| 单词 | 合理 |
| 释义 | 〔get〕To manage or fare with reasonable success.生活：合理成功地安排或进展〔grievance〕An actual or supposed circumstance regarded as just cause for protest.不平之事，委屈：被认为是抗议的合理理由的一种实际的或设想中的情况〔straight〕straight Freudian analysis.合理的弗洛易德主义分析〔demand〕To require as useful, just, proper, or necessary; call for:（合理）要求：认为有用、公正、正确、恰当或必需而提出要求；要求：〔legitimate〕Based on logical reasoning; reasonable:合理的：建立在逻辑推理之上的；合乎逻辑的：〔instrumentalism〕A pragmatic theory that ideas are instruments that function as guides of action, their validity being determined by the success of the action.工具主义：一种实用主义理论，认为思想是指导行为的工具，行为的成功证明其手段合理〔unimpassioned〕Not impassioned; marked by a reasonable approach totally devoid of emotional influence or appeal:没有激情的：没有热情的；以完全没有激情影响或要求的合理方法为标志的：〔sound〕a sound observation.See Synonyms at valid 合理的说法 参见 valid〔duologue〕"a reasonably well-constructed duologue for two experienced performers"(Noel Coward)“两位有经验演员表演的组织合理的对白”(诺埃尔·科沃德)〔trivial〕Trivial Pursuit is an etymologically sound name, because roads and traveling, which might involve pursuit, are involved in the origin of the wordtrivial. The history oftrivial begins with the Latin word trivium, formed from the prefixtri-, "consisting of three of the things named,” and via, "road.” Trivium meant "the meeting place of three roads, especially as a place of public resort.” Hence it also had a pejorative sense,which we express by the phrasethe gutter, as in "His manners were formed in the gutter.”The adjectivetriviālis, derived from trivium, meant "appropriate to the street corner, commonplace, vulgar.” Trivial entered Middle English in senses that need not detain us here,first being recorded in a sense identical to that oftriviālis in 1589. Shortly after thattrivial is recorded in the sense most familiar to us, "of little importance or significance.”Trivial Pursuit 从词源学的角度来看是合理的词， 因为可能涉及到追求的道路和旅行都与trivial 这个词的来源有关。 trivial 的历史从拉丁词 trivium 开始， 由前缀tri- 意思是“由三个给定的东西组成的”和 via “道路”构成。 Trivium 的意思是“三条路交汇的地方，尤指公众常去的地方”。 自此它又有了一层带贬意的意思，我们用短语贫民区里的 来表示这层意思， 如在句子”他的礼仪是在贫民区学成的”。从trivium 派生出来的形容词 trvialis 意思为“用于街道角落的，平凡的，粗俗的”。 Trvial 进入了中古英语， 当时的意思不会使我们停止不前。最早的记录是在1589年，意思与trivialis 相同。 不久以后，trivial 的意思变得与我们更接近了， 即“琐碎的，不重要的或无价值的”〔presume〕To give reasonable evidence for assuming; appear to prove.认定：为假设而给出合理的证据；似乎能证明〔parameter〕In recent yearsparameter has become the archetype for the borrowing of scientific terms into general usage and as such has occasioned a good deal of skeptical comment.Some of its new uses can be justified as useful extensions of the technical senses of the word.For example, the provisions of a zoning ordinance that limit the height or density of new construction can be reasonably likened to mathematical parameters that establish the limits of other variables.Therefore one can properly sayThe zoning commission announced new planning parameters for the historic Lamping district of the city. But other uses suggest that the writer has not understood the technical senseand has chosen it primarily as a way of injecting an aura of scientific precision into what would otherwise be a pedestrian communication.Thus there is no semantic justification for usingparameter as a general substitute for characteristic, as inThe Judeo-Christian ethic is one of the important parameters of Western culture, an example found unacceptable by 80 percent of the Usage Panel. ·Some of the difficulties with nontechnical use ofparameter appear to arise from its resemblance to the word perimeter, with which it shares the sense "limit,” though the two words differ in their precise meaning.This confusion doubtless explains the use ofparameter in a sentence such as U.S. forces report that the parameters of the mine area in the Gulf are fairly well established, where the wordperimeter would have expressed the intended sense more exactly. This example of a use ofparameter was unacceptable to 61 percent of the Usage Panel. 