| 单词 | 否定的 |
| 释义 | 〔surly〕The fact that the wordsurly means "churlish" nicely indicates its fall in status. Churlish derives from the word churl, which in its Old English form ceorl meant "a man without rank, a member of the lowest rank of freemen,” as well as "peasant" in general. In Old Englishceorl may have been a term of contempt; it certainly became one in Middle English,wherecherl meant "base fellow, boor,” with churlish descending in meaning accordingly. Surly, on the other hand, started its life at the top of the scale but fell just as far. Looking at instances of this word in Middle English and Early Modern English,we see thatsurly was only one spelling for this word, another spelling beingsirly, which makes it clear that it came from the word sir, the term of honor for a knight or for a person of rank or importance in general. Thussirly, the form under which the early spellings of the word are entered in the Oxford English Dictionary, first meant "lordly.” Surly, entered as a separate word in the OED and first recorded in 1566, meant perhaps "lordly, majestic,” in its earliest use,subsequently being used in the sense "masterful, imperious, arrogant.” As the gloss "arrogant" makes clear, the wordsirly could have a negative sense, and it is this area of meaning that is responsible for the current "churlish" sense of the word.surly 意为“粗野的”事实生动地说明了这个词的地位下降。 Churlish 是 churl 的派生词，其古英文形式 ceorl 的意思是“没有爵位的男人，或者是自由民中最低等级的男人”，大概象“农民”一样。 古英语中ceorl 可能含有贬意； 中古英语中肯定是贬意，其cherl 的意思是“卑贱的人，粗野的人”，相应地 churlish 的意思也下降了。 另一方面，Surly 开始是个高尚的字，后来地位同样下降。 从中古英语和早期现代英语中的实例，我们可以看到，surly 的拼法只有一个， 另一个是sirly ，它清楚地表明这个字来自 sir （给于骑士或有等级或有身份的人的尊称）。 因此，sirly 这个字的最初形式记载在 牛津英语词典 中，开始的意思为（有威严的，高傲的）。 Surly 作为另一个字最初于1566年记录在 OED 中， 最初的意思是“老爷的、尊贵的”，以后的意思为“老爷般的、命令式的、傲慢的”。“傲慢”这个字条清楚地说明sirly 可能有过否定的意思， 也正是在这层意义上，它和目前“粗野的”意义有关〔hardly〕The use ofhardly with a negative is avoided in Standard English. Some critics have been puzzled that adverbs such ashardly, rarely, and scarcely should be treated as negatives in the traditional strictures against double negation, which tars sentences likeI couldn't hardly see him with the same brush as I didn't get none. After all, they argue, the sentenceMary hardly laughed entails that Mary did laugh, not that she didn't,and therefore does not express a negative proposition.Buthardly and scarcely occur with other negative expressions in a number of ways. For one thing, they combine with items such asany and at all, which are characteristically associated with negative contexts: we sayI hardly saw him at all or I never saw him at all but notI occasionally saw him at all; we sayI hardly had any time or I didn't have any time but notI had any time, and so on. Like other negative adverbs,hardly triggers inversion of the subject and auxiliary when it begins a sentence. Thus we sayHardly had I arrived when she left, on the pattern of Never have I read such a book or At no time has he condemned the movement. Such inversion is not used with other adverbs:we would not sayOccasionally has he addressed this question or To a slight degree have they changed their position. The fact is that adverbs such ashardly are semantically negative in that they qualify a state or an event relative to the limiting case of nonoccurrence.Thus the meaning ofhardly is, roughly, "almost not at all"; the meaning ofrarely is "practically never"; and so forth. These adverbs are felt to have a negative component in their meaning,and it should not be surprising that grammarians have reacted to combinations ofhardly with negatives in the same way that they have reacted to combinations of pairs of negatives such as not and none. See Usage Note at double negative ,rarely ,scarcely Hardly 和一个否定词在一起的用法在标准英语中应尽量避免， 一些批评学家一直怀疑象hardly，rarely 和 scarcely 这样的副词在传统的双重否定的句中应被视为否定词， 这样的词使句子象I couldn't hardly see him 和 I didn't get none 一样被弄糟了， 他们争论说，毕竟句子Mary hardly laughed 的意思是玛丽的确笑了， 而不是她没笑，所以不表示否定的建议。