| 单词 | 古老的 |
| 释义 | 〔Nara〕A city of south-central Honshu, Japan, east of Osaka. An ancient cultural and religious center, it was founded in 706 and was the first permanent capital of Japan (710-784). Population, 327,702.奈良：日本本州中南部的一座城市，在大阪以东。是古老的文化和宗教中心，建于706年，成为日本第一个永久性首都(710-784年）。人口327,702〔particularity〕each small town with its special particularities and ancient customs.每一个有特殊的风格和古老的风俗的小镇〔ancient〕Of great age; very old.年代久远的；古老的〔gray〕Old or venerable.旧的或者古老的〔axiom〕"It is an economic axiom as old as the hills that goods and services can be paid for only with goods and services"(Albert Jay Nock)“只有用商品和服务才能换来商品和服务，这是和山一样古老的经济原理”(艾伯特·杰·诺克)〔Geneva〕A city of southwest Switzerland located on Lake Geneva and bisected by the Rhone River. Originally an ancient Celtic settlement, it was a focal point of the Reformation after the arrival of John Calvin in 1536. Geneva was the headquarters of the League of Nations (1920-1946) and is still the home of many international organizations. Population, 159,500.日内瓦：瑞士西南日内瓦湖上的一座城市，被罗讷河一分为二。最初是古老的凯尔特定居点，1536年约翰·加尔文到来后它是宗教改革运动的中心。日内瓦曾为国际联盟（1920-1946年）的总部，现仍是许多国际组织的根据地。人口159,500〔vibrate〕"Even as the film moved . . . to the more deadly fields of Vietnam, old hatreds vibrated in me"(Loudon Wainwright)“尽管电影移向越南更加死气沉沉的区域，古老的憎恨仍在我的心中震动”(劳登·韦恩赖特)〔slay〕Those old jokes still slay me.那些古老的笑话仍让我感动〔antique〕Of or belonging to ancient times, especially of, from, or characteristic of ancient Greece or Rome.古风的，古式的：古老的或属于古式的，尤指古希腊罗马的，来自古希腊罗马的或具有古希腊罗马特点的〔Lepontic〕An ancient Indo-European language of northeast Italy and southern Switzerland, known from inscriptions dated from the third centuryb.c. 勒蓬廷语：意大利东北部和瑞士南部的一种古老的印欧语系语种，可从公元前 3世纪的碑铭文字中得知 〔historied〕an ancient and historied land.传说中古老的地方〔nation〕"Historically the Ukrainians are an ancient nation which has persisted and survived through terrible calamity"(Robert Conquest)“从历史上来说，乌克兰民族是一个从可怕的灾难中幸免和保留下来的古老的民族”(罗伯特·康奎斯特)〔stand〕The old school still stands.那所古老的学校依然完好无损〔fragment〕overheard fragments of their conversation; extant fragments of an old manuscript.零星地听到了他们的谈话；古老的原稿的现存部分〔Noachian〕Antiquated; ancient; long obsolete.过时的；古老的；久已作废的〔descent〕a paper tracing the descent of the novel from old picaresque tales.追溯古老的传奇故事演化到小说的论文〔shake〕"as I in hoary winter night stood shivering in the snow" (Robert Southwell).“我站在古老的冬日雪夜中颤抖” （罗伯特·索恩韦尔）。〔dinosaur〕"The old, big-city teaching hospital is a dinosaur"(Peggy Breault)“古老的大城市教学医院象是一个恐龙”(佩吉·布劳尔特)〔fuck〕The obscenityfuck is a very old word, first recorded in English in the 15th century.Age has not dimmed its shock value,even though it is seen in print much more often now than in the past.Its first known occurrence, in a poem entitled "Flen flyys" written sometime before 1500, is in code,illustrating the unacceptability of the word even then.The poem, composed in a mixture of Latin and English,satirizes the Carmelite friars of Cambridge, England,with the title taken from the first words of the poem, "Flen, flyys, and freris,” that is, "fleas, flies, and friars.”The line that containsfuck reads "Non sunt in coeli, quia gxddbov xxkxzt pg ifmk.” The Latin words "Non sunt in