| 单词 | 合成词 |
| 释义 | 〔chortle〕“‘O frabjous day! Callooh! Callay!’ He chortled in his joy.”Perhaps Lewis Carroll would chortle a bit himself to find that people are still using the wordchortle, which he coined in Through the Looking-Glass, published in 1872. In any case,Carroll had constructed his word well, combining the wordschuckle and snort to create it. This type of word is called a blend or a portmanteau word.InThrough the Looking-Glass Humpty Dumpty uses portmanteau to describe the word slithy, saying, "It's like a portmanteau—there are two meanings packed up into one word" (the meanings being "lithe" and "slimy").“‘噢，今天真是太棒了’他高兴地大笑着说”。也许刘易斯·卡罗尔发现人们还在使用他1872年出版的透过镜子 一书中创造的 chortle 一词时，他自己会大笑起来。 无论怎样，卡罗尔把chuckle 一词和 snort 一词结合起来创造的这个词，创造得很不错。 这种形式的词称为混合词或合成词。在透过镜子 一书中矮胖子用 portmanteau（合成词） 一词描述 slithy 一词说， “它象个混成词--有两个意思加在一起放进一个词中”（意思是“柔软的”和“粘性的”）〔helpmate〕The existence of the two wordshelpmeet and helpmate meaning exactly the same thing is a comedy of errors. God's promise to Adam, in Genesis 2:18 as rendered in the King James version of the Bible (1611), was to give him "an help [helper] meet [fit or suitable] for him.”In 1673 the poet John Dryden used the phrase "help-meet for man,”with a hyphen betweenhelp and meet. This was one step on the way toward the establishment of the phrase "help meet" as an independent word.Another was the use of "help meet"without "for man"to mean a suitable helper,usually a spouse, as Eve had been to Adam.Despite such usages,however, for the most parthelpmeet was not thought of as a word in its own right until the 19th century. Nonetheless the phrase "help meet" probably played a role in the creation of the synonymous compoundhelpmate, from ( help and mate ), first recorded in 1715. Helpmeet 和 helpmate 这两个意义完全相同的词的存在缘于一起错误的喜剧。 据英王詹姆士一世钦定《圣经》英译本(1611年）《创业记》2：18的记载，上帝允诺亚当给他“一个适合他的助手”。1673年，诗人约翰·德莱顿使用了“男人的助手”这个短语，并且在help 和 meet 中间加了一个连字符成为help-meet。 这是短语"help meet"成为一个独立的单词道路上所迈出的第一步。另一步就是单独使用"help meet"，去掉了"for man"这个成分，意思是适合的伙伴，通常指象夏娃之于亚当那样的伴侣。尽管有以上这些用法，但是，总的说来，helpmeet 这个说法直到19世纪才凭借自身的资格成为一个单词。 但不管怎么说，同义合成词helpmate 来源于（ help 加 mate ）的创造过程中（这个词首次记录于1715年），短语"help meet"很可能扮演了一定的角色 〔tried〕Made to undergo trials or distress. Often used in combination:备受苦难的：经过了磨炼或痛苦的。多用于合成词中：〔birth〕Until recently, the use ofbirth as a verb meaning "to bear (a child)” has been confined to Southern speech: "Heap o' good it do a woman to birth a mess o' young uns and raise 'em and then have 'em all go off to oncet" (Marjorie K. Rawlings).Recently, however, the nonstandard Southern usage has coincided with widespread usage of verbs derived from nouns, such asparent, network, and microwave. Birth in this new usage is most commonly found in its present participial form and is used as an adjective in the compound birthing room. 以前birth 意为生育（孩子）的动词用法仅限于南方语言： 一个女人生养一大堆孩子，然后他们都一起离开家庭，这对于她来说有很大好处。” （玛乔里·K·罗林斯）。但是最近，这种不标准的南方用法与广泛使用名词作动词的用法相吻合，如作父母，连网络 和 传送微波。 Birth这种新的用法常见于现在分词形式并用于合成词中的形容词 育婴室 〔work〕works (used with a sing. or pl. verb)A factory, plant, or similar building or complex of buildings where a specific type of business or industry is carried on. Often used in combination: works （与单数或复数动词连用）工厂，厂房：工厂、建筑物、类似的建筑或综合楼，在此进行特殊类型的商业或工业活动。