| 单词 | 在于 |
| 释义 | 〔humane〕The central meaning shared by these adjectives is "marked or motivated by concern with the alleviation of suffering": 这些形容词所共有的中心含义在于“以减轻痛苦为特点或出发点”： 〔insightful〕"The major contribution of this new biography . . . is its insightful discussion of the Christian dimension of Dostoyevsky's life and art"(Maria Carlson)“这本新自传的主要贡献在于它对陀恩托耶夫斯基的生活和艺术从基督教方面的富有洞察力的议论”(玛丽亚·卡尔森)〔neutralism〕"Neutralism differs from neutrality in that it is an attitude of mind in time of peace rather than a legal status in time of war"(London Times)"Neutralism 与neutrality的不同之处在于前者表示和平环境时的态度，而不是战争中有法律作用状态或地位”(伦敦时报)〔lieutenant〕What is the connection between a lieutenant governor and a lieutenant in the army?In the etymology of the wordlieutenant, at least, the connection lies in their holding a place;that is, the wordlieutenant is from an Old French compound made up of lieu, "place,” and tenant, "holding,” the present participle of the verb tenir, "to hold.” The word in Old French and the borrowed Middle English wordlieutenant, first recorded near the end of the 14th century, referred to a person who acted for another as a deputy.This usage has survived,for example, in our termlieutenant governor, the deputy of the governor and the one who replaces the governor if need be. In military parlancelieutenant appears by itself as well as in compounds such asfirst lieutenant and second lieutenant, which muddy the water a bit,but the original notion of the word in military usage was that the officer it referred to ranked below the next one upand could replace him if need be.A lieutenant in the U.S. Army could thus step into the shoes of a captain.副州长和陆军中尉之间有什么联系?就lieutenant 这个单词的词源来说， 至少，联系在于他们都拥有一个位置；也就是说，lieutenant 这个词源于一个古法语复合词，这个词由 lieu （“场所”）和 tenant （“拥有”）及动词 tenir （“持有，拥有”）的现在分词组成。 古法语的这个词和借用的中古英语词lieutenant 的最早记录出现在14世纪末， 该词指的是代理别人做某事的人。这种用法至今仍使用，例如，我们的短语lieutenant governor（副州长） 州长的副职和必要时代替州长的人。 在军事用语中，lieutenant 单独出现， 也在复合词如first lieutenant 及 second lieutenants 中出现， 这把情况搞复杂了一些，但这个词在军事用语中的原始意义是它所指的军官低于上一级军官，在必要时可以取代他。因此，美国陆军中的一名中尉可以取代上尉〔intuit〕This lack of acceptance is often attributed to the verb's status as a back-formation fromintuition, but in fact the verb has existed as long as other back-formations, such asdiagnose and donate, that are now wholly acceptable. The source of the objections most likely lies in the fact that the verb is often used in reference to more trivial sorts of insight than would be permitted by a full appreciation of the traditional meaning ofintuition. In this connection, a somewhat greater percentage of the Panel, 46 percent,does acceptintuit in the sentence Mathematicians sometimes intuit the truth of a theorem long before they are able to prove it. See Usage Note at enthuse 这种观点上的差异通常归咎于这个动词作为源于intuition 的逆构词的地位， 但是事实上这个动词的存在时间与其他现已普遍接受的诸如diagnose 以及 donate 等逆构词的存在时间一样长。 反对的原因很可能在于这个动词常用以指“较差的洞察力”，而此意义是被intuition 传统意义的充分理解所禁止的。 在这方面，小组百分之四十六之多的人，确实接受intuit 用于句中 数学家们能在某些定理被证明以前凭直觉知道定理的正确性 参见 enthuse〔alligator〕InThe Travailes of an Englishman, published in 1568, Job Hortop says that "in this river we killed a monstrous Lagarto or Crocodile.”This killing gives rise to the first recorded instance ofalligator in English, obviously in a different form from the one familiar to modern speakers.Alligator, which comes to us from Spanish el lagarto, "the lizard,” was modified in pronunciation and form in several ways before taking on the formalligator. Such changes, referred to by linguists as taboo deformation,are not uncommon in a name for something that is feared and include,for example, the change in sequence of ther and t that occurred between el lagarto and alligator. An interesting parallel case iscrocodile, which appears in Spanish, for example, ascocodrilo, with a similar difference in the sequence of the r. The earliest recorded form ofalligator that is similar to ours appears in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet (First Folio, 1623): "In his needie shop a tortoyrs hung,/An Allegater stuft.”