| 单词 | 复杂性 |
| 释义 | 〔involution〕Intricacy; complexity.错综复杂的情形；复杂性〔expound〕expounded the intricacies of the new tax law.阐明新税法的复杂性〔simplism〕The tendency to oversimplify an issue or a problem by ignoring complexities or complications.过分简单化：通过忽视其复杂性或困难性而把一个论题或问题过分简化的趋势〔arcanum〕"knows the arcana of police procedure and the intricacies of litigation"(George F. Will)“了解警方程序及诉讼复杂性的专门知识”(乔治F.威尔)〔every〕Every is representative of a large class of English words and expressions that are singular in formbut felt to be plural in sense.The class includes, for example, noun phrases introduced byevery, any, and certain uses of some. These expressions invariably take a singular verb;we say Every car has (not have ) been tested. Anyone is (not are ) liable to fall ill. But when a sentence contains a pronoun whose antecedent is introduced byevery, grammar and sense pull in different directions.The grammar of these expressions requires a singular pronoun, as in Every car must have its brakes tested, but people persist in using the plural pronoun,as in Every car must have their brakes tested. Although the latter pattern is common in the speech of all groups,it is still widely regarded as grammatically incorrect in writing. ·The effort to adhere to the grammatical rule leads to various complications, however.The first is grammatical.When a pronoun refers to a phrase containingevery or any that falls within a different independent clause, the pronoun cannot be singular.Thus it is simply not English to sayEvery man left; he took his raincoat with him. Nor can one sayNo one could be seen, could he? Writers unwilling to use plural forms in these examples must find another way of expressing their meaning,either by rephrasing the sentence so as to get the pronoun into the same clause (as inEvery man left, taking his raincoat with him ) or by substituting another word forevery or any (as in All the men left; they took their raincoats with them. ) · The second complication is political.When a phrase introduced byevery or any refers to a group containing both men and women, what shall be the gender of the singular pronoun?This matter is discussed in the Usage Note athe. See Usage Note at all ,any ,each ,either ,he 1neither ,none Every 是一大类英语单词和短语的代表， 它们在形式上是单数的，但在意义上感觉起来却是复数。例如，这一类词中所包括的由every，any 和某些用法中的 some 所引导的名词短语。 这些短语毫无例外的跟单数动词，我们说每辆车都已 （不是 have ） 被测试过。 每个人都（不是 are ） 会生病 。 但是当一个句子中包括一个由先行词every 引导的代词时， 从句法和意义上就要区分不同的情况了。象每一辆车必须测试它的制动器 这样的表达法在语法上要求使用一单数代词， 但人们总习惯于用复数代词，象Every car must have their brakes tested 这样。 虽然后面这种形式在各种团体的讲话中非常普遍，但它在写作中仍广泛地被认为是语法上的错误。无论如何，坚持语法规则的努力总会导致各种各样的复杂问题。首先是语法上的复杂性。当一个代词指代一个短语，而这个短语中包括every 或 any 属于另一个与此代词所在子句不同的独立子句中时， 这个代词不能用单数形式。因此很容易理解英国人为何不说每个人离开时，都拿着各自的雨衣 ， 也不说没有人会被看到，不是吗？ 。 不愿意在这些例子中用复数形式的书写者必须找到另外一种表达他们意思的方法，或者可以通过重新改变句子的说法以使代词与其指代的短语同属一个从句中（如Every man left， taking his raincoat with him ）， 或者通过以另一个词代替every 或 any 的方法（如 All the man left；they took their raincoats with them ）。 第二是政治上的复杂性。当一个被every 或 any 引导的短语指代的一个团体中既有男人又有女人时， 单数代词的词性怎么确定呢？这个问题在单词he的用法说明中将被讨论 参见 all,any,each,either,he1neither,none〔density〕Complexity of structure or content.（结构或内容的）复杂性〔calculate〕 Calculate, the most comprehensive,often implies a relatively high level of abstraction or procedural complexity: Calculate 是最广泛的，常隐含一种相对来说水平较高的抽象化或过程的复杂性： 〔ultimate〕Representing or exhibiting the greatest possible development or sophistication:最佳的，极限的：代表或展示最大可能的发展或复杂性的：〔Spencerism〕The system of logical positivism developed by Herbert Spencer, setting forth the idea that evolution is the passage from the simple, indefinite, and incoherent to the complex, definite, and coherent.斯宾塞哲学体系：由赫伯特·斯宾塞创建的逻辑实证哲学体系，提出了有关进化即是从简单性、不确定性及不连贯性发展成复杂性、确定性及连贯性的过程的观念〔mazy〕Resembling a maze, as in design or complexity; labyrinthine.迷宫般的，错综复杂的：在设计或复杂性上象迷宫的；迷宫般复杂的〔simplify〕To reduce in complexity or extent.使简化：在复杂性或程度上削减〔Berryman〕American poet whose dramatic, personal, and complex works includeHomage to Mistress Bradstreet (1956) and the collection 77 Dream Songs (1964). 贝里曼，约翰：(1914-1972) 美国诗人，其富于戏剧性、个性和复杂性的作品有《向布雷兹特里特夫人致敬》 （1956年）和诗集 《77首梦幻歌》 （1964年） 〔reticular〕Marked by complexity; intricate.复杂的：因复杂性而显著的；复杂的〔Benchley〕American humorist, critic, and actor whose works, including the filmHow to Sleep (1935) and the book My Ten Years in a Quandary (1936), often pitted an average American against the complexities of modern life. 本奇利，罗伯特·查尔斯：(1889-1945) 美国幽默家、讽刺家和演员，其作品有电影《如何睡眠》 （1935年）和书作 《我艰难的十年》 （1936年），常写普通美国人与现代生活的复杂性的对立 |
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