经常用于合成词：〔perique〕A strongly flavored black tobacco grown in Louisiana and used in various blends.波瑞克烟草：一种气味浓郁的深色烟草，长在美国路易斯安那州，用在多个合成词中〔woodchuck〕The woodchuck goes by several names in the United States.The most famous of these isgroundhog, under which name all the legends about the animal's hibernation have accrued.In the Appalachian Mountains the woodchuck is known as awhistle pig. The wordwoodchuck is probably a folk etymology of a New England Algonquian word—that is, English-speaking settlers "translated" the Indian word into a compound of two words that made sense to them in light of the animal's habitat.土拨鼠在美国有好几个名字。最有名的是groundhog， 在这个名字中关于动物冬眠的传奇已经出现了。在阿巴拉契亚山脉，土拨鼠被认作whistle pig 。 woodchuck 这个词可能是新英格兰阿尔贡金语中民间起源的语汇──就是说， 讲英语的殖民者的把这个印度语单词根据这种动物的习性“翻”成了两个字的合成词，以使其有意义〔hyphen〕A punctuation mark ( - ) used between the parts of a compound word or name or between the syllables of a word, especially when divided at the end of a line of text.连字号：用于一个合成词的两部分之间的或一个单词的字节之间的一种标点符号，尤其是一行或一段结束时用〔mixture〕The wordhouseboat is a compound. 单词houseboat 是一个合成词。 〔naughty〕Words have changes in their fortunes over time just as people and institutions do.The wordnaughty at one time might have been high on one's list as an all-purpose word similar to bad or nice. During the 16th centuryone could usenaughty to mean "unhealthy, unpleasant, bad (with respect to weather), vicious (of an animal), inferior, or bad in quality" (one could say "very naughtie figes" or "naughty corrupt water"). All of these senses have disappeared, however,andnaughty is now used mainly in contexts involving mischief or indecency. This recalls its early days in Middle English (with the formnoughti ), when the word was restricted to the senses "evil, hostile, ineffectual, and needy.”Middle Englishnoughti, first recorded in works written in the last quarter of the 14th century, was derived fromnought, which as a noun had senses such as "evil,”as a pronoun meant "nothing,”and as an adjective could mean such things as "immoral, weak, useless.”Nought was descended from Old English nāwiht, with similar senses,a compound made up ofnā, "no,” and wiht, "thing, being.” Thusnaughty, in a sense, has risen from nothing,but its fortunes have been better than they are at present.正像人们和制度那样，词随着时间改变了意思。单词naughty 曾一度作为类似于 bad 或 nice 这种通用词语而列于某人的词汇表中。 在16世纪，人们可以用naughty 来指“不健康的，不舒服的，坏的（和天气相关的），邪恶的（动物），较劣的，或质量坏的”（人们可以说“非常坏的人” 或“不健康的被污染的水”）。 然而所有的这些词义都消失了，现在naughty 主要用于关系到顽皮或不妥的上下文中。 这使人回想起它在中世纪英语的早些时候形式为naughti ， 当这个词被限定为用作“邪恶的，敌意的，无用的，和贫穷的”意思。中世纪英语的noughti 最先记录于写于14世纪后二十五年的著作中， 是由nought 派生而来的， 作为名词用有“邪恶”的意思，作为代词用是“没有”的意思，和作为形容词为“不道德的，虚弱的，无用的”。Nought 是从古英语 nawiht 中传下来的， 并且有相似的意思，由na “没有”和 wiht “事情，事物”组成的合成词。 这样naughty 从某种意义上来说， 从没有中生出，但是其意思却比现在的这些意思好得多〔skinned〕Having skin of a specified kind. Often used in combination:有…皮的：生有特定种类皮肤的。