近些年来，parameter 已成为一个从科技术语借用到普通用法的原形， 同时也引起了大量的怀疑批评。它的某些新用法可被看作是该词科技含义的有益扩展。例如，某一区域性法规中关于新建筑高度或密度的条文能被合理地与制定其它变量限度的数学参量进行比较。因而，人们当然可以说地区委员会公布了历史上该城有名的灯区新计划方案 。 但其它的一些用法说明说话人还没有理解它的科技含义，并且选用了这个词主要作为给将是普通交流的东西注入一些精确的科学气息的途径。因此，用parameter 作为 characteristic 的一般等价词毫无语义上的合理性， 如在犹太教与基督教的道德规范是西方文化中重要的限制因素 ， 是80%的用法小组成员不接受的例子。Parameter 的非科技运用中的一些难点是由于它与 perimeter 都有“限制”的含义造成的， 尽管两个词的确切含义是不相同的。这种混淆无疑解释了parameter 在例如 美军报告说，海湾地雷区的环形防线设置得相当不错 的句子中的运用， 这里perimeter 可能会更确切地表达这种引申含义。 61%的用法小组成员不接受这个运用parameter 的例子 〔excessive〕Unreasonable applies to what exceeds reasonable limits: Unreasonable 指超过了合理的限度： 〔overtax〕To tax in excess of what is considered appropriate or just.对…征税过重：税收超过了适当或合理的限度〔arrange〕The central meaning shared by these verbs is "to distribute or dispose persons or things properly or methodically": 这些动词共有的中心意思是“合理地或按一定方法分配或排列人或事物”： 〔bound〕Our joy knew no bounds. Your remarks exceed the bounds of reason.我们快乐无比。你的评论超出了合理界限〔justice〕Conformity to truth, fact, or sound reason:合法性，合理：与真相、事实、或正当理由的相符合性：〔hokum〕Something apparently impressive or legitimate but actually untrue or insincere; nonsense.废话，无聊话：看似感人或合理，但实际上错误或虚伪的；废话〔lemma〕A subsidiary proposition assumed to be valid and used to demonstrate a principal proposition.引理，辅助定理：被认为是合理且被用于证明主要命题的次要命题〔biopiracy〕The commercial development of naturally occurring biological materials, such as plant substances or genetic cell lines, by a technologically advanced country or organization without fair compensation to the peoples or nations in whose territory the materials were originally discovered.生物掠夺：拥有先进科技的国家或组织对自然存在的生物原料（如植物物质或遗传细胞链）进行的商业开发，却未对这些原料最初发现地区的民族或国家给予合理补偿〔reasonable〕Governed by or being in accordance with reason or sound thinking:合理的；适当的：受理智或正确思维指导的，或与理智或正确思维一致的：〔add〕To be reasonable, plausible, or consistent; make sense:言之有理，有意义：合理的，似可信的或一致的；使有意义：〔overextend〕To expand or disperse beyond a safe or reasonable limit:过分伸延，过分展开：超过了安全或合理的限度地扩展或散开：〔tenable〕Capable of being maintained in argument; rationally defensible:合理的：在争论中能站得住脚的；出于事理的：〔presumptive〕Providing a reasonable basis for belief or acceptance.佐证的：为相信或接受而提供合理的证据的〔reason〕Within the bounds of good sense or practicality.合理地：在良好的情理和现实范围之内地〔unreasonable〕Exceeding reasonable limits; immoderate:不合理的：超出合理的限度的；过度的：〔excessive〕Exceeding a normal, usual, reasonable, or proper limit.过量的：超过正常的、通常的、合理的或正当界限的〔minimal〕Under the strict interpretation ofminimal, this sentence should mean only "Alcohol has an unpleasant effect when I have eaten nothing.”If the looser interpretation is allowed, however,the sentence can also mean “ . . . when I have eaten a bit.”Presented with the sentence, 29 percent of the Usage Panel said that it could have only the "eaten nothing" (that is, the strict) interpretation;34 percent said that it could have only the "eaten a bit" (that is, the looser) interpretation;and 37 percent said that it could have either meaning.Thus the looser sense ofminimal is accepted by 71 percent of the Panel and must be considered acceptable in nontechnical use. · In an analogous shift,the verbminimize is often used to mean "to reduce,” an extension of its strict etymological sense of "to reduce to the smallest possible level.”This looser usage is the result of the imprecision that usually attaches to the use of the verb in most nontechnical contexts.When a manager announces thatThe company wants to minimize