| 单词 | 各自 |
| 释义 | 〔counterpoint〕The technique of combining two or more melodic lines in such a way that they establish a harmonic relationship while retaining their linear individuality.对位法：把两个或多个旋律合成使其具有和谐的关系又保持各自的线条的一种方法〔MIRV〕An offensive ballistic missile system in which a number of warheads aimed at independent targets can be launched by a single booster rocket.多弹头分导再入飞行器：一种进攻性弹道导弹系统，其中数枚弹头由同一运载火箭发射但指向各自的独立目标〔tern〕from Latin ternās [accusative pl. of] ternī [three each] 源自 拉丁语 ternās ternī的宾格复数 [三个各自] 〔tycoon〕Business tycoons may consider themselves captains or even princes of industry,but by virtue of being calledtycoons, they have already achieved princely status,at least from an etymological point of view.Tycoon came into English from Japanese, which had borrowed the title, meaning "great prince,” from Chinese.Use of the word was intended to make the shogun,the commander in chief of the Japanese army, more impressive to foreigners (his official titleshōgun merely meant "general"). In fact, the shogun actually ruled Japan,although he was supposedly acting for the emperor.When Matthew C. Perry opened Japan to the West in 1854,he negotiated with the shogun, thinking him to be the emperor.The shogun's title,taikun, was brought back to the United States after Perry's visit.Abraham Lincoln's cabinet members usedtycoon as an affectionate nickname for the President. The word soon came to be used for business and industry leaders—perhaps at times for those who had as much right to such an impressive title as did the shogun.The word itself now has an old-fashioned sound,but when we encounter it,we should think back to the days of Commodore Perry and President Lincoln,both of whom were real tycoons in their own ways.商界大亨可能把他们自己当成是工业界的长官或甚至王子，但是因为被叫做tycoon ， 他们早已达到了王子般的地位，至少从词源学的观点来说是这样。Tycoon 由日语进入英语， 而日语的这个头衔是从汉语借来的，意思是“大王”。使用这个词是为了使幕府将军，日本军队的总指挥官给外国人以深刻的印象（他的官方头衔shogun 的意思仅仅是“将军”）。 实际上，是幕府将军统治着日本，尽管他被认为是为天皇办事。当马修·C·佩里1854年使日本向西方开放时，他和幕府将军进行了谈判，以为他就是日本天皇。幕府将军的头衔taikun ， 在佩里访问美国后带到了美国。亚伯拉罕·林肯的内阁成员把tycoon 用作总统的充满感情的绰号。 这个词很快也被用于商界和工界的领导人，也许有时这些人象幕府将军那样有权以致给人深刻的印象。这个词本身听起来有点老派，但是当我们遇到它时，我们应该回想起佩里海军准将和林肯总统的时代，他们两人以各自的方式成为真正的巨头〔whammo〕"The alarm goes off and—whammo!—we're all at our assigned stations"(Meg Greenfield)“警铃拉响之后——哇噢!——我们全都在各自指定的位置上了”(梅格·格林菲尔德)〔ternate〕from Latin ternī [three each] * see tern 2源自 拉丁语 ternī [三个各自] * 参见 tern2〔bargain〕The central meaning shared by these nouns is "an agreement arrived at after discussion in which the parties involved promise to honor their respective obligations": 这些名词的中心意思都是“党派间讨论之后而达成的许诺履行各自义务的协定”： 〔each〕An exception is made wheneach follows the verb with a first-person plural subject: one may say eitherWe boys have each our own room or We boys have each his own room, though the latter form is somewhat stilted in modern use. ·The expressioneach and every is likewise followed by a singular verb and singular pronoun in formal style: 一个例外是当each 前面动词带有第一人称复数形式的主语时： 既可以说我们男孩子们每人都有各自的一间房 或者也可以说 我们男孩子们每人都有他各自房间 ， 虽然后一形式在现代用法中有些过时。这种表达each and every ， 在正式文体中的后面也同样地使用单数动词和单数的代词： 〔bingo〕A game of chance in which each player has one or more cards printed with differently numbered squares on which to place markers when the respective numbers are drawn and announced by a caller. The first player to mark a complete row of numbers is the winner.宾果：一种碰运气的游戏，每个牌手有一张或多张印有不同数字的方块牌，当由叫牌人抽到并宣布各自的数字时即在方块牌上记分。第一个记下完整数字列的牌手为赢家〔tableau〕An interlude during a scene when all the performers on stage freeze in position and then resume action as before.场景：一幕场景中的一个插曲，此时舞台上所有演员都在他们各自的位置上静止下来，片刻后再次恢复先前的动作〔several〕Respectively different; various:不同的：各自不同的；多样的：〔along〕The committee split along party lines over the issue.由于各自坚持自己政党的路线，委员会在这个问题上产生分歧〔respective〕successful in their respective fields.在他们各自的领域都取得成功〔ethnology〕The branch of anthropology that deals with the origin, distribution, and characteristics of the races of humankind.