| 单词 | 古典 |
| 释义 | 〔syzygy〕The combining of two feet into a single metrical unit in classical prosody.二韵脚：古典韵律学中把两音步合为一个韵律单位〔Aristophanes〕Athenian playwright considered to be the greatest ancient writer of satirical comedy. Among his surviving plays areThe Clouds (423) and Lysistrata (411). 阿里斯托芬：雅典剧作家，被认为是最伟大的古典讽刺喜剧作家。现存的剧本有《云》 （公元前423年）和 《吕西斯特拉特》 （公元前411年） 〔federal〕Federal Relating to or characteristic of a style of architecture, furniture, and decoration produced in the United States especially in the late 18th and early 19th centuries and characterized by adaptations of classical forms combined with typically American motifs. Federal 美国建筑风格的：与美国生产的建筑，家具，和装饰品有关的或具有其特点的，尤指在18世纪晚期和19世纪早期的，其特点是古典形式与典型美国图案的联合采用〔Dolin〕British ballet dancer noted for his frequent performances with Alicia Markova and his staging of classical ballets.多林，安东：(1904-1983) 英国芭蕾舞蹈家。以其经常与阿莉西娅·玛尔柯娃合作的演出及古典芭蕾舞技著名〔Roman〕Abbr. Rom.Of or being an architectural style developed by the ancient Romans and characterized by the round arch as chief structural element, the vault, concrete masonry construction, and classical ornamentation.缩写 Rom.罗马式建筑的：由古罗马人创建的建筑术，风格为以拱架结构为主要的建筑要素、拱顶、混泥土结构和古典装饰品〔Klopstock〕German poet whose unrhymed classically structured works, notably the epicThe Messiah (1748-1773), influenced Goethe and the development of German literature. 克洛普施托克，弗雷德里希·戈特里布：(1724-1803) 德国诗人。他的不押韵的古典结构的作品，其中有著名史诗《救世主》 （1748-1773年），影响了歌德和德国文学的发展 〔Richardson〕British actor noted for his strong characterizations in classic roles as well as in contemporary works, such as Pinter'sNo Man's Land (1975). 理查森，拉尔夫·戴维：(1902-1983) 英国演员，以其在古典角色及当代的作品中的强烈性格刻划而著称，例如平特的《无人地带》 （1975年） 〔Sismondi〕Swiss historian and economist. He was one of the first to attack the classical economics of Adam Smith and argue for the regulation of competition.西斯蒙第，简·查尔斯·莱纳德·西蒙·德：(1773-1842) 瑞士历史学家和经济学家。他是首先对亚当·史密斯的古典经济学提出攻击，并提出规范经济竞争的人〔catastasis〕The intensified part of the action directly preceding the catastrophe in classical tragedy.紧张高潮：古典悲剧中结局前剧烈的情节发展〔classicist〕One versed in the classics; a classical scholar.精通古典者；古典学者〔catastrophe〕The concluding action of a drama, especially a classical tragedy, following the climax and containing a resolution of the plot.悲剧的结局：戏剧尤指古典悲剧结局部分紧随着高潮发生并且包括情节的解释〔Mendelssohn〕German conductor, pianist, and composer of works characterized by emotional restraint and classical form. They include theReformation (1830), Italian (1833), and Scotch (1842) symphonies. 门德尔松，费利克斯：(1809-1847) 德国指挥家，钢琴家及作曲家，其作品以感情压抑和古典形式为特征。其作品包括交响曲《改革》 （1830年）、 《意大利人》 （1833年）及 《苏格兰人》 （1842年）等 〔filmi〕Music composed for the Indian popular film industry, using traditional and modern instruments, with melodies and vocal styles derived from Indian folk and classical music.印度电影流行配乐：旋律合声采撷自印度传统古典民谣音乐，兼用新旧乐器作曲的印度流行电影业配乐〔apteral〕Having no columns along the sides. Used especially of a classical temple.无侧柱的：沿边缘无柱子的。尤用于古典庙宇〔Alberti〕Italian writer, musician, mathematician, and artist whose influential treatises on painting, architecture, and sculpture introduced classical ideas into Renaissance art.阿尔贝蒂，莱昂·拜提斯塔：意大利作家、音乐家、数学家和艺术家，他具有深远影响的关于绘画、建筑和雕刻的论文将古典文艺的理念引入文艺复兴时期的艺术作品〔Katharevusa〕The puristic, archaizing form of Modern Greek, which contains morphological and lexical features borrowed from Koine.纯正希腊语：现代希腊语的纯正的古典形式，包括一些从古希腊共通语借来的词法和词汇特点〔semiclassical〕Of, relating to, or being a work that in style or form falls between the classical and popular genres.