位置；也就是说，lieutenant 这个词源于一个古法语复合词，这个词由 lieu （“场所”）和 tenant （“拥有”）及动词 tenir （“持有，拥有”）的现在分词组成。 古法语的这个词和借用的中古英语词lieutenant 的最早记录出现在14世纪末， 该词指的是代理别人做某事的人。这种用法至今仍使用，例如，我们的短语lieutenant governor（副州长） 州长的副职和必要时代替州长的人。 在军事用语中，lieutenant 单独出现， 也在复合词如first lieutenant 及 second lieutenants 中出现， 这把情况搞复杂了一些，但这个词在军事用语中的原始意义是它所指的军官低于上一级军官，在必要时可以取代他。因此，美国陆军中的一名中尉可以取代上尉〔Cochin〕A region and former princely state of southwest India on the Malabar Coast of the Arabian Sea. The city ofCochin was visited by Vasco da Gama in 1502 and colonized by the Portuguese in the following year. It was taken by the Dutch in 1663 and occupied by the British in 1795. Population, 513,249. 柯钦：印度西南的一个区域和前王侯统治的州，在阿拉伯海的马拉巴尔海岸。柯钦 城于1502年由沃斯克·达·伽马访问，次年沦为葡萄牙人的殖民地，1663年由荷兰人取代，1795年英国人占领。人口513,249 〔amide〕A compound with a metal replacing hydrogen in ammonia, such as sodium amide, NaNH2. 氨化物：由一种金属取代氨分子中的一个氢原子得到的化合物，如氨化钠NaNH2 〔bionic〕Having anatomical structures or physiological processes that are replaced or enhanced by electronic or mechanical components.仿生替代增强：通过电子或机械部件取代或增强的解剖学结构或生理过程的〔Yuan〕A Chinese dynasty (1271-1368) established by the Mongolian ruler Kublai Khan at Peking (Beijing). It was superseded by the Ming dynasty.元朝：由蒙古统治者忽必烈汗在北京建立的一个中国王朝(1271—1368年），它被明朝取代〔tonic〕Generic terms for carbonated soft drinks vary widely in the United States.Probably the two most common words competing for precedencearesoda, used in the northeast United States, andpop, used from the Midwest westward. In the South all soft drinks,regardless of the flavor or brand name,are referred to ascold drinks. Speakers in Boston and its environs have a term of their own:tonic. Such a variety of regional equivalents is unusual for a product for which advertising is so aggressive and universal;usually advertising has the effect of squeezing out regional variants.On the other hand, because there are so many types and flavors of soft drinks,perhaps no single generic word has ever emerged to challenge the regionalisms.在美国，含碳酸饮料的名称各地截然不同。其中有两个词正竞争着统治地位，一个是用于美国东北部的soda, ， 另一个是用于中西部以西的pop 。 在美国南部，所有的软饮料，不管味道或品牌如何，都统统叫作cold drinks 。 波士顿及其周围地区有其自己的名称：tonic 。 对于一种广告做得满天飞的产品来说，这种各地区名字不同的情况十分不寻常；因为广告通常有减弱方言的作用。另一方面，由于软饮料有如比多的种类和风格，所以可能还没有哪一个泛称能够取代这么多地方变体〔preempt〕To take the place of; displace:占据…的位置；取代：〔euphemism〕The act or an example of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive:委婉，委婉的说法：用一个适度的、不直接的、含糊的词来取代一个令人感到粗鲁的、过于率直、具有冒犯性的词：〔tomato〕It has been said that the real contributions to world civilization were made by the unknown inhabitants of the Americas who domesticated plants such as the potato and squash and not by the great pre-Columbian civilizations, including that of the Aztecs.The tomato was another contribution,its name coming ultimately from the Nahuatl language spoken by the Aztecs as well as by other groups in Mexico and Central America.The Spanish, who conquered the area, brought back the tomato to Spain and,borrowing the Nahuatl wordtomatl for it, named ittomate, a form shared in French, Portuguese, and early Modern English.Tomate, first recorded in 1604, gave way totomato, a form created in English either because it was assumed to be Spanish or under the influence of the wordpotato. In any case,as is well known,people resisted eating this New World food at first because its membership in the Nightshade family made it suspect,but it is now eaten throughout the worldwhile Aztec civilization is memorialized by ruins.据说对世界文明真正作出贡献的并非是包括阿兹特克文明在内的哥伦布到达前的美洲文明，而是那些家庭种植土豆、南瓜等的不知名的美洲居民。西红柿是其中的另一贡献，它的名字最终的来源是阿兹特克人和其他墨西哥和中美洲居民使用的纳瓦特尔语。征服了该地区的西班牙人把西红柿带回了西班牙，并且借用了纳瓦特尔语的单词tomatl ， 把它称作tomate ， 这个形式为法语、葡萄牙语和早期现代英语所通用。