| 单词 | 坎特伯雷 |
| 释义 | 〔Dunstan〕English prelate. As bishop of Winchester (957) and archbishop of Canterbury (959-978) he attempted to integrate the Danes and the English as a nation.邓斯坦：英国高级教士，任温彻斯特主教时，与坎特伯雷大主教试图将丹麦与英国合并为一个国家〔Runcie〕British prelate and archbishop of Canterbury (1980-1991).朗西，罗伯特·亚历山大·肯尼迪：(生于 1921) 英国高级教士，坎特伯雷大主教(1980-1991年）〔canter〕Most of those who have majored in English literature,and many more besides,know that Chaucer'sCanterbury Tales were told by a group of pilgrims on their way to Canterbury to visit the shrine of England's famous martyr Thomas à Becket.Many pilgrims other than Chaucer's visited Canterbury on horse,and phrases such asCanterbury gallop, Canterbury pace, and Canterbury trot described the easy gait at which they rode to their destination. The first recorded instance of one of these phrases,Canterbury pace, is found in a work published before 1636. However, in a work written in 1631 we find a shortened form,the nounCanterbury, meaning "a canter,” and later, in 1673,the verbCanterbury, meaning "to canter.” This verb, or perhaps the noun,was further shortened, giving us the verbcanter, first recorded in 1706,and the nouncanter, first recorded in 1755. 专业是英语文学史的绝大多数人，还有许多其他的人，都知道乔叟的 坎特伯雷故事集 是由一群朝圣者在坎特伯雷的路上讲述的， 他们去那里是为了瞻仰英格兰著名的殉道士托马斯· 贝科特的神殿。除了乔叟笔下的这些朝圣者外的许多其他朝圣者也骑着马前去。一些短语，例如Canterbury gallop，Canterbury pace 和 Canterbury trot 描述了这些朝圣者在骑往他们的目的地时的缓和步态。 这些短语最早见于记录的例子Canterbury pace 发现于1636年之前出版的一部著作中。 然而，在写于1631年的一部著作中我们找到了一个缩略的形式，名词Canterbuty， 意即“慢跑”； 后来在1673年，又有了动词Canterbury, 意为“慢跑。” 这一动词，或者也许是这个名词，后来又被进一步缩写成canter, 该动词最早被记录于1706年，而名词canter 则被最早记录于1755年 〔Lanfranc〕Italian-born English prelate and political adviser who was archbishop of Canterbury (1070-1089) and a counselor of William the Conqueror.兰弗朗克：意大利裔英国高级教士和政治顾问，他曾在1070-1089年间担任坎特伯雷大主教和征服者威廉的顾问〔Langton〕English prelate who as archbishop of Canterbury (1207-1228) sided with the nobility in their struggle with King John and was a signer of the Magna Carta (1215).兰顿，斯蒂芬：(1150?-1228) 英国高级教士，担任坎特伯雷的大主教(1207-1228年）。他在与国王约翰的斗争中站在贵族阶层一边，并于1215上成为英国大宪章的签名者〔Ramsey〕British prelate and archbishop of Canterbury (1961-1974).拉姆齐，阿瑟·米切尔：(1904-1988) 英国坎特伯雷主教和大主教(1961-1974年）〔York〕A borough of northern England on the Ouse River east-northeast of Leeds. Originally a Celtic settlement, it was later held by Romans, Angles, Danes, and Normans. During the Middle Ages the city was a prosperous wool market and an educational center. Its archbishopric is second only to Canterbury in importance. Population, 101,600.约克：英格兰北部一自治市，位于乌斯河河畔、利兹东北偏东。起初为盖尔人的定居点，后为罗马人、盎格鲁人、丹麦人和诺曼人占领。中世纪该城是繁荣的羊毛市场和教育中心。其大主教地位仅次于坎特伯雷大主教。人口101,600〔Laud〕English prelate who as archbishop of Canterbury (1633-1645) was a strident supporter of Charles I and absolutism in church and state. His attempts to impose High Church doctrine on Protestants in Scotland and England led to his imprisonment and execution for treason by Parliament.劳德，威廉：(1573-1645) 英国高级教士，在他担任坎特伯雷大主教期间(1633-1645年）曾是查理一世的忠诚支持者，是宗教上和政治上的专制主义者。他企图把高教派教义强加给苏格兰和英格兰新教徒的尝试把他送进了牢狱，并以背叛国会罪被处死〔Canterbury〕A borough of southeast England on the Stour River east-southeast of London. Canterbury Cathedral (11th-16th century) is the seat of the archbishop and primate of the Anglican Communion. Built on the site of an abbey founded by Saint Augustine c. 600, it was the scene of the murder of Thomas à Becket (1170). Population, 36,000.坎特伯雷：英格兰东南部一座自治市，位于伦敦东南偏东斯陶尔河畔。坎特伯雷大教堂（建于11-16世纪）是英国圣公会的大主教和首席主教的住地。建在由圣奥古斯丁在公元600年建立的一个修道院的遗址上，是托马斯·贝科特被谋杀的地点（1170年）。