coeli, quia" mean "they [the friars] are not in heaven, since.”The code"gxddbov xxkxzt pg ifmk" is easily broken by simply writing the preceding letter in the alphabet. As we decode,we must watch for differences in the alphabet and in spelling between then and now.Forg write f ; for x, v (used for u and v ); d, c ; b, a ; o, n ; v, t ; xx, vv (which equals w ); k, i ; x, v ; z, y ; t, s ; p, o ; g, f ; i, h ; f, e ; m, l ; and for k, i. This yields "fvccant [a fake Latin form] vvivys of heli.”The whole thus reads in translation: "They are not in heaven because they fuck wives of Ely [a town near Cambridge].”猥亵语fuck 是个很古老的词， 最早见于15世纪的英语。年代并未削弱其令人震惊的价值，甚至在书面语中比以前出现的更频繁。最早出现于写于1500年前的诗“跳蚤和苍蝇”，并且是以代号出现的，可见当时此词即有不被接受性。此诗由拉丁语和英语混合写成，讽刺了英国剑桥的卡尔梅修道士，其诗题取自第一句"Flen，flyys，and freris"即，“跳蚤，苍蝇和修道士。”有fuck 一词的一行是"Non sunt in coeli，quia gxddbov xxkxzt pg ifmk。” 拉丁文"Non sunt in coeli，quia"意为“自那以来他们（修道士们）不在天堂。”代号"gxddbov xxkxzt pg ifmk" 只要写下前述词即可被很容易破译。 破译代码时，必须注意以前和现在单词拼法的不同。因为g 写做 f ； x，v （用作 u 和 v ）； d，c ； b，a ； o，n ； v，t ： xx，vv （等同于 w ）； k，i ； x，v ； z，y ； t，s ； p，o ； g，f ； i，h ； f，e ； m，l ； k，i 。 这形成句子"fvccant（假拉丁语）vvivys of heli。”全句译为“他们不再能上天堂因为他们与伊利的妇人性交”〔antiquity〕The quality of being old or ancient; considerable age:古旧的，古老的：古老的或远古的性质；悠久：〔Yafo〕A former city of west-central Israel on the Mediterranean Sea. An ancient Phoenician city, it was taken by the Israelites in the 6th centurya.d. and later fell to the Arabs (636), Crusaders (12th century), and Ottoman Turks (16th century). Yafo was inhabited mainly by Arabs until the state of Israel was proclaimed in 1948. Since 1950 the city has been part of Tel Aviv-Yafo. 雅法：以色列中西部以前的城市，临地中海。它是古老的腓尼基人城市，公元 6世纪时被古以色列人占据，随后几易其主，阿拉伯人（636年）、十字军（12世纪）、鄂图曼土耳其（16世纪）。1948年以色列建国前雅法主要居住着阿拉伯人。1950年该市成为特拉维夫-雅法的一部分 〔diptych〕An ancient writing tablet having two leaves hinged together.可折合的双连书写板：一种古老的有两叶纹连接的写字板〔swastika〕An ancient cosmic or religious symbol formed by a Greek cross with the ends of the arms bent at right angles in either a clockwise or a counterclockwise direction.万字饰：一个古老的宇宙或宗教象征，由希腊十字的各端成顺时针或逆时针字弯成直角而形成〔witness〕This old auditorium has witnessed many ceremonies.这个古老的礼堂内举行过许多次典礼〔survival〕Something, such as an ancient custom or belief, that has survived.残存物：已残存下来的事物，如古老的风俗或信仰〔macabre〕The wordmacabre is an excellent example of a word formed with reference to a specific context that has long since disappeared for everyone but scholars. Macabre is first recorded in the phrase Macabrees daunce in a work written around 1430 by John Lydgate. Lydgate expressed it so because he thoughtMacabree was a French author, although he was actually dealing with the Old French phraseDanse Macabre, "the Dance of Death,” a subject of art and literature.In this dance,Death leads people of all classes and walks of life to the same final end.Themacabre element is thought by some to be an alteration of Macabe , "a Maccabee.” The Maccabees were Jewish martyrswho were honored by a feast throughout the Western Church,and reverence for them was linked to reverence for the dead.One of the biblical books of Maccabees also contains a passage (II Maccabees 12:43-45) mentioning sacrifices for the dead and their future resurrection,which has been used to defend the doctrine of Purgatory.Todaymacabre has no connection with the Maccabees and little connection with the Dance of Death,but it still has to do with death.