| 单词 | 变化的 |
| 释义 | 〔Wilson〕American physicist. He won a 1982 Nobel Prize for studying the changes in matter under pressure and temperature.威尔逊，肯尼思·格迪斯：(生于 1936) 美国物理学家。因其对在压力和温度下物质变化的研究作出贡献而获1982年诺贝尔奖〔vicissitude〕The quality of being changeable; mutability.变化无常：作为可变化的性质；变动〔Lyell〕British geologist. HisPrinciples of Geology (1830-1833) opposed the catastrophic theory of geologic change. 赖尔，查尔斯：(1797-1875) 英国地质学家。他的《地质学原理》 （1830-1833年）反对关于地质变化的灾变论 〔parameter〕One of a set of measurable factors, such as temperature and pressure, that define a system and determine its behavior and are varied in an experiment.要素，测量元素之一：一组可测量的确定某一系统并决定该系统的状况且在实验中是变化的因素之一，例如温度和压力〔changeable〕Varying in color or appearance when seen from different angles:颜色有变化的：从不同角度看颜色或外表不同的：〔mood〕 Humor often implies a state of mind resulting from one's characteristic disposition or temperament;it sometimes suggests fitfulness or variability: Humor 常指由一个人的性格倾向或性情引起的精神状态；有时指不规则的或变化的状态： 〔steady〕These adjectives mean marked by lack of variation or change.这些形容词都有缺少变化的意思。〔radical〕Favoring or effecting fundamental or revolutionary changes in current practices, conditions, or institutions:激进的，改革的：支持或引起目前的惯例、条件或制度根本性或革命性的变化的：〔paragraph〕from Greek paragraphos [line showing a break in sense or a change of speakers in a dialogue] 源自 希腊语 paragraphos [表明意思中断或对话中说话人变化的线条] 〔covariance〕A statistical measure of the variance of two random variables that are observed or measured in the same mean time period. This measure is equal to the product of the deviations of corresponding values of the two variables for their respective means.协方差：在观察或测量同一平均时间的两个任意变量的变化的一个统计值。这个值等于这两变量的各自平均值偏离其相应值的乘积〔leeway〕A margin of freedom or variation, as of activity, time, or expenditure; latitude.See Synonyms at room 余地，余裕：自由或变化的余地，比如行动、时间或花费等；回旋余地 参见 room〔regular〕Not varying; constant.不变的：不经常变化的；经常的〔acrobat〕One who is facile at changing one's viewpoint or position on short notice in response to the circumstances.见风转舵的人：观点或立场善于随环境变化的人〔statoscope〕A device for indicating small changes in the altitude of an airplane.灵敏高度表：显示飞机高度微小变化的装置〔variant〕Tending or liable to vary; variable.易变的：倾向于或容易变化的；变化的〔mobile〕a mobile, expressive face.一张表情随时变化的面孔〔isentropic〕Without change in entropy; at constant entropy.等熵的：没有熵的变化的；恒熵的〔versicolor〕Changing in color; iridescent.颜色呈各种变化的：色彩变幻的；闪色的〔gravimetric〕Of or relating to measurement of variations in a gravitational field.重差计的：属于或关于测量重力场中变化的〔addict〕"We are all . . . addicts of change"(Christopher Lasch)“我们都是…变化的追随者”(克里斯托夫·拉希)〔fluid〕Changing or tending to change; variable:变化的：变化的或有变化趋势的；可变的：〔revolutionary〕Characterized by or resulting in radical change:美国独立战争的：以根本性改变为特征的或导致激进变化的：〔period〕The least interval in the range of the independent variable of a periodic function of a real variable in which all possible values of the dependent variable are assumed.小数点：周期函数自变量变化的最小区间，其中从属变量的所有可能值都已事先确定〔Antares〕A giant, red, double and variable star, the brightest in the constellation Scorpio, about 424 light-years from Earth.