人种学：是人类学中研究各人种的起源、分布和各自特征的分支科学〔rankle〕A persistent resentment, a festering sore, and a little snake are all coiled together in the history of the wordrankle. "A little snake" is the sense of the Latin worddracunculus to whichrankle can be traced, dracunculus being a diminutive of dracō, "snake.” The Latin word passed into Old French, asdraoncle, having probably already developed the sense "festering sore,”because some of these sores resembled little snakes in their shape or bite.The verbdraoncler, "to fester,” was then formed in Old French. The noun and verb developed alternate forms without thed-, and both were borrowed into Middle English, the nounrancle being recorded in a work written around 1190, the verbranclen, in a work probably composed about 1300. Both words had literal senses having to do with festering sores.The noun is not recorded after the 16th century,but the verb went on to develop the figurative senseshaving to do with resentment and bitterness with which we are all too familiar.Rankle 这个词有不停的埋怨、折磨人的疼痛以及小蛇这三个意思。 “小蛇”是拉丁语dracunculus 的词义， 该词同时也是rankle 的词源， dracunculus 是意为“蛇”的 daaco 的小词尾。 该拉丁词进入古法语成为draoncle 时， 可能已有“折磨人的痛苦”这一词义，因为这种痛苦类似于小蛇的形状和撕咬。意为“骚扰，折磨”的动词draoncle 形成于法语中。 名词和动词去掉d- 后发展了各自的形式并都被借入中古英语， 名词rancle 第一次记载于1190年的一部作品中， 动词ranclen 记载于大约作于1300年的一部作品中。 两个词的本义都与“折磨人的疼痛”有关。名词在16世纪后就不见使用了，但动词却不断发展，后来便有了我们熟知的与抱怨和恼怒相关的比喻义了〔each〕The suites each have their own private entrances (not has its own private entrance ). 每个套间都有它们各自单独的入口（不是 has it's own private entrance ）。 〔single〕Having individual opponents; involving two individuals only:一对一的：有各自对手的；只牵涉到两个人的：〔respective〕Relating to two or more persons or things regarded individually; particular:各自的：与两个或更多的分别考虑的人或事有关的；单独的：〔contest〕A competition, especially one in which entrants perform separately and are rated by judges.See Synonyms at conflict 竞赛：竞赛，尤指参赛各自献技并由评判员进行评判的比赛 参见 conflict〔news〕If you take the first letters of the directions North, East, West, and South,it is true that you have the letters of the wordnews, but it is not true that you have the etymology ofnews, contrary to what has often been thought. The history of the word is much less clever than this and not at all unexpected.News is simply the plural of the noun new, which we use, for example, in the adage "Out with the old, in with the new.”The first recorded user of this plural to mean "tidings" may have been James I of Scotland;a work possibly written by him around 1437 contains the words "Awak . . . I bring The [thee] newis [news] glad.”It is pleasant to see that the first news was good.However, his descendant James I of England is the first person recorded (1616) to have said"No newis is better than evill newis,”or as we would put it, "No news is good news.”如果你取北、东、西、南四个单词各自的首字母，就得到单词news 的所有字母， 但是这并非news 的出处。 这个词的历史远比这巧妙且不是完全不可想象的。News 是名词 new 的复数形式， 举例来说，我们在谚语“旧的去了，新的来了”中使用了这个词。关于把这个词的复数作为“音讯”来用的最早记录是苏格兰的詹姆士一世，在他写的一本约1437年的书里有这样的话语“阿瓦克……，我给你带来好消息，”看到第一条是好消息是很让人高兴的。然而，他的后代英格兰的詹姆士一世却是记载(1616年）最先说出下面的话的人：“没有消息比坏消息好”或者如我们所说的“没有消息就是好消息”〔either〕One and the other; each:两方的，各自的：（两者之中）一个和另一个；每个的：〔ternary〕from ternī [three each] * see tern 2源自 ternī [三个各自] * 参见 tern2〔kinetochore〕Either of two submicroscopic attachment points for chromosomal microtubules, present on each centromere during the process of cell division.着丝点：染色体微管的两个亚微观连接点，在细胞分裂过程中出现在各自的着丝粒上〔break〕Burst implies a sudden coming apart, especially from internal pressure, and the dispersion of contents: Burst 含有突然分开的意思，尤指由于内部压力，各自分散开： 〔covariance〕A statistical measure of the variance of two random variables that are observed or measured in the same mean time period. This measure is equal to the product of the deviations of corresponding values of the two variables for their respective means.协方差：在观察或测量同一平均时间的两个任意变量的变化的一个统计值。这个值等于这两变量的各自平均值偏离其相应值的乘积〔culture〕"These questions of taste, of feeling, of inheritance, need no settlement.Every one carries his own inch-rule of taste" (Henry Adams). “这些关于品味、感觉、遗传的问题，无需得到解决。每个人都有各自衡量审美力的标准” （亨利·亚当斯）〔pentarchy〕An association or federation of five governments, each ruled by a different leader.