单词macabre 是一个极好的例子，创造该词的来龙去脉除了学者之外早已被世人所遗忘。 Macabre 最早见于短语 Macabrees daunce 是在1430年前后约翰·利德盖特写的一本书中。 利德盖特这样表达是因为他认为Macabree 是源于法语的词， 实际上他指的是一个古老的法语短语Danse Macabre， “死神之舞，” 一个艺术与文学的主题。在这个舞蹈中，死神把各种各样的人带到了同一个终点。有人认为macabre 是 Macabe 的变体，“马加比人”。 马加比们就是那些犹太殉道者，在天主教会中通过节日表达对他们的敬意，对他们的尊敬和对死的敬畏是联系在一起的。基督教典籍中关于马加比人的书中有一段文字（Ⅱ马加比人12:43-45)提到对死者的祭祀和他们未来的复活，这段文字被用来捍卫关于炼狱的教义。今天macabre 与马加比人毫无联系， 与死神之舞相关甚少，但它仍与死亡有关〔Scottish〕Scottish is the full, original form of the adjective. Scots is an old Scottish variant of the form; Scotch is an English contraction of Scottish that at one time also came into use in Scotland ( as in Burns's"O thou, my Muse! guid auld Scotch drink!” ) but subsequently fell into disfavor.To some extent these facts can serve as a guide in choosing among the many variant forms of related words,such asScot, Scotsman or Scotswoman, or Scotchman or Scotchwoman, for one of the people of Scotland; Scots, (the) Scotch, or, rarely, (the) Scottish for the people of Scotland; andScots, Scotch, or Scottish for the dialect of English spoken in Scotland. The forms based onScotch are English and disfavored in Scotland, while those involving the full formScottish tend to be more formal. In the interest of civility, forms involvingScotch are best avoided in reference to people. But there is no sure rule for referring to things,since the history of variation in the use of these words has also left many expressions in which the choice is fixed,such asScotch broth, Scotch whisky, Scottish rite, and Scots Guards. Scottish 是这个形容词最完整，最原始的形式。 Scots 是这种形式的一种古老的苏格兰英语变体； Scotch 是苏格兰语的一个英语缩写形式并且苏格兰人曾用过( 例如波恩斯写过“喔你，我的灵感!最古代的苏格兰饮料!” )， 但后来就不令人喜欢了。在某种意义上讲这些事实可以帮助我们在那些有联系的各种变体中选择，例如Scot, Scotsman 或者 Scotswoman, 或者 Scotchman 或者 Scotchwoman, 来指定一个苏格兰的人； Scots, (the)Scotch, 或者，很少见的 (the) Scottish 来指定一个苏格兰人； 以及Scots, Scotch, 或者 Scottish 来指示在苏格兰讲的英语方言， 以Scotch 为基础的形式是英语在苏格兰不受欢迎， 但是包括完整形式Scottish 的那些形式趋向于更正式。 考虑到礼数时，带Scotch 的形式在指人时会被尽量回避的。 不过并没有一个固定的规则来指示事物，因为由于在使用这些字时不同变体的历史已经使许多表述方式固定下来了，例如苏格兰浓汤，苏格兰威士忌，苏格兰仪式 和 苏格兰卫兵 〔Cannae〕An ancient town of southeast Italy where Carthaginians under Hannibal defeated the Romans in 216b.c. . 坎尼：意大利东南部一古老的城镇，公元前 216年迦太基人在汉尼拔的率领下在此击败罗马人 〔Lisbon〕The capital and largest city of Portugal, in the western part of the country on the Tagus River estuary. An ancient Iberian settlement, it was held by the Phoenicians and Carthaginians, taken by the Romans in 205b.c. , and conquered by the Moors c. a.d. 714. Reconquered by the Portuguese in 1147, it flourished in the 16th century during the heyday of colonial expansion in Africa and India. The city was devastated by a major earthquake in 1755. Population, 807,167. 里斯本：葡萄牙首都和最大的城市。位于太加斯河湾区域的西部。它是一个古老的伊比利亚人定居点，曾被腓尼基人和迦太基人占有。公元前 205年被罗马人占领，并于 公元 714年被摩尔人征服，1147年葡萄牙人重新征服该城。在16世纪向非洲和印度的殖民扩张的全盛时期最为繁荣，在1755年一场大地震中被夷为平地。人口807,167 〔Nablus〕A city in the West Bank north of Jerusalem. An ancient Canaanite town, it was the biblical home of Jacob and the chief city of Samaria. Population, 64,000.