在出版于1568年的英国人的劳作 一书中， 约伯·霍特普说“在这条河里我们杀死过一只巨大的蜥蜴或鳄鱼。”这次捕杀导致alligator 作为首次载入英语的实例， 和现代人所熟悉的词形明显不同。Alligator 来源于西班牙语 ellagarto， 意思是“蜥蜴，” 在采用alligator 这个词之前，其发音和词形经过了好几种变化。 这些变化，语言学家们称作禁忌变形，在人们惧怕的某种事物的名称里是常见的，而且还包括r 和 t 在以下两个单词 ellagarto 和 alligator 间依次的变化。 一个同样有趣的例子是crocodile， 在西班牙语里是cocodrilo， 区别在于排列顺序不同的 r 上。 最早记载的alligator 其词形接近我们所使用的词形，出现于莎士比亚的 罗密欧与朱丽叶 中，（1623年第一版对开本）： “在他的日用品店中挂着一个玩具，一只布做的鳄鱼。”〔single〕"The greatness of art is not to find what is common but what is unique" (Isaac Bashevis Singer).“艺术的伟大不是在于发现普通的事物，而是发现独一无二的东西” （艾萨克·巴什维斯·辛格）。〔geezer〕A relationship with a word we know well is disguised in the wordgeezer. A clue to this relationship is found in British dialect.TheEnglish Dialect Dictionary defines geezer as "a queer character, a strangely-acting person,” and refers the reader toguiser, "a mummer, masquerader.” The citations forguiser refer to practices such as the following: "People, usually children . . . go about on Christmas Eve, singing, wearing masks, or otherwise disguised,”the last word of this passage being the one to whichgeezer is related. 我们非常了解的与一个单词的联系即在于单词geezer 。 这种联系的线索发现于英国方言中。英语方言辞典 定义 geezer 为“一个奇怪的人，一个行为怪异的人”， 并且让读者参考guiser， “化妆舞会，假面舞会”。 guiser 的例句指出了一些活动， 例如：“大人，通常是孩子…戴着面具或以其他化妆方式在圣诞前夜走出去唱歌。”这段文章的最后一个单词即是geezer 与之有关的那一个 〔thrust〕The whole thrust of the project was to make money.计划的核心在于赢利〔hick〕"New Yorkers had a horrid way of making people feel like hicks"(Louis Auchincloss)“纽约人的讨厌之处在于他们总能使人觉得自己象乡下佬”(路易斯·奥金克洛斯)〔black〕Use of the capitalized form has the advantage of acknowledging the parallel with other ethnic groups and nationalities,such asItalian and Sioux. It can be argued thatblack is different from these other terms because it was derived from an adjective rather than from a proper name.However, a precedent exists for the capitalization of adjectives used to denote specific groups,as in theReds and the Whites (of the Russian Civil War) or the Greens (the European political party). The capitalization ofBlack does raise ancillary problems for the treatment of the term white. Orthographic evenhandedness would seem to require the use of the uppercase formWhite, but this form might be taken to imply that whites constitute a single ethnic group,an issue that is certainly debatable.On the other hand, the use of the lowercase formwhite in the same context as the uppercase form Black will obviously raise questions as to how and why the writer has distinguished between the two groups.There is no entirely happy solution to this problem.In all likelihood, uncertainty as to the mode of styling ofwhite has dissuaded many publications from adopting the capitalized form Black. See Usage Note at color 大写字母的好处在于对于其他种族和民族平等关系的承认，如意大利人 和 苏人。 有人可以争辩说black 与其他词不同， 因为他是由一个形容词而不是专有名词派生而成的。但是，大写形容词意指一组人已有前例，如Reds 和 Whites （俄国内战中）或 Greens （欧洲政党）。 大写的Black 确实引起了该如何对待 White 一词的有关问题。 正字法的公正要求使用White 的大写形式White， 但这种形式可能被认为暗示白人组成了单独的种族，这是会引起争论的问题。另一方面，在有black 大写形式White出现的相同语境中使用 White 的小写形式white， 显然会引起如何及为什么作者要对这两组人区别对待的问题。这一问题尚无令人满意的解决办法。White 书写方式的不确定性很可能已经使许多出版物不再采用大写形式的 Black 参见 color〔consist〕The beauty of the artist's style consists in its simplicity.这位艺术家的风格上的美在于它的简朴〔mark〕the exuberance that marks her writings; marked the occasion with celebrations.她的作品的特点在于丰富；以庆祝活动作为这种场合的特点〔disposition〕"Education has for its object the formation of character" (Herbert Spencer). “教育的目标在于形成性格” （赫伯特·斯宾赛）。