心宿二，大火，天蝎座α星：一颗巨大的，可变化的红色双星，是天蝎座最亮的星，距地球约424光年〔permanent〕Not expected to change in status, condition, or place:不变的：不希望在地位、条件或处所上有所变化的：〔man〕Traditionally,man and words derived from it have been used generically to designate any or all of the human race irrespective of sex.In Old Englishthis was the principal sense ofman, which meant "a human being" regardless of sex;the wordswer and wyf (or w÷pman and wifman ) were used to refer to "a male human being" and "a female human being" respectively. But in Middle Englishman displaced wer as the term for "a male human being,”whilewyfman (which evolved into present-day woman ) was retained for "a female human being.” The result of these changes was an assymetrical arrangement that many criticize as sexist.Many writers have revised some of their practices accordingly.But the precise implications of the usage vary according to the context and the particular use ofman or its derivatives. · Man sometimes appears to have the sense of "person" or "people" when it is used as a count noun, as inA man is known by the company he keeps and Men have long yearned to unlock the secrets of the atom, and in phrases likethe common man and the man in the street. Here the generic interpretation arises indirectly:if a man is known by the company he keeps,then so, by implication, is a woman.For this reasonthe generic interpretation of these uses ofman is not possible where the applicability of the predicate varies according to the sex of the individual. Thus it would be inappropriate to say thatMen are the only animals that can conceive at any time, since the sentence literally asserts that the ability to conceive applies to male human beings.This usage presumes that males can be taken as representatives of the species.In almost all cases,however, the wordsperson and people can be substituted for man and men, often with a gain in clarity. · By contrast,man functions more as a generic when it is used without an article in the singular to refer to the human race, as in sentences likeThe capacity for language is unique to man or in phrases like man's inhumanity to man. But this use ofman is also ambiguous, since it can refer exclusively to male members of the human race.In most contexts wordssuch ashumanity or humankind will convey the generic sense of this use of man. · On the whole,the Usage Panel accepts the generic use ofman, the women members significantly less than the men. The sentenceIf early man suffered from a lack of information, modern man is tyrannized by an excess of it was acceptable to 81 percent of the Panel (including 58 percent of the women and 92 percent of the men).The Panel also accepted compound words derived from genericman. The sentenceThe Great Wall is the only man-made structure visible from space was acceptable to 86 percent (including 76 percent of the women and 91 percent of the men).The sentence"The history of language is the history of mankind" (James Bradstreet Greenough and George Lyman Kittredge) was acceptable to 76 percent (including 63 percent of the women and 82 percent of the men). Such compounds were acceptable even when the context required that they be applied chiefly to women.Thus, 66 percent of the Panel (including 57 percent of the women and 71 percent of the men) accepts the wordmanpower in the sentence Countries that do not permit women to participate in the work force are at a disadvantage in competing with those that do avail themselves of that extra source of manpower. · A related set of problems is raised by the use ofman in forming the names of occupational and social rolessuch asbusinessman, chairman, spokesman, layman, and freshman, as well as in analogous formationssuch asunsportsmanlike and showmanship. Some