半古典的：某件在风格或形式上介于古典和通俗类型之间的作品的、与之相关的或属于之的〔postclassical〕Of, relating to, or being a time following a classical period, as in art or literature.古典时代后的：（艺术或文学）在古典时期之后的，与古典时代后有关的或是古典时代的〔adagio〕A section of a pas de deux in which the ballerina and her partner perform steps requiring lyricism and great skill in lifting, balancing, and turning.缓慢舞蹈动作：古典芭蕾双人舞的慢板段中，女芭蕾舞演员与男伴表演的要求舒缓优美及具高度技巧的舞步，如托举、平衡和旋转〔mediterranean〕When one hears the wordmediterranean, one thinks of a specific placeand perhaps of the great cultures that have surrounded it.But the word can also apply to any large body of water that is surrounded completely or almost completely by dry land.This usage goes back to the use in Late Latin of the Latin wordmediterrāneus, the source of our word,as part of the nameMediterrāneum mare for the mostly landlocked Mediterranean Sea. But Latinmediterrāneus, which is derived from medius, "the middle of, the heart of,” and terra, "land,” in Classical Latin actually meant "remote from the coast, inland.”In Late Latin,in referring to the sea,mediterrāneus probably meant originally "in the middle of the earth"rather than "surrounded by land,”for to the Mediterranean cultures without knowledge of much of the earth,the Mediterranean Sea was in the center of the world.Our wordmediterranean is first recorded in English in 1594 as the name of the sea.当一个人听说mediterranean 这个词时， 他所想到的是一具体的地方，而且可能还想到了这个地方周围的那些伟大文明。但这个词同样可以用来指任何几乎被陆地所包围或完全被陆地所包围的大水体。这个用法可以追溯到近代拉丁文中mediterraneus 这个词， 就是我们这个词的词源，亦即表绝大部分被陆地所包围的地中海的名称Mediterraneum mare 的组成部分。 但是拉丁词mediterraneus ，从 medius 意为“…中间的，…的中心”派生而来的，以及意为“陆地”的 terra 这个词， 在古典拉丁语中的确切含义为“远离海岸的，内陆的”。在近代拉丁语中，当mediterraneus 这个词用来指地中海时， 其最早的含义可能是“在地球中央的”，而不是“被陆地所包围的”，因为对于缺乏有关地球知识的各地中海文明来说，地中海就是世界的中心。我们这里所说的英语单词mediterranean 最早于1594年出现于英语中， 也是用来指地中海〔Erasmus〕Dutch Renaissance scholar and Roman Catholic theologian who sought to revive classical texts from antiquity, restore simple Christian faith based on Scripture, and eradicate the improprieties of the medieval Church. His works includeThe Manual of the Christian Knight (1503) and The Praise of Folly (1509). 伊拉斯默斯，狄赛德留斯：(1466?-1536) 荷兰文艺复兴时期学者，罗马天主教神学家，他试图使古代的古典经文复兴，恢复基于《圣经》的朴素的基督教信仰，消除中世纪教的一些不当行为，他的作品包括《基督教骑士手册》 （1503年）和 《愚人颂》 （1509年） 〔hexameter〕In classical prosody, a line in which the first four feet are either dactylic or spondaic, the fifth dactylic, and the sixth spondaic.六韵步诗行：在古典作诗法中，前四个音步为长短短格或长长短格，第五个为长短短格，第六个为长长格的一行诗纥〔immaterial〕The wordimmaterial, meaning "of no importance or relevance,” has made its way in the world in spite of the opposition of no less a figure than Samuel Johnson. Johnson stated that "this sense has crept into the conversation and writings of barbarians; but ought to be utterly rejected.”More than two centuries laterit is difficult for us to recover Johnson's strength of feeling,and this tale might in fact serve as a warning to those who believe that the usages they abominate will not survive and become standard.Although Johnson was a man of immense learning,he did not have the lexicographical resources available today.If Johnson had had access to theOxford Latin Dictionary and the Middle English Dictionary, among other works, he would have seen that frommāter, meaning "a mother,” "a plant as the source of things such as cuttings or fruit,” and "a