Tomate ，最早记录于1604年， 后来被英语中诞生的一个形式tomato 所取代。 取代的原因可能是因为形式上更象西班牙语或是因为受单词potato 的影响。 不管怎么样，就像我们知道的，由于它属于茄科使它受到怀疑，人们起初拒绝吃它，不过现在全世界的人们都在吃西红柿，而阿兹特克文明都只存在于废墟之中了〔Podgorny〕Soviet politician who was president of the U.S.S.R. from 1965 to 1977, when he was displaced by Leonid Brezhnev.波德戈尔内，尼科莱·尼科托洛维奇：(1903-1983) 苏联政治家，从1965年到1977年期间，担任苏联的主席，1977年他被列奥尼德·勃列日涅夫所取代〔website〕The transition fromWorld Wide Web site to Web site to website seems to have progressed as rapidly as the technology itself. The development of website as a single uncapitalized word mirrors the development of other technological expressions which have tended to evolve into unhyphenated forms as they become more familiar. Thus email has recently been gaining ground over the forms E-mail and e-mail, especially in texts that are more technologically oriented. Similarly, there has been an increasing preference for closed forms like homepage, online, and printout. 从使用World Wide Web（万维网） 一词到 Web site（网络网站） 一词，再到 website（网站） 一词，其渐进过程，似乎就像网络科技本身那样进步快速。当 website 发展成为一个小写单词时，也正反映出其它科技字眼的发展也趋向于成为一般无连字符号单词，而且越来越为人所熟知。所以， email 一字近来已逐渐普遍取代 E-mail 及 e-mail ，尤其是在比较科技类范围的文章中。同样的，也有越来越喜欢采用封闭形态字型的趋势，例如 homepage（首页）、online（在线） 和 printout（印出） 〔Islamabad〕The capital of Pakistan, in the northeast part of the country northeast of Rawalpindi. Construction began on the city in 1960, and it replaced Karachi as the capital in 1967. Population, 201,000.伊斯兰堡：巴基斯坦首都，在该国东北部，拉瓦尔品第东北。该市于1960年开始兴建，1967年取代卡拉奇成为首都。人口201,000〔alternate〕Serving or used in place of another; substitute:取代的；供替换的：〔Titaness〕One of the daughters of Gaea and Uranus who sought to rule heaven and were overthrown and supplanted by Zeus.女泰坦：盖亚和乌拉诺斯生的女儿中的一个，她们试图统治天国，但被宙斯推翻并取代〔jealous〕Fearful or wary of being supplanted; apprehensive of losing affection or position.害怕的，忧心的：对被取代而感到害怕的或担心的；对失去影响或位置而惴惴不安的〔anyone〕The one-word formanyone is used to mean "any person.” The two-word formany one is used to mean "whatever one (person or thing) of a group.” Anyone may join means that admission is open to everybody. Any one may join means that admission is open to one person only. When followed byof, only any one can be used: Any one (not anyone ) of the boys could carry it by himself. · Anyone is often used in place of everyone in sentences like She is the most thrifty person of anyone I know. In an earlier survey 64 percent of the Usage Panel found this sentence unacceptable in writing. ·Anyone and anybody are singular terms and always take a singular verb. See Usage Note at he 1单个词的形式anyone 用来表示“任何一人”。 两个词的形式any one 是指“一组里的任何一个（人或物）”。 Anyone may join 是指每个人都可进入。 Any one may join 意思是只有一个人可以进入。 当后面接of 时，只能用 any one ： Any one （不用 anyone ） of the boys could carry it by himself（任何一个孩子都可以提得动它） 。 Anyone 在有些句子里常取代 everyone ，如： 她是我认识的人中最节俭的 。 在早期的一次调查中，用法使用小组64%的成员认为该句子在书面语中不能接受。Anyone 和 anybody 是单数形式的名词，总搭配单数动词。 参见 he1〔Etruria〕An ancient country of west-central Italy in present-day Tuscany and parts of Umbria. It was the center of the Etruscan civilization, which spread throughout much of Italy before being supplanted by Rome in the third centuryb.c. 伊特鲁里亚：意大利中西部的一个古代国家，即现在的托斯卡纳和部分的翁布里亚，它曾是伊特鲁利亚文化的中心，该文化在公元前 3世纪被罗马文化取代前曾遍及意大利大部分地区 〔replace〕 Supplant often suggests the use of intrigue or underhanded tactics to take another's place: Supplant 通常指用阴谋诡计或卑鄙的手段来取代他人的位置： 〔comprise〕 While this distinction is still maintained by many writers,comprise is increasingly used, especially in the passive, in place of compose: The Union is comprised of 50 states. In an earlier survey, a majority of the Usage Panel found this use ofcomprise unacceptable. See Usage Note at include 虽然许多作家仍然坚持这个规则，但是comprise 越来越多地取代了 compose：联邦包括50个州。 