the risk of accidents to line workers, we naturally interpret the manager as meaning that the risk is to be reduced to the smallest level consistent with considerations of efficiency and cost,not that risks are to be reduced to the lowest level logically possible.Even when used with allowable imprecision, however, the verbminimize should carry some implication that the relevant quantity is reduced as much as could reasonably be expected in the circumstances.Thusminimize retains at least an approximately superlative sense and so is inconsistent with modification by adverbs such asgreatly or considerably, which imply that the verb is being used as a simple synonym forlessen or reduce. 若句中的minimal 的意思比较严格， 那么这一句就只能理解为“当我什么没吃时喝酒会搞得我很难受。”但是如果比较宽泛的词义得到承认，那么这一句同时也有“…当我吃过一点东西时”这层意思。百分之二十九的用法专题使用小组成员认为这一词只能当“什么都不吃”（即严格意义上的词义）来讲；百分之三十四的成员说它只有“吃过一点”（即宽泛一些的）词义；百分之三十七的成员说两种含义都可适用。所以minimal 宽泛的含义被用法专题使用小组的百分之七十一的成员接受。 与其相类似的是，动词minimize 经常被用来指“减少”， 是其“减少到最可能小的水平”的严格意义上的延伸。这一较宽泛的含义是非技术性文章使用这一动词的不精确性而带来的结果。当一个经理宣称公司试图将生产线上工人面临出事故的风险降至最低， 我们自然会认为经理的意思是工厂的事故风险将被降至一个同时又考虑效率和成本的最小程度，而不是逻辑上可以达到的最低程度。即使在可以允许不精确的程度内使用时，动词mininize 也应有一层隐含的意思， 即其相对数量已被减少到了情况所期望的合理的程度。这样，minimize 至少仍然保留着一种大致为最高级的意思， 因而它与这些副词如greatly 或 considerably 不能搭配使用， 因为这些副词暗示着这一动词被当成了lessen 或 reduce 简单同义词而使用 〔aggravate〕It is sometimes claimed thataggravate should be used only to mean "to make worse" and not "to irritate.” Based on this view it would be appropriate to sayThe endless wait for luggage aggravates the misery of modern air travel, but not It's the endless wait for luggage that aggravates me the most. But the latter use dates back as far as the 17th century and is accepted by 68 percent of the Usage Panel. As H.W. Fowler wrote, "the extension from aggravating a person's temper to aggravating the person himself is slight and natural,and when we are told that Wackford Squeers [in Dickens'sNicholas Nickleby ] pinched the boys in aggravating places we may reasonably infer that his choice of places aggravated both the pinches and the boys.”有时认为aggravate 应当只被用来表示“加重；使恶化”的意思而不表示“使恼火；激怒”。 根据这种观点，The endless wait for luggage aggravates the misery of modern air travel（无休止地等待行李加重了现代飞机旅行的困难） 这个句子是正确的，而 It's the endless wait for luggage that aggravates me the most（无休止地等待行李最为令我恼火） 这一句则不正确。 但是后一种用法可以追溯到17世纪，并且被百分之六十八的用法使用小组成员所接受。正如H·W·福勒写道，“从使一个人的脾气变得更坏到使一个人恼火的延伸是微小和自然的，当我们看到威克福特·斯贵尔斯［出自狄更斯的小说尼古拉斯·尼克尔贝 ］往令人恼火的地方拧孩子们时， 我们可以合理地推断出他所选择的地方既加剧了拧的疼痛又令孩子们大为恼火。”〔compulsion〕An irresistible impulse to act, regardless of the rationality of the motivation:冲动：无法抑制的冲动，不顾动机是否合理：〔extravagant〕Exceeding reasonable bounds:过度的，过分的：超过合理范围的：〔excessive〕These adjectives mean exceeding a normal, usual, reasonable, or proper limit.这些形容词意思是超过了正常的、平常的、合理的或正当的限制。〔presume〕These verbs signify to take something for granted or as being a fact.Topresume is to suppose that something is reasonable, justifiable, sound, or possible in the absence of proof to the contrary: 这些动词都表示认为某事是理所当然的或认定某事是事实。Presume 是指在没有证据表明结果是相反的情况下认定某事是合理的，无可非议的，完美的或者是可能的： 〔antinomy〕A contradiction between principles or conclusions that seem equally necessary and reasonable; a paradox.二律背反：看上去同样必要及合理的原理或结论之间的矛盾；充满矛盾的人或事〔credible〕Capable of being believed; plausible.See Synonyms at plausible 能被信任的；合理的 参见 plausible〔ought〕Used to indicate advisability or prudence:应该：用于表示合理可行或谨慎的态度：〔set〕set forth a sound plan.提出一个合理的计划〔presumable〕That can be presumed or taken for granted; reasonable as a supposition:理所当然的：可假定的或可被认为是理所当然的；推测合理的：〔presumption〕Acceptance or belief based on reasonable evidence; assumption or supposition.推定：以合理的证据为基础的接受和信任；假设或假定 |
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