source,”was derived the wordmāteria, meaning "wood as a building material,” "any substance of which a physical object is made,” "the subject matter of a speech or book,” and "the condition whereby an action is effected.”The adjectivemāteriālis derived from māteria only meant "of or concerned with subject matter" in Classical Latin, but its descendant in Late and Medieval Latin and its descendants in Old French (materiel ) and Middle English ( material ) developed other meanings, such as "consisting of matter.”One Middle English sense, "important, relevant,”that probably harks back to senses of Classical Latinmāteria such as "subject matter" continued in existence after Middle English times. So it was natural for the English wordimmaterial, first recorded in the 15th century, to come to mean "not important,” in spite of Johnson's wrath.尽管不只塞缪尔·约翰逊一个人反对意思为“不重要的，无关紧要的”，immaterial 这个词还是产生了。 约翰逊声明：“这个意思偷偷出现在野蛮民族的对话和写作中；但应该遭到完全抵制。”两个多世纪之后，我们很难重新找到约翰逊强烈的感受。这个故事实际上可以算是对那些认为他们厌恶的用法不可能生存和标准化的人的一种警告。尽管约翰逊是一个博学的人，但是他没有今天可以得到的词汇学的资料。如果约翰逊除了其他著作外能得到牛津拉丁语词典 和 中古英语词典 的话， 他就能从中认识到这一点：mater ， 意思为“母亲”，“作为诸如剪下的东西或水果来源的一株植物”和“来源”，是由materia ， 意思为“建筑用的木材”，“用于制造物体的任何材料”，“讲话或著作的主题”和“影响一个行动的条件”而衍变而来的。形容词materalis 是由在古典拉丁语中仅仅意味着“和主题有关的” materia 衍变而来的， 但它在中古拉丁语和后期拉丁语中的衍生词和古法语中的衍生词(materiel )以及中古英语中的衍生词( material )继续发展有了其他的意思， 如“由物质组成的”。中古英语的一个意思“重要的、有关的”，很可能追溯到古典拉丁语materia 的意思如“主题”在中古英语时期之后继续存在。 因此，最早在15世纪被记录下来的英语单词immaterial 至今仍有“不重要的”的意思是很自然的， 尽管约翰逊对此很愤怒〔laconic〕As the study of the classics has disappeared from the curriculum,so has the ready understanding that terms such aslaconic once possessed. Laconic, which comes to us via Latin from Greek Lakōnikos, is first recorded in 1583with the sense "of or relating to Laconia or its inhabitants.”Lakōnikos is derived from Lakōn, "a Laconian, a person from Lakedaimon,”the name for the region of Greeceof which Sparta was the capital.The Spartans, noted for being warlike and disciplined, were also known for the brevity of their speech,and it is this quality that English writers still denote by the use of the adjectivelaconic, which is first found in this sense in 1589. 当古典研究从学校的课程中消失的时候，人们对于诸如laconic 之类的曾经黯熟的词汇的本来理解也同时失去。 Laconic 这个词是从希腊文 Lakonikos 经拉丁文流传下来的， 它第一次出现于1583年，意思是“拉哥尼亚的或拉哥尼亚居民的”。Lakonikos 源于 Lakon ， 意为“一个拉哥尼亚人，来自拉栖第梦的人”，它是希腊的一个地区名，斯巴达是其首府。以好战和纪律严明闻名的斯巴达人也同样因为言简意赅而闻名，laconic 这个词从1589年起被发现有言简意赅的意思起直到今天仍然被英国作家用来表示这一意思 〔Berg〕Austrian composer. A pupil of Arnold Schönberg, he applied an atonal manner to classical forms in works such as the operaWozzeck (1925) and Violin Concerto (1935). 贝尔格，奥尔本：(1885-1935) 奥地利作曲家，阿诺续·舍恩贝格的学生，其作品把无调主义风格应用于古典形式，如歌剧《渥兹克》 （1925年）和 《小提琴协奏曲》 （1935年） 〔Mingus〕American jazz bassist and composer of complex works that knitted together elements of jazz, classical, and gospel.敏格斯，查尔斯：将爵士、古典及福音的元素融合成复杂的音乐作品的美国爵士低音贝斯手及作词作曲家〔poet〕a poet of the classical ballet.古典芭蕾舞大师〔Marsalis〕American trumpeter. Noted for his technical brilliance, he has won acclaim as both a jazz and classical soloist.马沙利，温顿：美国小号手。因其技艺精湛而闻名，作为爵士和古典独奏者享有盛誉〔Hellenistic〕Of or relating to postclassical Greek history and culture from the death of Alexander the Great to the accession of Augustus.