| 单词 | 地区性 |
| 释义 | 〔local〕changed trains to a local.换乘地区性火车〔dialect〕A regional variety of a language distinguished by pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary, especially a variety of speech differing from the standard literary language or speech pattern of the culture in which it exists:地方话：语音、语法或词汇均有区别的地区性语言变体，特别是存在于标准文学语言或文化口语模式的口语变体：〔stereotype〕"Regional stereotypes have been part of America since its founding. . . . Westerners are trendy, Midwesterners are dull, Northeasterners are brainy, and Southerners are lazy"(Brad Edmondson)“地区性旧习自从美国确立起就成为它的一部分…西部人时髦，中西部人木讷，东北部人机智，南方人懒惰”(布拉德·埃德蒙森)〔Phoenix〕The capital and largest city of Arizona, in the south-central part of the state northwest of Tucson. Settled c. 1868, it became territorial capital in 1889 and state capital in 1912. The city is noted as a winter and health resort. Population, 983,403.菲尼克斯：美国亚利桑那州的首府和最大城市，位于该州的中南部地区、图森西北部，1868年建立，1889年成为地区性首府，1912年成为州首府。该城以冬季和疗养胜地而闻名。人口983,403〔where〕Whenwhere is used to refer to a point of origin, the prepositionfrom is required: Where did she come from? When it is used to refer to a point of destination,the prepositionto is generally superfluous: Where is she going? ( preferable toWhere is she going to? ). When it is used to refer to the place at which an event or a situation is located,the use ofat is widely regarded as regional or colloquial: Where is the station? (not Where is the station at? ). The idiomatic phrasewhere it's at, widely used in the 1960's to refer to "the current state of things,” is now largely pass?, except when used for stylistic effect: 当where 被用来指起源方面时， 介词from 就需要用上： 她从哪里来? 当它被用来指目的地时，介词to 就通常是多余的： 她要去哪里? ( 比起她要向哪里去? 更可取）。 当它被用来指事件所发生的场合或一种局面形势所处的地方时，使用at 则被广泛认作是地区性的或口语化的： 车站在哪里? （而不是 车站位于什么地方? )。 惯用语短语where it's at 在20世纪60年代广泛被用来指“事情的当前状态”，现已很大程度上过时了， 除非当我们用它来加强文体效果： 〔territorial〕Relating or restricted to a particular territory; regional:区域的：有关或限制于特定疆域的；地区性的：〔smart〕Smart is a word that has digressed considerably from its original meaning of "stinging, sharp,”as in a smart blow. The standard meaning of "clever, intelligent,”probably picks up on the original semantic element of vigor or quick movement.Smart has taken on other senses as a regionalism. In New England and in the Southsmart can mean "accomplished, talented.” The phraseright smart can even be used as a noun meaning "a considerable number or amount": "We have read right smart of that book" (Catherine C. Hopley).smart 这个词的原意是 “刺痛的，剧烈的”，就象在词组 一次强烈的打击中一样，后来这个词的意思有了很大的转变。 它的标准意思“聪明的，智慧的”，也许是从原来的词素“活力或快速运动”中来的。Smart 有地区性的其它意思。 在新英格兰和南方，smart 可以译为“有才能的，有天赋的”。 词组right smart 还可以用作一个名词， 意为“数量大的”： “我们读过了那本书的大半部分” （凯瑟琳·C·霍普雷）〔race〕A local geographic or global human population distinguished as a more or less distinct group by genetically transmitted physical characteristics.人种：局部的地区性人口或全球性人口，根据由基因遗传的体质而区分为几种特性明显或不很明显的群体〔fair〕American folk speech puts Standard English to shame in its wealth of words for describing weather conditions.When the weather goes from fair to cloudy,New Englanders say that it's "breedin' up a storm" (Maine informant in theLinguistic Atlas of New England ). If the weather is clear, however,a New Englander might call itopen. Southernfair off and fair up, meaning "to become clear,” were originally Northeastern terms and were brought to the South as settlement expanded southward and westward.They are now "regionalized to the South,” according to Craig M. Carver, author ofAmerican Regional Dialects. These phrases may be the origin of modern and less regional coinings,such asmild up, used on a television weather forecast: "The Southwest is beginning to mild up just a tad.”美国方言对天气状况的描写因其应有尽有的单词使标准英语黯然失色。当天气由晴转多云时，新英格兰人会说“孕育着一场暴风雨”（新英格兰语言学图册 的缅因消息提供者）。 但如果天气是无云的，新英格兰人也许会说open。 南部的fair off 和 fair up 所表示的放晴， 起源于东北部词语，后被带到南部成为固定用法并向南向西流传。