| 单词 | 后缀 |
| 释义 | 〔furcula〕Latin [diminutive of] furca [fork] 拉丁语 furca的小后缀 [叉子] 〔kepi〕diminutive of German Kappe [cap] 德语 Kappe的小后缀 [帽子] 〔cachucha〕Spanish [small boat, cachucha] [possibly from diminutive of] cacho [shard, saucepan] 西班牙语 [小舟，卡楚恰舞] 可能是源自cacho的小后缀 [玻璃器皿，平底锅] 〔herbivorous〕Latin -vorus [-vorous] 拉丁语 -vorus [后缀，表“吃，以…为食”] 〔citronella〕from French citronnelle [lemon oil] [diminutive of] citron [citron] * see citron 源自 法语 citronnelle [柠檬油] citron的小后缀 [香橼树] * 参见 citron〔tylosis〕-ōsis [-osis] -ōsis [后缀,表示病症的名词词尾] 〔motet〕from Old French [diminutive of] mot [word] * see mot 源自 古法语 mot的小后缀 [歌词] * 参见 mot〔bumpkin〕Perhaps from Flemish boomken [shrub] [diminutive of] boom [tree] * see bheuə- 可能源自 佛兰芒语 boomken [灌木] boom的小后缀 [树] * 参见 bheuə- 〔lunette〕from Old French lunete [moon-shaped object] [diminutive of] lune [moon] 源自 古法语 lunete [月形物体] lune的小后缀 [月球] 〔porcelain〕from porcella [young sow] [diminutive of] porca [sow] 源自 porcella [小母猪] porca的小后缀 [母猪] 〔apartheid〕Although South Africa has not furnished a great number of words that have achieved general currency in British and American English,one in particular,apartheid, has gained wide circulation. The first recorded use ofapartheid as an English term, in the Cape Times on October 24, 1947, is an ironic commentary on much of the word's use since then: "Mr. Hofmeyr said apartheid could not be reconciled with a policy of progress and prosperity for South Africa.” According to the March 15, 1961, issue of theLondon Times, the wordself-development was supposed to replace apartheid as the official term used by the South African Broadcasting Corporation for "the Government's race policies. ” And inMove Your Shadow, published in 1985, Joseph Lelyveld says that the "word is [now] shunned, even resented by the [National Party's] high priests as if it were an epithet fashioned by the country's enemies.” Butapartheid as a word and as a reality has been slow to disappear. The history ofapartheid, however, offers a possible model for change in this policy, for the word is an example of a mixture and combination of resources, in this case linguistic.Apartheid is an English word that came into South African English from Afrikaans, the language of the Dutch settlers of South Africa. They in turn had made up the word from the Dutch wordapart, "separate,” and the suffix -heid, which corresponds to our suffix -hood. Thusapartheid literally means "separateness.” The Dutch had earlier borrowed the wordapart, as did we, from the French phrase à part, meaning "to one side.” 尽管南非并没有向英国和美国英语里加入很多得以普遍使用的词汇，但尚有一例外，apartheid 这个词就得到了普遍应用。 apartheid 一词作为英语词汇的使用最早记录于1947年10月24日的 开普时报 上，从那时起对该词的使用就作了反讽式的评论： “霍夫梅伊先生说种族隔离制不能与南非进步及繁荣的政策相容。”根据1961年3月15日的一期伦敦时报 ， 南非广播公司试图以self-development 作为官方用语来代替 apartheid 表示“政府的种族政策”。 在1985年出版的移动你的影子 中，约瑟夫·莱莉瓦德说“这个词为高级牧师们所回避甚至痛恨， 似乎它是这个国家的敌人创造出来的修饰语。”但apartheid 作为词汇和作为现实存在消失得很慢。 然而apartheid 的历史为这种政策的变化提供了一个可能的模式， 因为这个词是语言学方面各种来源混合及联合的一个例子。Apartheid 是从南非的荷兰殖民者的语言进入南非英语的一个英语词汇。 依次由荷兰词apart “分隔”，和后缀 -heid （其与后缀 -hood 相对应）构成。 这样，apartheid 可逐字译为“分隔，隔离。” 荷兰人较早地借用了apart 一词，就如我们从法语里借用了意为“到一边”的 a part 一样 〔vesicle〕from Latin vēsīcula [diminutive of] vēsīca [bladder, blister] 源自 拉丁语 vēsīcula vēsīca的小后缀 [水疱，疱] 〔panettone〕Italian [augmentative of] panetto [a small loaf] [diminutive of] pane [bread] 意大利语 panetto的增义成分 [一小块] pane的小后缀 [面包] 〔pilaster〕Latin -aster [n. suff.,] 拉丁语 -aster [名词后缀] 〔spillikin〕diminutive of Latin spīna [thorn] 拉丁语 spīna的小后缀 [刺] 〔epaulet〕French épaulette [diminutive of] épaule [shoulder] 法语 épaulette épaule的小后缀 [肩膀] 〔cutlass〕from Latin cultellus [diminutive of] culter [knife] * see skel- 1源自 拉丁语 cultellus culter的小后缀 [刀] * 参见 skel- 1〔turbellarian〕from Latin turbella [bustle] [diminutive of] turba [turmoil (from the motion of their cilia in the water)] * see turbid 源自 拉丁语 turbella [喧闹] turba的小后缀 [骚乱，混乱（源于它们的幼虫在水中的运动）] * 参见 turbid〔sudorific〕Latin -ficus [-fic] 拉丁语 -ficus [后缀，表“引起…的”] 〔barbel〕diminutive of Late Latin barbus [beard] 后期拉丁语 barbus的小后缀 [须] 〔salvific〕Latin -ficus [-fic] 拉丁语 -ficus [后缀，用以构成-fic结尾的动词之形容词] 〔modulo〕Latin modulō [ablative of] modulus [diminutive of] modus [measure] * see mode 拉丁语 modulō modulus的夺格 modus的小后缀 [测量] * 参见 mode〔areola〕Latin āreola [small open space] [diminutive of] ārea [open place] * see area 拉丁语 āreola [小的开敞空间] ārea的小后缀 [开敞区] * 参见 area〔palmitin〕from Portuguese palmito [diminutive of] palma [palm] 源自 葡萄牙语 palmito palma的小后缀 [棕榈] 〔chaperon〕from Old French [diminutive of] chape [cape, head covering] * see chape 源自 古法语 chape的小后缀 [斗篷头罩] * 参见 chape〔mallard〕-ard [-ard,] -ard [后缀] 〔lambrequin〕diminutive of Middle Dutch lamper [veil] 中古荷兰语 lamper的小后缀 [面貌] 〔gigot〕from Old French [diminutive of] gigue [fiddle] 源自 古法语 gigue的小后缀 [小提琴] 〔copepod〕-poda [-pod] -poda [后缀，表“脚，足”] 〔collyrium〕from Greek kollurion [eye salve, poultice] [diminutive of] kollura [roll of bread] 源自 希腊语 kollurion [眼药膏，糊状膏药] kollura的小后缀 [成卷的面包] 〔lupulin〕New Latin lupulus [hop species] diminutive of Latin lupus [hop plant] from lupus [wolf] * see lupine 2新拉丁语 lupulus [啤酒花藤种] 拉丁语 lupus的小后缀 [啤酒花藤植物] 源自 lupus [狼] * 参见 lupine2〔acanthopterygian〕Greek pterugion [diminutive of] pterux [wing] * see pet- 希腊语 pterugion pterux的小后缀 [鳍] * 参见 pet- 〔periwinkle〕Middle English pervinkle [diminutive of] pervinke 中古英语 pervinkle pervinke的小后缀 〔clavicle〕from Latin [diminutive of] clāvis [key (from its shape)] 源自 拉丁语 clāvis的小后缀 [钥匙（从它的形状而来）] 〔muleteer〕from mulet [diminutive of] mul [mule] * see mule 1源自 mulet mul的小后缀 [轻型拖拉机] * 参见 mule1〔quartet〕from Italian quartetto [diminutive of] quarto [fourth] 源自 意大利语 quartetto quarto的小后缀 [第四] 〔exemplify〕Latin -ficāre [-fy] 拉丁语 -ficāre [后缀，表“使成…，…化”] 〔coccidioidomycosis〕New Latin Coccidioides [genus name] from Coccidium [coccidium] * see coccidium -oides from Greek -oeidēs [-oid] 新拉丁语 Coccidioides [属名] 源自 Coccidium [球霉菌病] * 参见 coccidium -oides 源自 希腊语 -oeidēs [后缀，表“似，象”] 〔tunnel〕from Old French tonnelle [diminutive of] tonne [tun] 源自 古法语 tonnelle tonne的小后缀 [大桶] 〔underling〕People trying to build their vocabulary often study affixes,a not unreasonable way to proceed.But studying a group of words that share an affix can be fascinating in its own right in the way that studying common features in a photograph of an extended family can be fascinating.The suffix-ling is Germanic in origin and had several uses already in Old English.For example, it could be added to a noun to make a second noun that referred to something connected with or similar to the first noun;thus, adding the suffix to the Old English wordyrth, "ploughland,” produced the Old English word yrthling, "plowman.” The suffix could also be added to an adjective to make a noun that referred to something having the quality denoted by the adjective:from Old Englishdēore, "dear, beloved,” was derived dēorling (Modern English darling ). Adding-ling to an adverb produced a noun referring to something having the position or condition denoted by the adverb: from Old Englishunder came underling. The last use of the-ling family to be described here was actually borrowed from another Germanic source, Old Norse. The Old Norse version of the-ling suffix was used to form diminutives; thus, our wordgosling was a borrowing in Middle English of an Old Norse word, gæslingr, "gosling.” 想要扩大词汇量的人常常去研究词缀，这不失为一种明智的方式。就象研究一个扩大了的家庭的照片中家人的共同特征一样吸引人，研究一组词缀相同的单词本身可能也会令人意醉神迷。-ling 这一后缀源于日耳曼语， 在中古英语中便已有已几种用法。例如，它可以和一个名词相连形成另一个与之关联或相似的名词；这样，把这个后缀加到古英语单词yrth “耕地”后边便形成了另一古英语单词 yrthling “农夫”。 这个后缀还可以加在一个形容词后边形成具有该形容词所示特征的名词：从古英语单词deore, “亲爱的，被爱的”中派生出 deorling （现代英语中的 darling )。 把-ling 加在一副词后边可以产生具有该副词所示情况或状态的名词： 从中古英语的under 形成 underling 。 这里所要描述的-ling 家族的最后一个用法事实上是来源于另一支日耳曼语言，古挪威语。 在古挪威语中-ling 这一后缀被用作小后缀； 这样，我们的单词gosling 便是中世纪英语中的一个外来词，来源于古挪威语单词 goeslingr, “小鹅” |
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