在早先的调查中，大多数用法专题使用小组成员认为comprise 的这种用法是不可接受的 参见 include〔apatite〕A natural, variously colored calcium fluoride phosphate, Ca5F(PO 4) 3, with chlorine, hydroxyl, or carbonate sometimes replacing the fluoride. It is a source of phosphorus for plants and is used in the manufacture of fertilizers. 磷灰石：一种自然的，多色的钙氟化物磷酸盐，Ca5F(PO 4) 3，其氟化物成分有时被氯，羟基或碳酸盐所取代。它是植物的一种磷肥并用来制造化肥 〔Reynaud〕French politician who served briefly as premier (1940) but was replaced by Philippe Pétain, who surrendered to the Germans. Imprisoned by the Vichy government, Reynaud later served as finance minister (1948) and vice premier (1953).雷诺，保罗：(1878-1966) 法国政治家，短期地担任过总理(1940年），但被投降德国人的菲利普·伯坦取代。被维希政府投入狱中，后担任财政部长(1948年）及副总理(1953年）〔triacid〕An acid containing three replaceable hydrogen atoms.三元酸：含有三个可被取代的氢原子的酸〔replace〕"The steam engine began to supplant the muscular power of men and animals" (James Harvey Robinson).Tosupersede is to replace one person or thing by another held to be superior, more valuable or useful, or less antiquated: “蒸汽机开始取代人和动物的劳动” （詹姆士·哈维·罗宾逊）。Supersede 是指用另一个被认为更优秀、更有价值、更有用或者更年轻的人或物代替某人或某物： 〔Canberra〕The capital of Australia, in the southeast part of the country. Settled in 1824, it replaced Melbourne as the capital in 1908. Population, 243,450.堪培拉：澳大利亚首都，位于该国的东南部。建于1824年，1908年取代墨尔本成为首都。人口243,450〔pant〕It would seem unlikely that the name of a 4th-century Roman Catholic saint should be the ultimate source of a word for a modern article of clothing commonly worn by both men and women.Pants, however, can be traced back to Pantaleon, the patron saint of Venice. He became so closely associated with the inhabitants of that citythat the Venetians became popularly known asPantaloni. Consequently, among the commedia dell'arte's stock characters the representative Venetian (a stereotypically wealthy but miserly merchant) was calledPantalone. His name in French,Pantalon, was borrowed into English (first recorded around 1590). During the middle of the 17th centurythe French came to identify him with one particular style of trousers,and this same style became known aspantaloons in English. Pantaloons was later applied to another style of trousers that came into fashion toward the end of the 18th century, tight-fitting garments that had begun to replace knee breeches.After thatpantaloons was used to refer to trousers in general. The last step in the development of the wordpants met with some resistance. This abbreviation ofpantaloon was considered vulgar and, as Oliver Wendell Holmes put it,"a word not made for gentlemen, but ‘gents.’”First found in the writings of Edgar Allan Poe in 1840,pants has replaced the "gentleman's word" in English and has lost all obvious connection to Saint Pantaleon.看起来一位公元4世纪的罗马天主教徒的名字似乎不可能是这个做为男人和女人平常都穿的布做的现代物品的根本词源。Pants 但可以追溯到奥塔莱昂，威尼斯的庇护神。 他变得与这座城市里的居民联系得这样紧密，以至于威尼斯人也通俗的被称为Pantaloni 。 结果，在即兴喜剧的角色中那个有代表性的威尼斯人（一个愚富而吝啬的商人）被称作Pantalone。 他的法语名字Panlalon 被借用到英语中（初次记录大约在1590年）。 在17世纪中期，法国人开始把它与一种特殊类型的裤子等同起来，同一种类型的裤子在英语中是pantaloons 。 Pantaloons 后来被用作另一种类型的裤子并在18世纪末日渐流行， 紧身衣服已经开始取代齐膝马裤。在那以后，pantaloons 被用来泛指裤子。 在pants 一词发展的最后遇到了一些阻力。 Pantaloon 的缩写被认为是粗俗的， 并且正如奥立弗·温德尔·霍姆斯所说，“并不是为绅士而造的词，而是为‘家伙们所造’”。