纳布卢斯：西岸一城市，位于耶路撒冷北部。一个古老的迦南镇，它是圣经所描述的雅各布的家和撒马利亚的主要城市。人口64,000〔whiffletree〕Whiffletree, a term primarily used in the northeast United States, is derived from an older termwhippletree, which is used in the Upper Northern states farther to the west.The fact thatwhiffletree, the newer term, is used in the Northeast, the older dialect area, illustrates the process of linguistic change. Even as the older wordwhippletree was spreading westward into a new dialect area, it was evolving into something different—whiffletree —in the area where it originated, as if the older dialect area were somehow trying to keep a step ahead.Whiffletree， 一个起初在美国东北部使用的词， 是从一个更古老的词whippletree 而来， 该词用在距西部更远些的北部各州等地。Whiffletree 这个更新些的词用在东北部——这个较老的方言区的事实证明了语言变化的过程。 即使当老一些的词whippletree 向西扩展进入一个新的方言区时， 它也牵涉到了一些不一样的东西——whiffletree 在它的起源地区， 就好象老一些的方言区在试图采取步骤向前〔rake〕rake up old gossip.揭露古老的传言〔alliance〕the ancient alliance between mathematics and music.数学和音乐之间的古老的联系〔old〕Made long ago; in existence for many years:陈旧的，古老的：很多年前制做的；存在了许多年的：〔Iliad〕The older of the two surviving ancient Greek epic poems, traditionally ascribed to Homer but containing material composed orally over several centuries. It begins with the wrathful withdrawal of the Greek hero Achilles from the fighting in the Trojan War and ends after his return to slay the Trojan hero Hector.伊里亚特叙式诗：两首仅存的古代希腊史诗中较古老的那一首，长久以来传为荷马所著，但包含着数个世纪以来以口述所创作的内容，其内容描述期间始于希腊英雄阿契里斯在特洛伊战争的打斗中愤怒地撤退，终于他回来杀害了特洛伊英雄海克特之后〔vum〕A New Englander expressing surprise is liable to say,"Well, I vum!” This odd-sounding word is in fact an alteration of the verbvow that goes back to the days of the American Revolution.It is also heard simply as"Vum!” or as a sort of past participle: "I'll be vummed!” A southern equivalent isswanny, also meaning "swear": Now, I swanny! According to theOxford English Dictionary, the word swanny derives from the dialect of the North of England: Is' wan ye, "I shall warrant ye.” 一个新英格兰人表示惊讶时会说“嗯，我发誓!” 这个听起来有些古老的词实际上是vow 这个动词的变体， 它可以上溯到美国独立战争时期。也可以仅用"Vum!"（“发誓!”） 或作为过去分词： "I'll be vummed!"（“我可以发誓!”） 南方相同的词是Swanny， 也是“发誓”的意思： Now, I swanny!（现在，我起誓!） 按照牛津英语字典， swanny 一词由北英格兰方言派生而来： Is' wan ye， “我向你保证” 〔Gezer〕An ancient city of Canaan on the coastal Plain of Sharon northwest of Jerusalem. Excavations here have revealed many levels of prehistoric cultures.基色：迦南的一个古老的城市，在沙龙沿海平原，耶路撒冷的西北。出自此地的发掘物显示了不同水平的史前文化〔Gaziantep〕A city of southern Turkey north of Aleppo, Syria. An ancient Hittite center, it was strategically important during the Crusades. The surrounding area is known for its textiles and pistachio nuts. Population, 374,290.加济安泰普，安塔普：土耳其南部一城市，位于叙利亚的阿勒坡北部。一个古老的赫梯族中心，在十字军时期战略地位重要，周围地区以丝织业和开心果出名。人口374,290〔Iceni〕An ancient Celtic tribe of eastern Britain who under Queen Boudicca fought unsuccessfully against the Romans abouta.d. 60. 爱西尼人：不列颠岛东部的一个古老的凯尔特部落，公元前 60年，在布第卡女王的率领下与罗马人作战，但以失败告终 〔Beltane〕An ancient Celtic feast marked by the lighting of bonfires and the performance of various rites of purification.五朔节：一种古老的凯尔特人节日，以篝火的燃点和各种斋戒礼仪的表演为标志 |
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