| 单词 | 喝酒 |
| 释义 | 〔minimal〕Under the strict interpretation ofminimal, this sentence should mean only "Alcohol has an unpleasant effect when I have eaten nothing.”If the looser interpretation is allowed, however,the sentence can also mean “ . . . when I have eaten a bit.”Presented with the sentence, 29 percent of the Usage Panel said that it could have only the "eaten nothing" (that is, the strict) interpretation;34 percent said that it could have only the "eaten a bit" (that is, the looser) interpretation;and 37 percent said that it could have either meaning.Thus the looser sense ofminimal is accepted by 71 percent of the Panel and must be considered acceptable in nontechnical use. · In an analogous shift,the verbminimize is often used to mean "to reduce,” an extension of its strict etymological sense of "to reduce to the smallest possible level.”This looser usage is the result of the imprecision that usually attaches to the use of the verb in most nontechnical contexts.When a manager announces thatThe company wants to minimize the risk of accidents to line workers, we naturally interpret the manager as meaning that the risk is to be reduced to the smallest level consistent with considerations of efficiency and cost,not that risks are to be reduced to the lowest level logically possible.Even when used with allowable imprecision, however, the verbminimize should carry some implication that the relevant quantity is reduced as much as could reasonably be expected in the circumstances.Thusminimize retains at least an approximately superlative sense and so is inconsistent with modification by adverbs such asgreatly or considerably, which imply that the verb is being used as a simple synonym forlessen or reduce. 若句中的minimal 的意思比较严格， 那么这一句就只能理解为“当我什么没吃时喝酒会搞得我很难受。”但是如果比较宽泛的词义得到承认，那么这一句同时也有“…当我吃过一点东西时”这层意思。百分之二十九的用法专题使用小组成员认为这一词只能当“什么都不吃”（即严格意义上的词义）来讲；百分之三十四的成员说它只有“吃过一点”（即宽泛一些的）词义；百分之三十七的成员说两种含义都可适用。所以minimal 宽泛的含义被用法专题使用小组的百分之七十一的成员接受。 与其相类似的是，动词minimize 经常被用来指“减少”， 是其“减少到最可能小的水平”的严格意义上的延伸。这一较宽泛的含义是非技术性文章使用这一动词的不精确性而带来的结果。当一个经理宣称公司试图将生产线上工人面临出事故的风险降至最低， 我们自然会认为经理的意思是工厂的事故风险将被降至一个同时又考虑效率和成本的最小程度，而不是逻辑上可以达到的最低程度。即使在可以允许不精确的程度内使用时，动词mininize 也应有一层隐含的意思， 即其相对数量已被减少到了情况所期望的合理的程度。这样，minimize 至少仍然保留着一种大致为最高级的意思， 因而它与这些副词如greatly 或 considerably 不能搭配使用， 因为这些副词暗示着这一动词被当成了lessen 或 reduce 简单同义词而使用 〔sobriety〕Moderation in or abstinence from consumption of alcoholic liquor or use of drugs:节制：喝酒或吸毒等方面的适度或节制：〔wine〕To provide or entertain with wine.请…喝酒：以酒招待，提供酒〔muddle〕To confuse or befuddle (the mind), as with alcohol.See Synonyms at confuse 使糊涂：使头脑不清晰或糊涂，如喝酒以后 参见 confuse〔drink〕They only drink socially.他们只在社交场合喝酒〔drunkard〕One who is habitually drunk.有喝酒习惯的人〔anacoluthon〕An abrupt change within a sentence to a second construction inconsistent with the first, sometimes used for rhetorical effect; for example,I warned him that if he continues to drink, what will become of him? 改变说法；错格：句子中与第一个语法结构不一致的突然出现的第二个结构，有时用于修辞效果；例如，我警告过他，如果他继续喝酒的话将会有什么下场呢? 〔sodden〕Expressionless, stupid, or dull, especially from drink.无表情的：没有表情的、迟钝的或麻木的，尤其是因为喝酒所致〔minimal〕Alcohol has a particularly unpleasant effect on me when I have a minimal amount of food in my stomach. 当我的胃中只有极少量食物时，喝酒就会搞得我非常难受。 〔prosit〕Used as a toast to someone's health while drinking.为您的健康干杯：用在喝酒时为某人的健康干杯〔pledge〕The act of drinking in honor of someone; a toast.干杯：为某人的荣誉而喝酒的举动；祝酒〔bibulous〕Given to or marked by the consumption of alcoholic drink:贪杯的：爱喝酒的或以喝酒为特征的：〔wassail〕A salutation or toast given in drinking someone's health or as an expression of good will at a festivity.祝酒辞：节日时喝酒祝某人身体健康或表达良好愿望的敬辞或祝颂〔wineglass〕A glass, usually with a stem, from which wine is drunk.酒杯：喝酒的玻璃杯，通常有柄脚〔argumentative〕is quarrelsome when drinking;喝酒时喜欢争吵；〔hobnob〕The fact that hobnobbing with our social betters may at times be a hit-or-miss propositionhas an etymological justification.The verbhobnob originally meant "to drink together" and occurred as a varying phrase,hob or nob, hob-a-nob, or hob and nob, the first of which is recorded in 1763.This phrasal form reflects the origins of the verb in similar phrasesthat were used when two people were toasting each other.The probable reason that the phrases were so used is thathob is a variant of hab, asnob is of nab, and that these in turn are probably forms of have and its negative. In Middle English, for example, one finds the formshabbe, "to have,” and nabbe, "not to have.” Hab or nab, or simply hab nab, thus meant "get or lose, hit or miss,” and the varianthob-nob also meant "hit or miss.” Used in the drinking phrase,hob or nob would have probably meant "give or take,” and from a drinking situationhob nob spread to other forms of chumminess. 与社会地位比我们高的人亲切交谈有时候是一种随随便便的行为，这种事实是有语源学上的根据的。动词hobnob 的初义为“一起喝酒”， 并有许多变体，如hob or nob ， hob-a-nob 或 hob and nob ， 其中第一个首见于1763年的记录中。这种词组构成反应了类似词组中的动词来源，他们都用于两个人互相敬酒的情况。这种词组如此使用的原因可能因为hob 是 hab 的变体， 而nob 是 nab 的变体，而且这两者又可能是 have 和其否定式的变体。 例如人们在中古英语中可发现habbe “有”和 nabbe “没有”的形式。 Hab or nab 或简作 hab nab， 就指“得到或失去，成功或不成功”， 其变体hob-nob 也有同样的意思“成功或不成功”。 在与饮酒有关的词汇中，hob or nob 可能指“自饮或敬酒，” 并从饮酒情况下使用的hob nob 扩展到其他亲密的场合 〔barhop〕To patronize a series of bars during an evening.逐店狂饮，逛酒吧：一夜之间连接在好几个酒店喝酒〔symposium〕posis [drinking] * see pō(i)- posis [喝酒] * 参见 pō(i)- |
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