〔wean〕In recent yearsweaned on has come to be widely used in the sense "raised on,” as inMoviegoers weaned on the Star Trek TV series will doubtless find the film to their liking. A few critics have objected to this usage on the grounds thatwean refers literally to a detachment from a source of nourishment. But the process of weaning involves a substitution of some other form of nourishment for mother's milk;thus it is sometimes said that a child isweaned onto or on sugar water. Hence a sentence likePaul was weaned on Dixieland may suggest metaphorically that Paul's exposure to Dixieland began from the time he stopped nursing, that is, from a very early age. 近些年来weaned on 已经被广泛地用于“被…养大”的意义， 如此句看着 特莱克明星 电视连续剧长大的影迷会毫无疑问地发现这部电影对他们的胃口。 一些批评家反对这种用法的理由在于wean 原指脱离营养之源。 但是断奶的过程包含了以别种形式营养代替母乳；于是有时候我们说一个孩子断奶水 或 糖水。 因此句子如保罗是听着迪克西爵士乐长大的 可能暗喻地表示保罗从停奶的时候，也就是很早以前就听过迪克西爵士乐了 〔consist〕To have a basis; reside or lie:在于：有一个基础；在于或存在：〔Stephen〕Christian protomartyr who, according to tradition, was stoned to death after his defense of Christianity before the Sanhedrin.史蒂芬：基督教的第一个殉教者，据传说在于犹太教公会中讲述完基督教教义后被乱石击死〔secret〕The secret of this dish is in the sauce.使这道菜好吃的秘诀在于调味汁〔denturist〕A dental technician specializing in making and fitting dentures as a direct service to the public rather than through a licensed dentist.假牙师：一种牙科技术师，其专长在于制造和安装假牙，他可以直接为公众服务，而不必通过有执照的牙科医生〔emotion〕"The very essence of literature is the war between emotion and intellect"(Isaac Bashevis Singer)“文学的中心要素在于感情和理智的斗争”(艾萨克·巴舍斯·辛格)〔nonentity〕Something that does not exist or that exists only in the imagination.虚构的东西：不存在的事物或只存在在于想象中的事物〔equal〕In the first example, deleteequally; in the second, deleteas. The solution to this usage problem usually involvesusingas alone when a comparison is explicit andequally alone when it is not. See Usage Note at as 1center ,parallel ,perfect ,unique 在第一个例子中，可以删掉equally ； 在第二个例子中，删掉as 。 对这种错误用法的解决方法往往在于：当被比较的事物很明确时，单独使用as ； 当被比较的事物不明确时，单独使用equally 参见 as1center,parallel,perfect,unique〔keynote〕"The keynote of the revolution settlement was personal freedom under the law"(G.M. Trevelyan)“革命稳固的根本在于法律控制下的个人自由”(G.M.特里维廉)〔substitute〕"Fantasies are more than substitutes for unpleasant reality"(Barbara Grizzuti Harrison)“幻想的意义并不仅仅在于作为失意的现实的替代物”(芭芭拉·格里族提·哈里森)〔automatic〕The wordsautomatic pilot or automatic transmission bring to mind mechanical devices that operate with minimal human intervention. Yet the wordautomatic, which goes back to the Greek word automatos, "acting of one's own will, self-acting, of itself,” made up of two parts,auto-, "self,” and -matos, "willing,” is first recorded in English in 1748 with reference to motions of the body, such as the peristaltic action of the intestines: "The Motions are called automatic from their Resemblance to the Motions of Automata, or Machines, whose Principle of Motion is within themselves.”Although the writer had machines in mind,automatic could be used of living things, a use we still have, although not the primary one. The association ofautomatic chiefly with machinery may represent one instance of many in which we have come to see the world in mechanical terms. 这些单词automatic pilot 或 automatic transmission 带给我们只需最小人力介入即可操作的机械装置的意识。 但这个词automatic， 追溯至希腊单词 automatos， “以个人自身的意志行动，自我行动，” 由两部分组成，auto-， “自我的，”和 -matos， “意愿，” 以作为身体运动的含义于1748年首次记录于英语，如体内的肠蠕动： “这些运动被称为身体内自动的运动，是与机器运动的相似性得出的，其运动原理在于其自身内部。”虽然作者头脑中有机器印象，automatic 可以被用于生物，这种用法虽然不是基本的，但我们仍在使用。 主要将automatic 与机器相联系可能反映了我们眼中的世界越加机械化的情况 〔homily〕A sermon, especially one intended to edify a congregation on a practical matter and not intended to be a theological discourse.布道：一次讲道，尤其是旨在于实际问题上启发会众，而不在于成为神学讲演〔quintessence〕In ancient and medieval philosophy, the fifth and highest essence after the four elements of earth, air, fire, and water, thought to be the substance of the heavenly bodies and latent in all things.