condemn this use categorically;however, these words remained acceptable to a majority of the Usage Panel when they were used to refer to a role or class in the abstractbut were rejected when they were used to refer to a woman.Thus the general use ofchairman was acceptable to 67 percent of the Panel (including 52 percent of the women and 76 percent of the men) in the sentence The chairman will be appointed by the Faculty Senate. But only 48 percent (including 43 percent of the women and 50 percent of the men) accepted the use of the word inEmily Owen, chairman of the Mayor's Task Force, issued a statement assuring residents that their views would be solicited, where it is applied to a woman. · Several strategies have been suggested for replacing the categorical use of compounds formed withman. Parallel terms likebusinesswoman, spokeswoman and chairwoman are increasingly used to refer to women. Also in use are common-gender terms coined withperson, such asbusinessperson, spokesperson, and chairperson. For occupational titles ending inman, new standards of official usage have been established by the U.S. Department of Labor and other government agencies.In official contexts termssuch asfirefighter and police officer are now generally used in place of fireman and policeman. · A majority of the Panelists rejected the verbman when it was used to refer to an activity performed by women. The sentenceMembers of the League of Women Voters will be manning the registration desk was unacceptable to 56 percent of the Panel (including 61 percent of the women and 54 percent of the men). See Usage Note at -ess ,people 传统上，man 以及它的衍生字一般是用来指任何人或整个人类， 不考虑性别。在古英语中，这就是man 这个字主要的意思， 即“人” 而不分性别；单词wer 和 wyf （或 woepman 和 wifman )则分别用以指“男人”和“女人”。 但在中古英语时man 取代了 wer 这个词， 也具有“男人”的意义了；而wyfman （这个字发展演变成了今天的 woman 这个字）作为“女人”这个意思被保留了下来。 这些变化的结果是，作为性别歧视者所批评的匀称排列。为此，许多作家相应地修订了他们部分的创作活动。但是这用法的准确含义取决于它的上下文以及man 的具体用途或它的衍生字。 当man 这个字被当作一个可数名词来用时，它有时似乎具有“一个人”或“人们”的意思， 如在被他所在的那个公司熟悉了解的人 和 很久以来，人们都期盼着解开原子的秘密 ， 以及如下短语中普通的人 和 街上的人 。 这里，一般的理解源于间接地推理：如果一个男人是被他所在的公司了解的话，其言下之意是，一个女人也是被他所在的公司熟悉了解的。正是这个原因，使得man 当此一般理解之义用时，其谓语随着个人性别的改变而变化是不可能的。 所以，说人是唯一能在任何时候思考的动物 是不适当的， 因为这句话字面之义是指男人的思考能力。这种用法是假定男人可以作为人类的代表。几乎毫无例外的是，词person 和 people 可以用 man 和 men 来取代，且后两字意思更清楚。 相反，当man 以单数不带冠词出现用以指人类时，它更是指一类、一属， 如在象句子只有人才有语言能力 或象短语 人类对人类的不人道 中。 但man 若以这种形式出现，其意思也会模糊不清， 因为其可只指人类中的男性成员。在大多数的行文中，例如humanity 或 humankind 这样的字也传达了 man 这种用法的一般意义。 总的说来，在用法专题使用小组成员中接受man 这种一般用法的女性比男性明显少得多。 下面这句话如果说古代人受信息不足之苦的话，那么现代人则是受信息过量之虐待了 在小组中有81的成员可接受 （其中女性成员中的接受率为58，男性中则为92)。专题小组会还接受作为一般意义的man 构成的复合词。 长城是太空中的唯一可见的人造物 这句话有86的成员接受 （其中女性成员的接受率为76，而男性中为91)。“语言史就是一部人类史” （詹姆士·布拉斯瑞特·格里诺和乔治·莱曼·基特里奇）这句话的接受率为76（基中在女性成员中有63接受，而男性中为82)。 即使是上下行文所需的字主要指的是女人，这种复合词仍然被接受。因此小组中的66（其中女性委员的57，男性的71)接受了manpower 这个词在下句的用法： 那些不允许女人加入生产力大军的国家和那些允许女人加入生产力大军的国家相比，在处理剩余劳动力这一点上明显处于竞争的劣势 。 由于man 的使用所引起的一系列相关问题产生了， 在构成职业或社会角色类别的名称，如商人、主席、发言人、外行 和 渔夫 ， 以及将这个字用于类似的构词法中，如违反运动精神的 和 善于表演的才能 。 有些人谴责这种类别的用法；然而，当它们抽象地指某种角色或阶层时，这些词仍能得到用法专题使用小组大多数人的接受；但当它们用由于指女性时，这些词就被拒绝了。因此在句子主席由职工委员会指定 中 主席 的这种一般用法就得到了67小组成员的接受（其中在女性成员中为52，而男性中为76)。 但是，在句子艾米莉·欧文，市长任务小组的主席，发表了一个声明，向市长保证将考虑他们的观点 中这个字的用法，由于是指女性，只有48的成员接受（其中在女性成员中的接受率为43，而男性中为50)。 对于如何替换用man 构成的类别复合词，几种构思被提了出来。 与之相对的复合词如女商人、女发言人 和 女主席 越来越多地被用来指女性。 另外，用person 构成的中性词也创造了出来， 如商人、发言人 和 主席 。 对于用man 结尾的职业名称， 美国政府劳工部和其它政府机构已建立起了新的官方运用标准。在官方行文，现在一般用如firefighter 和 police officer 代替 fireman 和 policeman 。 