经常用在合成词中：〔marshal〕Hard-riding marshals of the Wild West in pursuit of criminalsreemphasize the relationship of the wordmarshal with horses. The Germanic ancestor of our wordmarshal is a compound made up of .marhaz, "horse" (related to the source of our word mare ), and .skalkaz, "servant,” meaning as a whole literally "horse servant,”hence "groom.”The Frankish descendant of this Germanic word,.marahskalk, starting from these humble beginnings, came to designate a high royal official and also a high military commander, not surprisingly so, given the importance of the horse in medieval warfare.The word passed into the period (beginning in 800) in which we speak of Old French, after the Franks and their Germanic language had been fused with the surrounding culture descended from Roman Gaul.When the Normans established a French-speaking official class in England,the Old French word came with them.The Middle English source of our word is first recorded as a surname in 1218 (and the surname Marshal, now spelled Marshall, has been held by some famous people),but it is first recorded as a common noun with the sense "high officer of the royal court" in the first English language proclamation (1258) by an English king, Henry III, after the Norman Conquest.Marshal was applied to this high royal official's deputies, who were officers of courts of law,and the word continued to designate various officials involved with courts of law and law enforcement,including the horseback-riding marshals we are familiar with in the United States.西部荒野骑着马对罪犯紧追不舍的警长形象，再次强调了marshal 这个词与马之间的联系。 我们这个单词marshal 的日耳曼语原形是一个由 marhaz “马”（与 mare 的语源相关）和 skalkaz “仆人，佣人”组成的合成词， 字面意思是“马的仆人”，也就是后来的“马夫”。这个日耳曼词的法兰克语的演变marahskalk 从最初卑微的含义演变到特指高级王室官员及高级军事将领， 不仅如此，在中世纪的战场上马也被提升到了重要地位。在法兰克人和他们所说的日耳曼语一起融入周围的罗马高卢人文化之后，这个词进入了我们讲古法语的时代（开始于800年）。当诺曼底人在英格兰建立了一个讲法语的官员阶层之后，古法语里的这个词便随之而来。该词在中世纪英语中最早于1218年作为一个姓氏被记录下来（一些著名人士的姓马歇尔，现在的拼写法为Marshall)，但作为指“王室的高级官员”的普通名词，它最早出现于英国王亨利三世在诺曼征服之后做的一篇英文公告(1258年）。在此文中Marshal 用于指高级王室官员的代表， 也就是司法官员。该词涉及法律和法律实施的不同官员的含义延续了下来，其中就包括我们所熟悉的美国西部骑在马背上的警长〔new〕Freshly; recently. Often used in combination:新鲜地；新近地。常用于合成词：〔porpoise〕from Old French [probably translation of a Germanic compound meaning sea-pig] 源自 古法语 [这个词也许是从一个意为“海猪”的德语合成词翻译过来的] 〔dirty〕Not bright and clear in color; somewhat dull or drab. Often used in combination:不鲜明的，不纯净的：色彩不鲜明的和不纯净的；略显暗淡的，略显单调的。常用于合成词：〔person〕A living human being. Often used in combination:人：一活着的个人。常用于合成词中：〔hassle〕It is difficult to believe that there were no hassles before 1945,but that is the year in which the nounhassle is first recorded in English. The origins of this word might be considered a hassle for the etymologist.An English dialect word,hassle, meaning "to hack at, cut with a blunt knife and with a sawing motion,” is recorded at the end of the 19th century.A Southern dialect word,hassle, "to pant, breathe heavily,” is also a possible source. A more popular notion has been thathassle is a blend, but here again we have a hassle.Three separate possibilities have been proposed,a combination ofh ar ass and hu stle, ha ggle and tu ssle, and ha ggle and wre stle. Given all these possibilities,it is clear why words such ashassle end up with the etymology "origin unknown.” 很难相信1945年以前没有麻烦这个词，但就在那一年hassle 这个名词第一次被记录在英语中。 词源学家认为这个词的来源是争吵。一个英语方言词hassle 的意思是“砍，用一个钝的刀锯”， 在19世纪被记录下来。一个南部的方言词hassle “喘气，重呼吸”也可能是它的来源。 但更普遍的是认为hassle 是一个合成词， 但我们对此又有了异议。词源学家提出的三种不同的可能性：h ar ass 与hu stle的结合、ha ggle与tu ssle 的结合和 ha ggle与wre stle 的结合。 