第五种要素：在古代和中世纪的哲学中，除了土、空气、火和水四大基本元素以外的第五种也是最高的精髓，被认为是天体的组成物质并潜伏在于所有事物之中〔scold〕"Why rail at fate? The mischief is your own" (John Greenleaf Whittier).“为什么要抱怨命运呢? 错过在于你自己” （约翰·格林利夫·惠蒂埃）〔plugola〕Advertising or publicity that is intended for self-promotion and not paid for or underwritten by an independent sponsor:插播广告：没有独立广告客户付费承担，而用意只在于自我推销的广告或宣传：〔cause〕Some of the antecedents of World War II lie in economic conditions in Europe following World War I. 第二次世界大战的某些前因在于第一次世界大战后的经济情况 〔wallop〕"Tarragon's narrow, tender green leaves pack a strong wallop of anise"(Marc Wortman)"Therein lies the novel's emotional wallop and moral message"(George F. Will)“龙蒿的狭窄的柔软的绿色叶子可以把茴芹紧紧地束在一起”(马尔克·沃特曼)“小说的情感上的震撼力和道德教诲就在于此”(乔治F.威尔)〔phase〕"In our description of nature the purpose is . . . to track down . . . relations between the manifold aspects of our experience" (Niels Bohr).Afacet is one of numerous aspects, as of a problem: “我们描述天性的目的…在于追踪…我们的经历中许多方面之间的关系” （奈尔斯·波耳）。Facet 是许多方面中的一面，如果一个问题的一方面： 〔beauty〕The beauty of the venture is that we stand to lose nothing.此次冒险的美妙之处在于我们不会失去任何东西〔scream〕 Shriek differs fromscream principally in implying a shrill, often frantic cry: Shriek 与scream 的区别主要在于它意指一种尖叫， 经常是疯狂地尖叫： 〔platyrrhine〕Of or designating the New World monkeys, distinguished from the Old World monkeys by widely separated nostrils that generally open to the side.阔鼻猴的：属于或代表西半球的猴的，与东半球猴之区别在于有一般开向侧方的相隔很远的鼻孔〔Wahhabi〕A member of a Moslem sect founded by Abdul Wahhab (1703-1792), known for its strict observance of the Koran and flourishing mainly in Arabia.瓦哈比教徒：阿巴杜·哈伯(1703-1792年）创建的一个穆斯林教派的一成员，因其严格遵守可兰经而闻名，主要影响在于阿拉伯地区〔extramusical〕the extramusical importance of this opera, which led to a revolution.这部歌剧的与音乐无关的重要性在于它导致了一场革命〔prison〕The wordprison has its origins not in the notions of what such a place is but rather in the notion of how one gets there. Prison can be traced back to the Latin word prēnsiō, "the action or power of making an arrest.” This in turn is derived from the verbprehendere or prendere, which meant "to take hold of, take into custody, arrest.”Prēnsiō then dives into the obscurity of the time when Romance languages such as French were being formed from Vulgar Latin and resurfaces in the Old French of the 12th century with the formprison and the senses "capture" and "place of imprisonment.”This new sense could have already been developed in Latinand not been recorded,but we have to wait until the 12th century to see it,the sense "captivity" being added in the same century.From Old French as well as the Medieval Latin wordpriso, "prison,” derived from Old French, came our Middle English word prisoun, first recorded in a work written before 1121in the sense "imprisonment.”The sense "place of imprisonment" is recorded shortly afterward in a text copied down before 1225but perhaps actually written in the Old English period before the Norman Conquest.Prison 这个单词的来源不在于它是一个什么样的地方而在于一个人是怎么进去的。 Prison 可追溯到意思是“进行逮捕的行动或力量”的拉丁词 prensio。 这个词也是从动词prehendere 或 prendere 派生出来的， 意思是“捉住，逮捕，拘留。”Prensio 这个词在罗马语系中的语言（如法语）逐渐从通俗拉丁语形成时被人们忘却了， 12世纪又以prison 的形式在古法语中重新露面， 其含义是“捉住”和“囚禁人的地方。”这个新的含义很可能在拉丁语中已得到了发展，只是没有被记录下来，但是我们直到12世纪才看到它，在同一世纪“囚禁，俘虏”的意思被加了进去。从古法语、同时也是从源于古法语的中世纪拉丁语词priso “监狱，监禁”中产生了中古英语单词 prison， 这个词最早的记录是在一部著于1121年的作品中，意思是“监禁，拘留。”“监禁或囚禁的地方”这层意思在稍后出现的、在1225年以前被抄录下来的一篇文章中出现，但可能实际写作的时间是在诺曼征服之前的古英语时期〔Siqueiros〕Mexican mural painter whose works depict political protest and revolution. His best-known painting is the muralThe March of Humanity (1968) in Mexico City. 斯奎罗斯，戴维·阿尔法罗：(1896?-1974) 墨西哥壁画画家，他的作品主旨在于政治上的抗争与革命。其最著名的作品是收藏于墨西哥城的壁画《人性的征途》 （1968年） |
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