根据克雷格M·卡弗尔，美国地区方言 的作者所说，它们如今已“被南方地区化了”。 这些词组或许正是现代不再具地区性的词句的起源，例如mild up， 用于电视天气预报： “西南将变得暖和一点”〔plug〕The local system is plugged into the national telephone network. This computer plugs into a data bank.这个地区性电话系统已与全国的电话网连接。这台计算机与资料库连线〔ugly〕The standard sense of the adjectiveugly becomes figurative in the common expression an ugly temper. Regional American speech shares this figurative sense and makes it even more specific.In New Englandugly as applied to animals, especially large farm animals such as cows and horses, means "balky, hard to manage.”In the South, on the other hand,ugly with the specific sense of "rude" is used of persons: Don't be ugly, son. Interestingly, the wordclever (senses 4 through 6) follows the same regional pattern as ugly : in New England the specialized senses refer to animals; in the South, to persons.形容词ugly 的标准的意思在的表达 坏脾气 中变得借喻性了。 美国的地区性语言中都有这种比喻性意义并且使它更加具体化。在新英格兰ugly 被用于动物， 尤其是大型的家畜，如奶牛和马，其意思是“不好，很难控制”。在南部，另一方面，ugly 被用于人的具体意思为“粗鲁的”： 孩子，不要那么粗鲁。 有意思的是，单词clever （释义4到6）有着和 ugly 一样地方性形式： 在新英格兰，特指的意思用于动物；在南方用于人〔endemic〕An endemic plant or animal.地区性植物或动物〔regional〕Something, such as a magazine or a company branch, that serves a region:地区性分支机构：为一个地区服务某物，如，一种杂志或者分公司：〔dialect〕Cockney is a dialect of English.伦敦方言是英语中的地区性语言〔complected〕Complected has a long history in American folk speech, showing up, for example, in 1806 in the journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition: “[The Indians] are . . . reather lighter complected . . . than the Indians of the Missouri" (Meriwether Lewis).Complected has long been treated as a dialectal term in dictionaries, but it actually should be regarded as informal Standard English,since its wide distribution (including New England, the Midwest, the South, and elsewhere)disqualifies it as a true regionalism.Its use by one western Texas informant quoted inDARE extends its semantic domain beyond skin color to general appearance: "a fat-complected man.” Complected 在美国民间传说中有一段很长的历史， 例如，1806年，在路易斯和克拉克的探险旅行中： “ …相对密苏里印第安人的脸色白皙一些” （玛丽维瑟尔·路易斯）。Complected 这个词长期以来在字典中一直被当作方言看待， 但是它实际上应该算作非正式标准英语，它的使用是如此广泛(包括新英格兰、中西部、南方和其它地区），所以它不是地区性的。据一位得克萨斯州西部的提供消息者在DARE 中所引用的用法已延伸了其语义上的范围，即从专指肤色到指整体形象： “一个肥胖男人” 〔dialect〕 Patois refers especially to a regional dialect without a literary tradition or to a creole. Patois 尤其指没有文学传统的地区性方言或克里奥尔语〔camporee〕An assembly or gathering of Boy Scouts or Girl Scouts on a local or district level.地区性童子军集会：本地的或地区级的男童子军或女童子军的集会或聚集〔critter〕Critter, a pronunciation spelling of creature, actually reflects a pronunciation that would have been very familiar to Shakespeare:16th- and 17th-century English had not yet begun to pronounce the-ture suffix with its modern (ch) sound. This archaic pronunciation still exists in regional Americancritter and in Irishcreature, pronounced (krāʹtŭr) and used in the same senses as the American regionalism. The most common meaning ofcritter is "a living creature,” whether wild or domestic; it also can mean "a child" when used as a term of sympathetic endearment,or it can mean "an unfortunate person.”In old-fashioned regional speech,critter and beast denoted a large domestic animal. The more restricted senses "a cow,” "a horse,” or "a mule" are still characteristic of the speech in specific regions of the United States.The use ofcritter among younger speakers almost always carries with it a jocular or informal connotation. Critter 是 creature 这一词的发音拼法， 实际上反映了一种莎士比亚极其通晓的发音法：16和17世纪的英语中还没有开始用现代英语中的(ch)音来发-ture 这一后缀的音。 这一古发音法仍存在于地区性美语critter 中， 而且在爱尔兰语中creature (kra'tur)的发音和用法与地区性美语相同。 critter 这一词的最通用的意思是“生物”，无论是野生的还是家养的； 作为昵称时，它可以作“小孩”解释；它还可以指“一个不幸运的人”。在老式的地区性语言中，critter 和 beast 意指大型的家畜。 它的更狭窄的含义“牛”、“马”或“驴”则仍然是美国某些特定地区的方言中的特有含义。年轻人对于critter 的用法则几乎总认为是带有恢谐或非正式的含义 |
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