大多数的小组成员反对将动词man 用于指那些女性从事的活动。 句子登记处将配备女性选民联盟的成员 在用法专题使用小组中的反对率是56（其中在女性成员中的反对率是61，而男性中为54) 参见 -ess,people〔changeable〕Liable to change; capricious:易变的：很可能变化的；易变的：〔slope〕The rate at which an ordinate of a point of a line on a coordinate plane changes with respect to a change in the abscissa.斜率：坐标平面上一条直线上一个点的纵座标随横座标的变化而变化的比率〔kymograph〕An instrument for recording variations in pressure, as of the blood, or in tension, as of a muscle, by means of a pen or stylus that marks a rotating drum.压力记录器，记波器：一种记录压力（如血压）或张力（如肌肉张力）变化的仪器，它通过一支笔或记录针的方式描出旋转的轨迹〔conation〕The aspect of mental processes or behavior directed toward action or change and including impulse, desire, volition, and striving.意动：引起包括冲动、欲望、暴力和奋斗等外在行动或变化的心理方面的活动或行为〔militate〕To have force or influence; bring about an effect or a change:有影响，对…有份量：有作用或影响的；使产生作用或变化的：〔SQUID〕A device that measures minute changes in magnetic flux by means of a pair of Josephson junctions, often used to detect extremely small changes in magnetic fields, electric currents, and voltages.超导量子干涉磁量仪：通过使用一对约瑟夫森接合器测量磁通中微小变化的装置，常用于检测磁场、电流和电压中极其细小的变化〔changeful〕Having the tendency or ability to change; variable.多变的：有变化的倾向或能力的；变化的〔form〕The external aspect of words with regard to their inflections, pronunciation, or spelling:字的形式变化：因词形、发音或拼写变化的一个词的不同形体之一：〔fear〕Old Englishfǣr, the ancestor of our word fear, meant "calamity, disaster,”but not the emotion engendered by such an event.This is in line with the meaning of the prehistoric Common Germanic word.fēraz, "danger,” which is the source of words with similar senses in other Germanic languages,such as Old Saxon and Old High Germanfār, "ambush, danger,” and Old Icelandic fār, "treachery, damage.” Scholars, in fact, have determined the form and meaning of Germanic.fēraz by working backward from the forms and the meanings of its descendants. The most important cause of the change of meaning in the wordfear was probably the existence in Old English of the related verb fǣran, which meant "to terrify, take by surprise.” Fear is first recorded in Middle English with the sense "emotion of fear" in a work composed around 1290.古英语f?r 是 fear 的前身， 意为“不幸，灾难”，而不是因不幸或灾难引起的情绪。这符合史前普通日耳曼词feraz 的意思“危险的”， 是其他日耳曼语言中有相近意思的词的起源，如古撒克逊语和古高地德语far， “埋伏，危险，”和古冰岛语 far “挖掘，破坏”。 事实上，学者们已经通过对它的衍生词的形式和意思的反向研究决定德语feraz 的形式和意思。 引起词语fear 变化的最重要原因可能是古英语中相关动词 f?ran的存在， 意为“害怕，被惊奇抓住。” Fear 第一次在中世纪英语作为“害怕的情绪”被记录下来是在一部约1290年左右创作的作品中〔improve〕Gargling helps a sore throat. Toameliorate is to improve or better circumstances that demand change: 漱口剂对喉咙痛有效。 ameliorate 是指改进或改善需要变化的形势： 〔mobile〕Capable of moving or changing quickly from one state or condition to another:变化的：能从一种状态或条件很快地移动或转变为另一种状态或条件的：〔Tao〕In Taoism, the basic, eternal principle of the universe that transcends reality and is the source of being, non-being, and change.（道家的）道：道家中最基本、永恒、超越物质存在的宇宙法则，是一切万事万物、一切变化的根源〔variation〕The act, process, or result of varying.变化，变更：变化的动作、过程或结果〔dialectic〕Often dialectics (used with a sing. or pl. verb)The Marxian process of change through the conflict of opposing forces, whereby a given contradiction is characterized by a primary and a secondary aspect, the secondary succumbing to the primary, which is then transformed into an aspect of a new contradiction. 常作 dialectics （与单数或复数动词连用）马克思辩证法：马克思通过对立力量冲突取得变化的过程，此处给定的矛盾具有主要和次要两个方面，矛盾的次要方面展从于主要方面，然后，主要方面转变入新矛盾的一个方面 |
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