人口36,000〔Chaucer〕English poet regarded as the greatest literary figure of medieval England. His works includeThe Book of the Duchess (1369), Troilus and Criseyde (c. 1385), and his masterwork, The Canterbury Tales (1387-1400). 乔叟，杰弗里：(1340?-1400) 英国诗人，被认为是中世纪英国最伟大的文学家。他的作品包括《公爵夫人之书》 （1369年）， 《特洛伊拉斯和克莱希斯》 （C.1385年）以及他的杰作 《坎特伯雷故事集》 （1387-1400年） 〔Cranmer〕English prelate who as archbishop of Canterbury (1533-1553) was instrumental in the marital machinations of Henry VIII, revised theBook of Common Prayer (1552), and instituted other reforms. Under Mary I, a Roman Catholic, he was convicted of heresy and burned at the stake. 克兰麦，托马斯：(1489-1556) 英国高级教士，曾任坎特伯雷大主教(1533-1553年），在亨利八世的婚姻阴谋中起了重要作用。他修订了《公祷书》 （1552年）并着手进行其它的字数改革。在罗马天主教徒玛丽一世统治期间，他因异教学说被判有罪，被烧死在火刑柱上 〔triforium〕Medieval Latin [a gallery in Canterbury Cathedral (later taken to mean "with three openings")] 中世纪拉丁语 [坎特伯雷大教室的走廊（后来意思变为“有三个开口的”）] 〔fair〕The history of the wordfair illustrates how words can weaken in meaning over time. In Old English the ancestor offair, fæger, had senses such as "lovely, beautiful, pleasant, agreeable,” a far cry from our modern sense "mildly good or satisfying.”The Old English senses passed into Middle English,where the wordfair started to take a slight turn in the direction already alluded to. Fair could mean "highly to be approved of, splendid, good,”but it could also be used ironically,as in Chaucer's observation after a horse threw the Cook on the pilgrimage to Canterbury:"that was a fair feat of horsemanship by the Cook.”This ironic use was probably not responsible for the semantic weakening offair, but it shows how a positive word can have its meaning reversed.The weakening offair was most likely caused by "the determined optimism which led to the use of fair . . . rather than direct expression of discontent,”in the words of George H. McKnight.One might add as another cause the desire to avoid hurting other people's feelings.单词fair 的历史表明随岁月的流逝单词的语意变弱。 在古英语中fair，f?ger 本意是“可爱的，漂亮的，愉快的”， 与我们现在的“比较好或满意的”大相径庭。古英语传到中世纪英语时，fair 已开始在引申的方向上有微小的转变。 Fair 可以表达“被高度赞许的，辉煌的，好的，”但也可用作反语，如在往坎特伯雷朝圣的途中马将科克摔下时后，乔尔斯评论道：“那是科克精湛骑术的体现”。这种反语用法也许对fair 语义学上的弱化没有联系， 但它表明了一个褒义的单词可以变得意思完全相反。fair 的弱化很大程度上缘于“坚决的乐观主义导致 fair 的用法改变， 而不是直接表达不满意的意思，”乔治赫·马克奈特如此评论。人们可以再添上其它原因以免伤害别人的感情〔Pole〕English prelate. The last Roman Catholic archbishop of Canterbury (1556), he was a leading figure in the Counter Reformation.波尔·雷金诺德，雷金纳德：(1500-1558) 英国枢机主教。最后一任坎特伯雷罗马天主教大主教(1556年），在反宗教改革中他是一名领导性人物〔Canterbury〕A city of southeast Australia, a suburb of Sydney. Population, 128,000.坎特伯雷：澳大利亚东南部一城市，为悉尼的一个郊区。人口128,000〔Becket〕English Roman Catholic martyr. Chancellor to Henry II after 1154, he was appointed archbishop of Canterbury (1162) and fell into disfavor with the king. Charged with misappropriating crown funds (1164), Becket fled the country. Upon his return (1170) he was embroiled in the controversy surrounding Henry's appointment of his son as archbishop of York and was murdered by four knights in Canterbury Cathedral. He was canonized in 1173.贝克特，托马斯：(1118?-1170) 英国的罗马天主教殉教者。1154年后任亨利二世的主教管区秘书室教士，他被指派为坎特伯雷大主教（1162年）并失宠于国王。由于侵占国王基金被起诉（1164年），贝克特逃离这个国家。他刚一回来（1170年）就被卷入亨利指定他的儿子为约克大主教的争论中，并在坎特伯雷大教堂里被四个爵士谋杀。1173年他被认可为圣徒〔Augustine〕Italian-born missionary and prelate who introduced Christianity to southern Britain and in 598 was ordained as the first archbishop of Canterbury.奥古斯丁：意大利裔传教士及高级教士，他将基督教义传至英国南部，并于598年被任命为坎特伯雷地区第一任大主教 |
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