五国联盟：五个政府的联合或联盟，每个政府由各自的领袖领导〔condominium〕Real estate, such as a unit in an apartment complex or a parking space in a garage, that combines fee simple title to the unit and joint ownership in the common elements shared with other unit owners.共同管辖权：不动产，如公寓中的某个房间或车库中的车位，在与其他地产单位的所有人共享时所有人要按各自的份额收取费用〔he〕Each of the stars of It Happened One Night [i.e., Clark Gable and Claudette Colbert] won an Academy Award for his performance. “一夜风流”中的每一位明星，即克拉克·盖博和克劳狄特·柯尔贝尔， 因各自的表演获奥斯卡金像奖 。 〔quadraphonic〕Of or for a four-channel sound system in which speakers are positioned at all four corners of the listening space, reproducing signals that are independent of each other.四声道的：属于或用于四声道声音系统的，音箱放置于听音空间的四角，再生各自独立的信号〔several〕They parted and went their several ways.See Synonyms at distinct 他们分手各自上路 参见 distinct〔unsnag〕"unsnags fine legal problems for the lawyers presenting their cases"(Savvy)“为陈述各自案例的律师们解决细微的法律问题”(萨维)〔enclose〕"Every one of those darkly clustered houses encloses its own secret"(Charles Dickens)“那些黑压压聚集成群的房子每一幢都藏着它各自的秘密”(查尔斯·狄更斯)〔duplex〕A house divided into two living units or residences, usually having separate entrances.联式房屋：分为两个，一般具有各自出口的居住部分的房屋〔hostage〕superpowers held hostage to each other by their nuclear arsenals.超级大国因各自拥有核工厂而互相制约〔every〕Every is representative of a large class of English words and expressions that are singular in formbut felt to be plural in sense.The class includes, for example, noun phrases introduced byevery, any, and certain uses of some. These expressions invariably take a singular verb;we say Every car has (not have ) been tested. Anyone is (not are ) liable to fall ill. But when a sentence contains a pronoun whose antecedent is introduced byevery, grammar and sense pull in different directions.The grammar of these expressions requires a singular pronoun, as in Every car must have its brakes tested, but people persist in using the plural pronoun,as in Every car must have their brakes tested. Although the latter pattern is common in the speech of all groups,it is still widely regarded as grammatically incorrect in writing. ·The effort to adhere to the grammatical rule leads to various complications, however.The first is grammatical.When a pronoun refers to a phrase containingevery or any that falls within a different independent clause, the pronoun cannot be singular.Thus it is simply not English to sayEvery man left; he took his raincoat with him. Nor can one sayNo one could be seen, could he? Writers unwilling to use plural forms in these examples must find another way of expressing their meaning,either by rephrasing the sentence so as to get the pronoun into the same clause (as inEvery man left, taking his raincoat with him ) or by substituting another word forevery or any (as in All the men left; they took their raincoats with them. ) · The second complication is political.When a phrase introduced byevery or any refers to a group containing both men and women, what shall be the gender of the singular pronoun?This matter is discussed in the Usage Note athe. See Usage Note at all ,any ,each ,either ,he 1neither ,none Every 是一大类英语单词和短语的代表， 它们在形式上是单数的，但在意义上感觉起来却是复数。例如，这一类词中所包括的由every，any 和某些用法中的 some 所引导的名词短语。 这些短语毫无例外的跟单数动词，我们说每辆车都已 （不是 have ） 被测试过。 每个人都（不是 are ） 会生病 。 但是当一个句子中包括一个由先行词every 引导的代词时， 从句法和意义上就要区分不同的情况了。象每一辆车必须测试它的制动器 这样的表达法在语法上要求使用一单数代词， 但人们总习惯于用复数代词，象Every car must have their brakes tested 这样。 虽然后面这种形式在各种团体的讲话中非常普遍，但它在写作中仍广泛地被认为是语法上的错误。无论如何，坚持语法规则的努力总会导致各种各样的复杂问题。首先是语法上的复杂性。当一个代词指代一个短语，而这个短语中包括every 或 any 属于另一个与此代词所在子句不同的独立子句中时， 这个代词不能用单数形式。因此很容易理解英国人为何不说每个人离开时，都拿着各自的雨衣 ， 也不说没有人会被看到，不是吗？ 。 不愿意在这些例子中用复数形式的书写者必须找到另外一种表达他们意思的方法，或者可以通过重新改变句子的说法以使代词与其指代的短语同属一个从句中（如Every man left， taking his raincoat with him ）， 或者通过以另一个词代替every 或 any 的方法（如 All the man left；they took their raincoats with them ）。 第二是政治上的复杂性。当一个被every 或 any 引导的短语指代的一个团体中既有男人又有女人时， 单数代词的词性怎么确定呢？这个问题在单词he的用法说明中将被讨论 参见 all,any,each,either,he1neither,none〔mean〕The best means of securing the cooperation of the builders is to appeal to their self-interest. 保证建造者之间合作的最好办法就是满足他们的各自利益。 |
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