但是hardly 和 scarcely 和其他的否定表示一起在许多方面出现， 举例说，他们和象any 和 at all 这样独特的和否定上下文联系的条目组合在一起， 我们说I hardly saw him at all 或 I never saw him at all , 但并不是I occasionally saw him at all； 我们说I hardly had any time 或 I didn't have any time 但不是I had any time 等。 象其它否定副词，hardly 在句子开头时引起主语和助动词的倒装， 于是我们说Hardly had I arrived when she left， 和 Never have I read such a book 或 At no time has he condemned the movement. 等同样的句型。 别的副词并不用这样的倒装：我们不能说Occasionally has he addressed this question 或 To a slight degree have they changed their position 。 事实是象hardly 这样的副词语义上是否定的， 他们限定修饰了与不发生有关的状态或事件。于是hardly 的意思大概是“几乎根本不”； rarely 的意思大概是“实际上没有”；等等。 这些副词在他们的意思里留有否定的成分，语法学家们对hardly 和否定词组合的反应和对一对否定词如 not 和 none组合的反应一样是不足为奇的 参见 double negative,rarely,scarcely〔because〕A traditional rule holds that the constructionthe reason is because is redundant, and should be avoided in favor of the reason is that. The usage is well established, however, and can be justified by analogy to constructionssuch asHis purpose in calling her was so that she would be forewarned of the change in schedule or The last time I saw her was when she was leaving for college. All three constructions are somewhat less than graceful, however. ·Whenbecause follows a negated verb phrase, it should be preceded by a comma when thebecause clause explains why the event did not occur. He didn't marry her, because she was frivolous means roughly, "Her frivolity was his reason for not marrying her.”When no comma is used, thebecause clause is understood as part of what is being negated. He didn't marry her because she was frivolous means roughly, "His reason for marrying her was independent of her frivolity.”See Usage Note at as 1传统的原则认为结构the reason is because 太累赘，应避免，而赞同使用 the reason is that 。 这种用法被广泛地接受，并可以用类似的结构证明是正确的，如他 呼唤她 的目的是以便 她能预先知道时间安排的改变 ，或者 最近 一次 我看见她是 当 她正要去学院时。 然而所这三种结构都有不够完美的地方。当because 跟着一个否定动词短语时， 该在它前面加一个逗号来表示这个because 从句解释的是为什么这件事 没有 发生。 他不娶她，因为她很轻浮。 粗略的意思是， “她的轻浮是他不娶她的原因。”当没有用逗号时，这个because 从句被理解为被否定的部分。 他不娶她不是因为她轻薄， 粗略的意思是， “他和她结婚的原因与她的轻薄无关。” 参见 as1〔negative〕Expressing, containing, or consisting of a negation, refusal, or denial:否定的，否认的：表示、含有或由否定、拒绝、否认组成的：〔no〕A negative response; a denial or refusal:否定的回答；否定或拒绝：〔merit〕Often merits An aspect of character or behavior deserving approval or disapproval: 常作 merits 功过：优缺点应予赞许或否定的性格方面或行为：〔nay〕A denial or refusal.否定的答复，拒绝〔scarcely〕Scarcely has the force of a negative and is therefore regarded as incorrectly used with another negative, as inI couldn't scarcely believe it. · A clause followingscarcely is correctly introduced by when or before; the use ofthan, though common, is still unacceptable to some grammarians: The meeting had scarcely begun when (or before but not than ) it was interrupted. See Usage Note at double negative ,hardly Scarcely 有否定的意味，因此当它与另一否定形式一起用时被认为是不正确的， 就如在I couldn't scarcely believe it 中。 在scarely 之后用 when 或 before 引导从句是正确的； than 的用法虽然常见，但对于一些语法家来说仍然不能接受： 会议刚开始当 （或者 before 但非 than ) 就被打断了 参见 double negative,hardly〔cohort〕Perhaps because of its original military meaning,cohort usually implies a somewhat negative judgment. A phrase such asthe President and his cohorts might therefore be better used by critics of the President than by defenders. 也许由于它原来的军事意义，cohort 通常表示某些否定的看法。 因此，例如总统和他的一帮人 也许会更好地由总统的批评者而不是支持者使用 〔negation〕A denial, contradiction, or negative statement.否定，反对或否定的原则〔repudiation〕The act of repudiating or the state of being repudiated.否定：否定的行为或被否定的状态〔criticize〕 Denounce implies public proclamation of condemnation or repudiation: Denounce 含有对谴责或否定的公开宣称之意： 〔proposition〕A statement in which the subject is affirmed or denied by the predicate.命题：主题被谓项证实或否定的陈述〔denumerable〕dī-, dis- [dis-] dī-, dis- [前缀，表否定的意思] 〔negative〕gave a negative answer to our request for funding.对我们的财政要求给予否定的回答〔Servetus〕Spanish-born theologian and physician who described the circulation of blood. His denial of the doctrine of the Trinity led to his execution for heresy.斯文特斯，迈克尔：(1511-1553) 西班牙裔神学家和医生，他描述了血液循环。因对三位一体论的否定的“异端学说”而被处死 |
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