希腊主义的：从亚历山大大帝死后到奥古斯都登台的后古典希腊历史或文化的或与其有关的〔salad〕The wordsalad may have come to us from Vulgar Latin, the chiefly unrecorded common speech of the ancient Romans, which is distinguished from standard literary, or Classical, Latin.The word takes its origin from the fact that salt was and is an important ingredient of salad dressings.Hence the Vulgar Latin verb.salāre, "to salt,” from Latin sāl, "salt,” in the past participial form .salāta, "having been salted,” came to mean "salad.” The Vulgar Latin word passed into languages descending from it,such as Portuguese (salada ) and Old Provençal ( salada ). Old French may have borrowed its wordsalade from Old Provençal. Medieval Latin also carried on the Vulgar Latin word in the formsalāta. As in the case of so many culinary delights, the English borrowed the word and probably the dish from the French.The Middle English wordsalade, from Old French salade and Medieval Latin salāta, is first recorded in a recipe book composed before 1399. Salad 一词可能源于俗拉丁语， 一种区别于文学拉丁语和古典拉丁语的古罗马平民使用的无记载语言。该词有其起源是因为盐是沙拉调料的重要成分。因此从拉丁词sal ，“盐”的过去分词形式 Salata （“被加过盐的”）使俗拉丁语动词 salare “撒盐”转化为“沙拉”一义。 由此俗拉丁语词传入多种语言，如葡萄牙语(salada )和古普罗旺斯语( salada )。 古法语中的salade 一词可能来自于古普罗旺斯语。 中世纪拉丁语salata 也来自于该俗拉丁语。 因为有如此多烹调的乐趣，英国人从法国人那里借用了该词及这道菜。来自于古法语的Salade 及中世纪拉丁语 salāta 的中世纪英语中的 salade 一词被记载于1399年以前编的一本菜谱里 〔Sheraton〕Of or relating to a style of English furniture that originated about 1800, characterized by simple designs, straight lines, thin legs, and classical ornamentation.雪里顿式的：属于或有关一种英国家具风格的，它约源于1800年，以简洁的设计、直线、细腿及古典装饰为特征〔Keats〕British poet considered among the greatest in English. His works, melodic and rich in classical imagery, include "The Eve of St. Agnes,” "Ode on a Grecian Urn,” and "To Autumn" (all 1819).济慈，约翰：(1795-1821) 英国最伟大的诗人之一，他的作品音调优美，古典意象丰富，包括“圣爱格妮斯之前夜”、希腊古瓮”和“秋颂”（均写于1819年）〔Scaliger〕Italian physician and scholar noted for his scientific and philosophical writings. His sonJoseph Justus Scaliger (1540-1609), a French scholar, pioneered the modern study of classical texts. 斯卡利哲，尤里乌斯·凯撒：(1484-1558) 意大利医生和学者，以其科普和哲学著作出名。其子约瑟夫·尤斯图斯·斯卡利哲 (1540-1609年）是法国学者，为对古典文本作现代研究的先驱 〔prevailing〕Many current psychoanalytic theories diverge markedly from classical Freudian dogma.许多现行的心理分析理论和古典弗洛伊德教条差别很大。〔Jarrett〕American pianist and composer best known for his solo jazz improvisations, especiallyThe Köln Concert (1975), but also noted for his classical recordings. 杰瑞特，基思：美国钢琴家和作曲家，以其即兴演奏的爵士乐独奏闻名，尤指科隆演奏会 (1975年)，他的古典专辑也负有盛名 〔ode〕A choric song of classical Greece, often accompanied by a dance and performed at a public festival or as part of a drama.合唱的曲子：古典希腊合唱歌曲，常伴有舞蹈，在公众节日或作为戏剧的一部分来表演〔stylobate〕The immediate foundation of a row of classical columns. Also called stereobate 台基：与一排古典圆柱相邻接的地基 也作 stereobate〔Euripides〕Greek dramatist who ranks with Sophocles and Aeschylus as the greatest classical tragedians. He wrote more than 90 tragedies, although only 18, including Medea, Hippolytus, and The Trojan Women, survive in complete form. 欧里庇得斯：古希腊戏剧家，他与索弗克斯和艾希鲁斯并称为最伟大的古典悲剧作家。他写了九十多部悲剧作品，但仅有包括《美狄亚，希波吕托斯》 和 《特洛伊妇女》 在内的十八部作品完整地流传下来 〔ethnomusicology〕The study of music that is distinct from the European classical tradition.民族音乐学：研究区别于欧洲古典形式的音乐的学科〔Maybeck〕American architect. His designs, which reflect both classical traditions and the influence of his western environment, include the Palace of Fine Arts in San Francisco (1915) and the First Church of Christ, Scientist, in Berkeley (1912).马白克，伯纳尔·拉尔菲：美国建筑师。其设计融合了古典传统元素及西方自然环境气息，代表作有美国旧金山的艺术宫（1915年）及加州伯克莱的基督教科学会（1912年） |
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