尽管有这么多的可能性，但很显然，象hassle 这样的词仍“无源可溯” 〔fellow〕A jolly good fellow might or might not be the ideal business associate,but the ancestor of our wordfellow definitely referred to a business partner. Fellow, borrowed into English from Old Norse,is related to the Old Icelandic wordfēlagi, meaning "a partner or shareholder of any kind.”Old Icelandicfēlagi is derived from fēlag, "partnership,” a compound made up offē, "livestock, property, money,” and lag, "a laying in order" and "fellowship.” The notion of putting one's property together lies behind the senses offēlagi meaning "partner" and "consort.”In Old Icelandicfēlagi also had the general sense "fellow, mate, comrade,” whichfellow has as well, indicating perhaps that most partnerships turned out all right for speakers of Old Icelandic.极好的伙伴可能是但也可能不是理想的商业伙伴，但fellow 这个词的前身确实是指商业伙伴。 Fellow 从古挪威语中借入英语，与古冰岛词felagi 有关， 意思是“任何一种形式的伙伴或股东”。古冰岛的felagi 源于 felag， “伙伴关系，” 一个由fe “家畜，财产，钱，”和 lag， “整齐的布置”和“伙伴关系” 组成的合成词。 将某人的财产放在一起的概念隐藏在felagi 的意义中， 意思是“伙伴”和“同事”。在古冰岛语中felagi 也有概括的含义“伙伴，同事，同志”， 这些意思fellow 也有， 暗示着也许大多数同伴关系对讲古冰岛语的人来说结果都不错〔neighbor〕Loving one's neighbor as oneself would be much easier,or perhaps much more difficult,if the wordneighbor had kept to its etymological meaning. The source of our word,the assumed West Germanic form.nāhgabūr, was a compound of the words.nēhwiz, "near,” and .būram, "dweller, especially a farmer.” A neighbor, then, was a near dweller.Nēahgebūr, the Old English descendant of this West Germanic word, and its descendant in Middle English, neighebor, and our Modern English neighbor have all retained the literal notion,even though one can now have many neighbors whom one does not know,a situation that would have been highly unlikely in earlier times.The extension of this word to mean "fellow" is probably attributable to the Christian concern with the treatment of one's fellow human beings,as in the passage in Matthew 19:19 that urges love of one's neighbor.象爱自己一样爱邻居会更容易，也可能更难，如果neighbor 这个词保持其词源意义的话。 这个词的来源，假定在西日耳曼语中形式为nahgabur， 是nehwiz “附近的”和 buram “居住者，尤指农夫”的合成词。 那么邻居就是附近的居住者。Neahgebur 这个西日耳曼词发展的古英语形式， 中世纪英语形式nerghebor 及现代英语 neighbor 形式， 都保持了字面意义，即使现在一个可能有许多人都不认识的邻居，这是一种以前很不可能有的情况。这个词的引申意义“人”大概出自基督徒关心如何对待世人，比如在《马太19：19》中就有要求热爱自己邻居的篇章〔intensive〕Possessing or requiring to a high degree. Often used in combination:密集的，加强的：具有或需要较高程度的。经常用于合成词中：〔german〕Having the same parents or the same grandparents on either the mother's or the father's side. Often used in combination:同父母的，同祖父母的：在父亲一方或母亲一方有相同的父母、祖父母或外祖父母的，通常用于合成词：〔city〕City An area or complex specializing in a particular type of merchandise. Often used in combination: City 特定商业形式地区：专营某种特定商品的一个区域或综合企业，常用于合成词：〔proof〕Fully or successfully resistant; impervious. Often used in combination:耐…的，防…的：完全地或成功地抵制的；不能穿透的。常用于合成词中：〔assorted〕Suited or matched. Often used in combination:合适的，匹配的：合适的或匹配的。常用于合成词：〔hyphen〕from Greek huphen [a sign indicating a compound or two words which are to be read as one] 源自 希腊语 huphen [一个暗示一个合成词或两个词要读成一个词的记号] 〔woman〕An adult female human being belonging to a specified occupation, group, nationality, or other category. Often used in combination:女人：属于一个特定的职业、团体、国籍或其他的种类的成年女性人类。经常用于合成词：〔rater〕One having an indicated rank or rating. Often used in combination:…等级的人：具有特定级别和地位的人。常常用在合成词中： |
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