最早在1840年发现于艾德加·爱伦·坡的作品中，pants 在英语中已经替代了那个“绅士的语言”， 而且显然已失去了和圣奥塔莱昂的一切联系〔pronominal〕prō- [in place of] * see pro- 1prō- [取代] * 参见 pro-1〔senile〕In earlier writings one finds phrases such as "asenile maturity of judgment" and "green and vigorous senility, ” demonstrating that these two words have not always been burdened with their current negative connotations. Senile and senility are examples of pejoration, the process by which a word's meaning changes for the worse over time.Even thoughsenile (first recorded in 1661) and senility (first recorded in 1778) initially had neutral senses such as "pertaining to old age,” it is probable that the weakness (in particular the mental weakness) that sometimes accompanies old age eventually caused negative senses to predominate.Certainly some pejorative associations were present in Latinsenīlis, "relating to an old man, aged,” the ultimate source of both words, and in related Latin words such assenēscere, which could mean "to deteriorate with age.” But it seems that pejorative associations have taken over these words in English through general usage,perhaps because average life expectancy has risen steadily over the years.在较早的文学作品中人们可以找到形如“判断力Senile（老练） 成熟”和“精力旺盛的有魄力的 Senility（老态龙钟） ”的短语，表明这两个词一直没有表示他们流行的消极的含义。 Senile 和 senility 是词义转贬的范例， 即一个词的意思随时间变化变得越来越坏。尽管senile （首次记载于1661年）和 senility （首次记载于1778年）最初具有中性的意义，例如“关于老年的”， 可能是伴随老年出现的衰弱（特别是智力衰弱）最终导致了反面的意思居支配地位。当然有一些词义转贬的联系表现在拉丁文中的senilis （“关于老人的，老年的”），是这两个词的最早的词源， 和与之相关的拉丁词如senecer ，意为“随年纪恶化”。 但是看起来在英语中通过广泛的使用词义转贬的联系已经取代了这些词，可能是由于平均估计寿命随时代发展稳步上升〔substitution〕The act or an instance of substituting.代替：代替或取代的行为或实例〔blimp〕A nonrigid, buoyant airship. Modern blimps use helium instead of hydrogen to maintain buoyancy.软式小飞艇：软式浮飞艇。现代软式小飞艇，利用氦取代氢来保持浮力〔supplant〕To usurp the place of, especially through intrigue or underhanded tactics.取代：尤指通过阴谋或不光彩的计谋篡夺…的位置〔ouster〕The act of ejecting, forcing out, or supplanting.驱逐：驱逐、赶走或取代的行为〔replace〕"I succeed him [Benjamin Franklin, as envoy to France] ; no one could replace him" (Thomas Jefferson).“我接替他［本杰明·富兰克林，作为派往法国的特使］ ；没有人能够取代他” （托马斯·杰弗逊）。〔animatic〕A rough-draft, television test commercial with a sound track, developed by an advertising agency for its client, in which animated cutout figures replace live participants and real objects. Animatics are used in testing the effectiveness of planned, finished commercials.动画广告草稿：广告代理机构为顾客制作的广告草稿，配有录音，检验电视商业广告的效果。剪下的动画图样取代了广告演员和实物。动画广告草稿用来检验设计且完成的商业广告的效果〔methylate〕An organic compound in which the hydrogen of the hydroxyl group of methyl alcohol is replaced by a metal.甲基化产物：一种有机合成物，是甲醇的羟基中的氢被一种金属取代〔supersedure〕Replacement of a queen bee that has grown old or weak by one that is younger or more vigorous.取代：年轻而更有活力的新蜂王取代年老而衰弱的老蜂王〔astrolabe〕A medieval instrument, now replaced by the sextant, that was once used to determine the altitude of the sun or other celestial bodies.星盘：一种中世纪的仪器，曾用来测量太阳或其它天体的高度，现在已被六分仪取代〔replace〕"The rivaling poor Jones, and supplanting him in her affections, added another spur to his pursuit" (Henry Fielding).The term does not, however, invariably have this connotation: “对抗的可怜的琼斯，以及用她的影响取代他的位置的举动进一步刺激了他的追求” （亨利·费尔汀）。然而，这个词语并不是一成不变地只有这个涵义： 〔substitute〕sub- [in place of] * see sub- sub- [取代] * 参见 sub-〔Kuhn〕American philosopher and historian best known for his workThe Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962), in which he challenged the view that the history of science is a smooth and cumulative process, arguing instead that scientific change occurs through "revolutions" in which one paradigm of inquiry and explanation is replaced by another. 库恩，托马斯·塞缪尔：美国哲学家及历史学家，以其作品《科学革命的结构》 （1962年）著称于世，在书中他质疑科学的历史有着平顺及累积培养过程的观点，取而代之主张科学变化的发生是经过"革命"而来的，一种询问及解释的典范被另外一种所取代 〔aerogel〕A highly porous solid formed from a gel, such as silica gel, in which the liquid is replaced with a gas.气凝胶：由凝胶（如硅胶）形成的高渗透性固体，其内部的液体被气体取代 |
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英汉汉英双解词典收录301015条英汉双解翻译词条，可根据汉字查询相应的英文词汇，基本涵盖了全部常用汉字的英文读音、翻译及用法，是英语学习及翻译工作的有利工具。