| 单词 | 只限于 |
| 释义 | 〔close〕Confined to specific persons or groups:秘密的，不对外公开的：只限于特殊人或集团的：〔chemosynthesis〕Synthesis of carbohydrate from carbon dioxide and water using energy obtained from the chemical oxidation of simple inorganic compounds. This form of synthesis is limited to certain bacteria and fungi.化学合成：用简单无机化合物的化学氧化所产生的能量将二氧化碳和水合成碳水化合物。这种化学合成形式只限于某些细菌和真菌〔Hispanic〕There are a number of words denoting persons who trace their origins to a Spanish-speaking country or culture.Hispanic is the broadest of these terms, encompassing all Spanish-speaking peoples in both hemispheresand emphasizing the common denominator of language between communitiesthat sometimes have little else in common.It is widely used in both official and unofficial contextsand is entirely acceptable,although like the termSpanish American, it has occasionally been criticized as unduly emphasizing the role of European influences in shaping ethnic identity to the neglect of indigenous cultures.Latino is also in wide use, but it is somewhat less formal in most contextsand is generally restricted to persons of Latin-American descent.See Usage Note at Chicano 有许多单词表示那些来历或出身可以溯及西班牙语国家或文化的人，Hispanic 是这些词中应用最广泛的， 包括了两个半球所有讲西班牙语的民族，并且强调不同团体的语言上的共同特征，尽管它们在别的方面共同点很少。这个词被广泛地用于官方和非官方的语境中，并且被完全接受，尽管象Spanish American 一样， 偶然会有人批评它过分地强调在形成忽视本土文化的种族特性的欧洲影响。Latimo 应用得很广泛， 但在大多数语境下它不太正式，并且一般只限于有拉丁美洲血统的人 参见 Chicano〔junk〕The wordjunk is an example of the change in meaning known as generalization, and very aptly too, since the amount of junk in the world seems to be generalizing and proliferating rapidly. The Middle English wordjonk, ancestor of junk, originally had a very specific meaning restricted to nautical terminology.First recorded in 1353,the word meant "an old cable or rope.”On a sailing ship it made little sense to throw away useful materialsince considerable time might pass before one could get new supplies.Old cable was used in a variety of ways,for example, to make fenders,that is, material hung over the side of the ship to protect it from scraping other ships or wharves.Junk came to refer to this old cable as well. The big leap in meaning taken by the word seems to have occurred whenjunk was applied to discarded but useful material in general. This extension may also have taken place in a nautical context,for the earliest, more generalized use ofjunk is found in the compound junk shop, referring to a store where old materials from ships were sold.Junk has gone on to mean useless waste as well. Junk 一词是被称为词义扩大化的例子；由于世界上垃圾的数量正在迅速扩散和激增，该词词义的扩大也是很适宜的。 junk 一词源自古英语单词 jonk ， 其最初的意思只限于航海术语当中。1353年首次记载下来时，该词义为“旧缆绳或旧绳子”。在帆船上，扔掉有用的东西是不明智的，因为也许要过去好长一段时间才有可能得到新的供应品。旧缆绳可用在很多不同的方面，例如用来做防撞物，即悬在船舷上保护船舷不受其它船只或码头刮擦的材料。Junk 同样也用来指旧缆绳。 当junk 普遍地被用来指丢弃了的然而有用的材料时，该词的词义发生了巨大的变化。 该词的词义延伸也可能已经出现在与航海有关的背景中，因为junk 一词最早的、更为概括性的使用是在 junk shop 这一复合词中发现的。 该词指出售船上旧材料的商店。Junk 仍继续用来指没用的废旧物品 〔enterotoxin〕A toxin produced by bacteria that is specific for intestinal cells and causes the vomiting and diarrhea associated with food poisoning.肠毒素：由只限于肠结胸的细菌而产生的毒素，引起呕吐和腹泻并导致食物中毒〔cannot〕The idiomatic phrasecannot but has sometimes been criticized as a double negative, perhaps because it has been confused withcan but. Thebut of cannot but, however, means "except,” as it does in phrases such asno one but, while thebut of can but has the sense only, as it does in the sentenceWe had but a single bullet left. Bothcannot but and can but are established as standard expressions. · The constructioncannot help is used with a present participle to roughly the same effect as cannot but in a sentence such as We cannot help admiring his courage. But this construction is generally restricted to contextsin which a person is unable to affect an outcome that would normally be under his or her control.It would be more precise to sayWith all the public interest in the affair, the book cannot but attract the attention of reviewers (or . . . can but gain . . . )than to say the book cannot help attracting the attention of reviewers, which suggests that the book might have had a say in the matter. · The constructioncannot help but probably arose as a blend of cannot help and cannot but; it has the meaning of the first and the syntax of the second: 习语cannot but 有时候被判定为一种双重否定， 这也许是因为它已混淆于can but 。 然而cannot but 中的 but 表示“除了”， 就如用在象no one but 这样的短语中一样， 而can but 中的 but 意思却是 only（只有） ， 就如用在我们只剩下了一颗子弹 中那样。 cannot but 和 can but 都已被确定为标准的表达法。 cannot help 结构与现在分词同用的作用和 我们禁不住钦佩他的勇气 一句中的 cannot but 大致相同。 但这一结构通常只限于这种情况，即一个人在该情况下不能实现正常情况下处于他或她控制之下的结果。由于公众对该事件的浓厚兴趣，这本书理所当然地引起了评论家的注意 （或 …can but gain… ）的说法比暗示这本书在此事中想必有决定权的 这本书情不自禁地吸引了评论家的注意 说法要更为精确。 cannot help but 也许是来自 cannot help 和 cannet but 的混合； 它具有前者的意思和后者的句法结构： |
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